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PLATE  1 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL  PAPERS 

OF 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM 
OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 

Vol.  XXVII 

PUEBLO  BONITO 

BY 

GEORGE  H.  PEPPER 

Library,  Univ.  of 
North  Carolina 


NEW  YORK 

PUBLISHED  BY  ORDER  OF  THE  TRUSTEES 
1920 


P|f;(llL:yiI|Ui^U;;Lffl|il 

asapif:  "'f^'Hj 

®    AMERICAN-MUSEUM-PRESS    9    | 

PUEBLO  BONITO 
By  George  H.  Pepper 


O 

CO 


FOREWORD 

The  following  pages  constitute  the  author's  report  upon  certain 
archaeological  excavations  at  the  ruined  Pueblo  Bonito  in  Chaco  Canon, 
northwestern  New  Mexico.  The  work  was  begun  in  1896  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Professor  F.  W.  Putnam,  then  Curator  of  Anthropology  at  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  and  was  a  part  of  the  Hyde 
Expedition  for  explorations  in  the  Southwest.  Mr.  Richard  Wetherill, 
noted  for  his  many  discoveries  of  Cliff  and  Pueblo  remains,  became  particu- 
larly interested  in  the  Bonito  Ruin,  which  to  him  presented  the  greatest 
opportunities  for  investigation.  Having  previously  formed  the  acquaint- 
ance of  Messrs.  B.  Talbot  B.  Hyde  and  Frederick  E.  Hyde  Jr.,  he  pre- 
sented his  plans  for  the  excavation  of  the  ruin.  These  gentlemen  were  so 
impressed  with  the  project  that  they  resolved  to  finance  the  undertaking. 
They  sought  the  council  of  Professor  Putnam,  who  entered  whole- 
heartedly into  the  enterprise  as  its  scientific  director.  Mr.  George  H. 
Pepper  was  appointed  field  director.  In  the  work  of  excavation  he  was 
assisted  by  Richard  Wetherill  and  his  four  brothers.  The  excavations  at 
Bonito  occupied  the  summer  seasons  of  1896,  1897,  1898,  and  1899. 

In  planning  the  work,  care  was  taken  to  project  a  method  that  would 
record  with  precision  all  the  observations  made  and  particularly  the 
positions  of  objects  found  in  the  rooms  of  the  ruin.  Not  only  were  careful 
measurements  of  the  position  of  each  important  specimen  to  be  made  as 
found,  but  all  the  more  important  were  to  be  photographed  in  situ.  This 
precision  of  detail  was  amply  justified  as  the  work  proceeded,  because 
some  of  the  most  significant  points  as  to  the  uses  of  certain  objects  would 
otherwise  not  have  been  attained.  For  example,  it  was  this  painstaking 
technique  that  revealed  the  custom  of  placing  small  offerings  in  certain 
kiva  posts. 

A  geological  survey  of  the  canon  was  also  a  part  of  the  plan.  This 
was  undertaken  by  Professor  Richard  E.  Dodge  of  Columbia  University, 
whose  preliminary  report  will  be  found  in  the  Introduction.  It  was  hoped 
that  such  a  geological  survey  would  provide  data  to  be  ultimately  cor- 
related with  cultural  data  obtained  from  the  ruin  and  its  contents. 
This  correlation  of  geological  data  with  the  results  of  archaeological 
work  is  a  much-neglected  aspect  of  anthropological  research  in  South- 
western United  States  and  the  fact  that  such  geological  coordination  was 
planned  as  an  integral  part  of  this  project  stands  as  a  tribute  to  the 
genius  of  Professor  Putnam. 


2  A  nthro  pological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  author  long  delayed  the  preparation  of  this  report  in  the  hope 
that  further  work  could  be  taken  up  at  the  ruin  and  that  a  more  ex- 
haustive study  of  the  cultural  problem  of  the  Chaco  could  be  prosecuted; 
but  as  neither  of  these  desirable  extensions  of  the  work  now  seems  possible, 
he  decided  to  issue  his  notes  in  their  present  form  as  a  record  of  what  was 
done  in  this  pioneer  exploration  of  one  of  the  most  famous  of  the  Chaco 
group.  To  this  end  he  has  given  as  full  and  detailed  information  upon 
each  room  as  seems  likely  to  be  required  by  his  more  fortunate  successors 
in  this  field. 

Something  less  than  half  the  rooms  in  the  pueblo  were  excavated, 
198  in  all.  Of  these  full  technical  descriptions  have  been  given  for  all 
that  were  of  special  importance  in  characterizing  the  culture  of  the 
ancient  inhabitants.  These  are  taken  up  in  serial  order,  their  relative 
positions  appearing  on  the  groundplan,  Fig.  155.  It  so  happened  that 
the  various  types  of  specimens  were  in  the  main  segregated  in  individual 
rooms,  thus  making  it  possible  to  give  a  systematic  treatment  of  these 
cultural  characters  as  a  part  of  the  serial  description  of  rooms. 

During  the  long  interval  since  the  last  Hyde  Expedition  the  author 
published  a  few  brief  accounts  of  special  rooms  and  features  of  the  Pueblo 
as  follows : — 

Ceremonial  Deposits  found  in  an  Ancient  Pueblo  Estufa  in  Northern 
New  Mexico  (Monumental  Records,  vol.  1,  no.  1,  pp.  1-6,  July,  1899.) 

Ceremonial  Objects  and  Ornaments  from  Pueblo  Bonito,  New 
Mexico  (American  Anthropologist,  N.  S.,  vol.  7,  no.  2,  April- June,  1905.) 

Human  Effigy  Vases  from  Chaco  Canon,  New  Mexico  (Boas  Anni- 
versary Volume,  pp.  320-334,  New  York,  1906.) 

The  Exploration  of  a  Burial-Room  in  Pueblo  Bonito,  New  Mexico 
(Putnam  Anniversary  Volume,  pp.  196-252,  New  York,  1909.) 
These  have  not  been  repeated  in  the  present  publication. 

Finalry,  in  justice  to  the  author  it  should  be  noted  that  what  is  here 
published  are  his  field  notes,  supplemented  by  descriptive  data  for  the 
most  important  specimens.  The  author  is  to  be  commended  for  his 
frankness  in  thus  placing  before  us  his  field  record  in  full  so  that  future 
excavators  in  this  ruin  may  have  before  them  his  first  hand  impressions 
and  observations. 
September,  1920.  Clark  Wissler. 


CONTENTS 


FOREWORD       .... 
INTRODUCTION      . 

Sections  in  Excavations 

Sections  in  Dump 

Location  of  Sections  by  Mappin 

Cliff  Profile     .... 

Mapping  of  Surface  Stream^ 
EXCAVATIONS  IN  THE  PUEBLO 
Room  1    . 

Feather-Work 

Miscellaneous  Objects 

Architecture 
Room  2   . 

Worked  Wood 

Basketry 

Arrows 

Miscellaneous  Objects 

Pottery    . 
Room  3   . 

Underground  Rooms 

Room  3a 

Room  3b 

Room  3c 

Room  3d 
Room  4   . 
Room  5   . 
Room  6   . 

Room  6a 
Room  7   . 
Room  S   . 
Room  9   . 

Pipes 

Cloisonne  Work 

Miscellaneous  Objects 

Pottery  Trays 
Room  10.  .        . 

Pipes 

Ceremonial  Sticks . 

Miscellaneous  Objects 

Sacrificial  Breaking 

Problematic  Objects 

Stone  Objects 
Room  11 
Room  12. 

Pebbles  and  Fossil  Shells 

Broken  Pipes . 

Miscellaneous  Objects 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Room  13. 

Altar  Painting 

Shell  and  Turquoise 
Room  14. 

Room  14a 

Room  14b 

Architecture  . 

Ceiling  Structure  . 
Room  15. 
Room  16. 

Kiva 
Room  17. 

Metates  . 
Room  18. 

Wood-working 
Room  19. 
Room  20. 

Doorways 

Broken  Metate 

Pottery    . 

Miscellaneous  Objects 
Room  21 . 
Room  22 . 
Room  23 . 
Room  24. 

Refuse  Deposit 

Sandals    . 

Pottery    . 

Miscellaneous  Objects 
Room  25 . 

Pottery    . 

Bone  and  Antler    . 

Skin  Work 

Stone  Work    . 

Textiles  . 

Wooden  Objects    . 

Feathers 
Room  26. 

Buried  Kiva  . 
Room  27 . 

Altar  Sand 
Room  28 . 

A  Pottery  Cache   . 

Cylindrical  Pottery 

Miscellaneous  Objects 

Room  28a 
Room  29. 


1920. 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


Rooms  30  and  31 
Room  32. 

Pottery   . 

Ornament  of  Hematite 

Miscellaneous  Objects 

A  Burial 

Pottery    . 

Ceremonial  Sticks 

Type  1     . 

Type  2    .        .        . 

Type  3     .        .        . 

Type  4    .        .        . 

Design  Board 

Arrows     . 

Miscellaneous  Objects 
Room  33 . 
Room  34. 
Room  35 . 
Room  36 . 
Room  37 . 
Room  38 . 

Turquoise  Ornaments 

Miscellaneous  Objects 

Pipes 

Effigy  Pottery 

Macaw  Skeletons 
Room  39. 

Arrow  Points 

Fireplaces 

Room  39a 

Room  39b 

Cylindrical  Jars 
Room  40. 

Doorways 

Bins 
Room  41 . 
Room  42 . 
B  oom  43 . 
Room  44. 
Room  45 . 
Room  46 . 
Room  47 . 
Room  48 . 
Room  49 . 
Room  50. 
Room  51 . 

Room  51a 
Room  52. 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Room  53 . 

A  Deposit  of  Beads 
Room  54. 

Stone  Implements 
Room  55 . 
Room  56 . 
Room  57 . 
Room  58. 
Room  59. 
Room  60. 

Room  60a 
Room  61 . 
Room  62 . 

Wall  Pockets 

Doorways  and  Walls 

A  Buried  Floor 

Basket-Covered  Pockets 
Room  63 
Room  64 
Room  65 

Doorways  and  Wall  Pockets 

Buried  Floor  and  Pockets 
Room  66 


Room  67 . 

Kiva 

Ceremon 

al  Deposit 

Room  68. 

Room  68 

a 

Room  69 . 

Room  70. 

Room  71 . 

Room  72 . 

Room  73 . 

Room  74. 

Room  75 . 

Room  76 . 

Room  77 . 

Room  78 . 

Room  79. 

Room  80 . 

Room  81 . 

Room  82 . 

Room  83 . 

Room  84 . 

Room  85. 

Room  86.. 

Room  87. 

1920.]                                                Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  7 

Page. 

Room  88.        .        .        .        .        . 291 

Room  89 : ' .        .        .        .        .        . 293 

Room  90 ' 294 

Room  91.        .        .        .        .        . .297 

Room  92 298 

Room  93 .  300 

Room  94 301 

Room  95 302 

Room  96 • 302 

Room  97 304 

Room  98 308 

Room  99 315 

Room  100 .        .316 

Room  101 319 

Room  102 320 

Room  103 320 

Room  104 321 

Room  105 322 

Room  106 324 

Room  107 325 

Rooms  108  and  109 .  328 

Room  110 328 

Room  111 330 

Rooms  112  and  113 .  331 

Room  114 331 

Room  115 334 

Rooms  116  to  190 339 

FIELD  NOTES  FOR  EXCAVATIONS  IN  BURIAL  MOUNDS     .        .        .339 

TABULATED  DATA 352 

CONCLUSION 375 

NOTES  ON  PUEBLO  BONITO.     By  N.  C.  Nelson 381 

The  Refuse  Sections 383 

Pottery  of  the  Chaco  Region .  385 

Architectural  Features  of  the  Bonito  Ruin 387 

The  Shored-up  Cliff  Block            389 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Plates. 

1.  Bone  and  Jet  Objects  Inlaid  with  Turquoise 

2.  A  Cylindrical  Jar 

3.  A  Cylindrical  Jar 

4.  A  Cylindrical  Jar 

5.  A  Cylindrical  Jar 

6.  A  Cylindrical  Jar 

7.  Two  Pitchers  from  Room  28 

8.  A  Painted  Board 

9.  Pointed  Implements  of  Rough  and  Ordinary  Finish 

10.  Pointed  Bone  Implements  of  More  or  Less  Special  Form  and  Finish 

11.  Scrapers  and  Chisels 

12.  Miscellaneous  Forms 


Text  Figures. 

Page. 

1.  Map  of  William  H.  Jackson,  Tenth  Annual  Report,  U.  S.  Geological  and 

Geographical  Survey,  1878 facing  13 

2.  Groundplan  of  Pueblo  Bonito,  William  H.  Jackson,  1878     ....  19 

3.  General  View  of  Pueblo  Bonito  taken  from  the  Mesa  North  of  the  Ruin    .  20 

4.  Bonito  from  the  Mesa,  showing  Excavated  Rooms     .              .  .        .        .  21 

5.  North  Wall  of  Bonito  showing  Joint  of  Old  and  New  Walls  ....  22 

6.  Floor  and  Walls  of  Room  1 33 

7.  Opening  in  Corner  of  Room  1 34 

8.  Closed  Doorway,  Eastern  Part  of  Bonito 34 

9.  Interior  of  Room  3 — a  Square  Kiva 41 

10.  Walls  of  Rooms  4  and  5 42 

11.  Stick  Wrapped  with  Buckskin,  Room  6 49 

12.  Pipes  from  Rooms  9  and  10 52 

13.  An  Example  of  Cloisonne  Work,  Room  9 53 

14.  A  Bone  Awl  of  Unusual  Form,  Room  10 55 

15.  Objects  of  Unknown  Use,  Rooms  10  and  37 56 

16.  Shallow  Stone  Mortars,  Rooms  10  and  38 57 

17.  Grooved  Hammers  and  an  Arrow  Polisher,  Rooms  10,  20  and  29    .        .57 

18.  A  Stone  Slab  and  a  Metate,  Rooms  20  and  10 60 

19.  Types  of  Stone  Pipes,  Rooms  38,  10,  12,  and  26 64 

20.  Tubular  Pottery  Pipes,  Rooms  105  and  12 64 

21.  Drill  Point,  Room  12 .  66 

22.  Stone  Hoes  and  a  Dressed  Stone,  Rooms  12,  38  and  37  .        .        .67 

23.  Interior  of  Room  14a 72 

24.  Floor  Boards  in  Room  14a 73 

25.  Ceiling  of  Room  14b 74 

26.  Interior  of  Kiva  No.  16 75 

27.  Bench  and  Row  of  Sticks  in  Kiva  No.  16 76 


1920.1 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


28.  Niche  in  Bench,  South  Side  of  Kiva  No.  16 

29.  Metates  in  Room  17 

30.  Rubbing  Stones,  Room  18 

31.  View  of  Excavated  Rooms,    surrounding  Kiva  16 

32.  Sealed  Doorway,  Room  20 

33.  Fragment  of  a  Bowl,  Room  20        ...        . 

34.  Sandals  from  Room  24 

35.  Design  upon  a  Bowl,  Room  24        ...        . 

36.  Objects  from  Room  25 

37.  Buckskin  from  Room  25 

38.  Part  of  Carving  in  Sandstone,  Room  25 

39.  Piece  of  Cotton  Cloth,  Room  25     ...        . 

40.  Parts  of  Arrows,  Rooms  25  and  32 

41.  Room  for  preparing  Altar  Sand,  Room  27 

42.  Pottery  exposed  in  Room  28 

43.  Cylindrical  Jars  in  Room  28 

44.  Pottery  in  Northeast  Corner  of  Room  28 

45.  Forms  of  Cylindrical  Jars,  Room  28 

46.  Decorated  Potsherd,  a  Shell  Trumpet,  and  Worked  Antler 

and  22 

47.  Pottery  Forms,  Rooms  32  and  28  ... 

48.  Pottery  from  Room  32 

49.  Bowl  of  Grayware,  Room  32 

50.  A  Bird  of  Lignite,  Inlaid  with  Turquoise,  Room  32 

51.  Ornament  of  Hematite 

52.  Ceremonial  Sticks,  in  situ,  Room  32 

53.  Ceremonial  Sticks,  Type  1,  Rooms  32  and  33 

54.  Ceremonial  Sticks,  Type  1,  Room  32 

55.  Ceremonial  Sticks,  Type  2,  Rooms  32  and  33 

56.  Ceremonial  Sticks,  Type  2 

57.  Ceremonial  Sticks,  variants  of  Type  2,  Rooms  33  and  32 

58.  Ceremonial  Sticks,  Types  3  and  4,  Rooms  32  and  33 

59.  Ceremonial  Sticks,  Type  3,  Room  32 

60.  Ceremonial  Sticks,  Type  4,  Rooms  33  and  32 

61.  Curved  Sticks,  Room  32 

62.  Curved  Sticks,  Rooms  32  and  33    . 

63.  End  of  Ceremonial  Stick,  Inlaid  with  Turquoise,  Room  32 

64.  Curved  Sticks,  Rooms  55,  33,  and  32 

65.  Design  on  a  Painted  Board,  Room  32    . 

66.  A  Cloth-Covered  Object,  Room  32 

67.  Flageolets  from  Room  33  .... 

68.  Painted  Flute  from  Room  33 

69.  Mortuary  Pottery  from  Room  33    . 

70.  Mortuary  Pottery  from  Room  33    . 

71.  Restoration  of  Cylindrical  Basket  covered  with  Mosaic 

Room  33 

72.  Large  Turquoise  Pendants,  Room  33 


Page. 

77 
78 
86 
87 


Rooms  28,  17, 


of  T 


urquoise, 


10 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Page. 


73.  Examples  of  Turquoise  Beads,  Pendants,  and  Inlays  found  with  .Skeletons 

in  Room  33 

74.  Large  Turquoise  Pendants  found  in  Various  Parts  of  Room  33    . 

75.  Turquoise  Frogs  and  Tadpoles,  Room  33 

76.  Specimens  from  Room  33 

77.  Shell  Trumpet  found  with  Skeleton  14,  Room  33;   Ceremonial  Sticks, 

Room  36 

78.  Bead  of  Shell  with  Section  of  a  Bird  Bone  Inserted,  Room  33   . 

79.  Turquoise  Pendant  and  Set  showing  Inlays  of  the  Same  Material,  Room 

33 

80.  North  and  East  Walls  of  Room  36 

81.  Masonry  in  Room  37 

82.  Corrugated  Bowl,  Room  38 

83.  Beak-like  Object  made  of  Chalcedony,  Room  38 

84.  Soft  Stone  Pipe  of  Unusual  Form,  Room  38 

85.  Ceremonial  Stick,  Room  38 

86.  Inlaid  Scraper,  Room  38 

87.  Cylindrical  Jars  in  Room  39b 

88.  View  of  Room  42,  looking  Northwest 

89.  Closed  Doorway  in  East  Wall  of  Room  43    . 

90.  Shell  of  a  Walnut,  inlaid  with  Turquoise,  Room  44    . 

91.  Pottery  Vessel  suggesting  an  Incense  Burner,  Room  51 

92.  Stone  Implements  in  Room  54 

93.  Walls  of  Room  54      ...        . 

94.  Wooden  Knife  Handle,  Room  54 

95.  Hafted  Stone  Knife,  Room  54 

96.  Handle  of  Pottery  Vessel,  Room  54 

97.  Handle  made  of  Bone,  Highly  Polished,  resembling  Ivory,  Room  58 

98.  View  of  Room  62  showing  the  Fallen  Ceiling  and  Construction  of  the 

Wall  Pockets 

99.  Wall  Pockets  in  Room  62 

100.  Baskets  and  Pockets  under  the  Floor  of  Room  62 

101.  Design  on  a  Painted  Board  found  under  Debris  near  Room  63 

102.  Painted  Stone  Pestle,  Room  64 

103.  Floor  Pockets  in  Room  65 

104.  West  Wall  of  Kiva,  Room  67  . 

105.  Hole  in  End  of  Kiva  Post,  Room  67,  containing  Turquoise  Beads 

106.  Kiva,  Room  75  

107.  Part  of  Room  76 

108.  Northeastern  Corner  of  Room  78    . 

109.  Painted  Stone  Mortar  in  Room  80 

110.  Design  on  Painted  Stone  Mortar,  Room  80 

111.  Curious  Pottery  Object  with  Perforations,  Room  80 

112.  Copper  Bell,  Room  83,  Slightly  Enlarged 

113.  North  Wall  of  Room  83    .... 

114.  Under  Wall,  Room  83       ...        . 

115.  Sandal  Figures  on  North  Wall  of  Room  83 


171 
172 
175 
176 

177 
178 

178 
181 
182 
189 
190 
193 
193 
193 
201 
202 
204 
205 
209 
211 
212 
214 
214 
214 
220 

225 
226 
227 
228 
237 
240 
249 
250 
259 
260 
261 
265 
266 
268 
269 
271 
272 
272 


1920. 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


11 


Page. 

116.  Bins  in  Room  85 273 

117.  North  Wall  of  Room  85,  showing  Calcined  Surface 274 

118.  Specimens  in  situ,  Room  85 275 

119.  A  Large  Wooden  Slab,  Room  85 276 

120.  Pottery  in  Place  in  West  End  of  Room  85 277 

121.  Large  Vessel  from  Room  85 278 

122.  Wooden  Flute,  Room  85  . 279 

123.  Remains  of  a  Charred  Rope,  Room  86 287 

124.  Walls  of  Angular  Room  under  Room  87 288 

125.  Mealing  Bins,  Room  90 296 

126.  Stone  Pointed  Drill,  Room  92 299 

127.  Wall  of  Wattle  Work,  Room  97 307 

128.  View  of  Room  97,  looking  Northeast .308 

129.  East  and  South  Wall  of  Room  99 310 

130.  Doorway  in  Room  99 311 

131.  Pitchers  in  Corner  of  Room  99 312 

132.  Two  Copper  Bells  from  Room  106 324 

133.  Foreshaft  of  an  Arrow  from  Room  107 327 

134.  Hafted  Stone  Knife  from  Room  107 327 

135.  Decorated  Bone  Scraper  from  Room  108 327 

136.  Knife  Handles  from  Rooms  171  and  110 327 

137.  Detail  of  Ceiling  in  Room  112 331 

138.  Jet  Ornament  with  Bird  Wing  Design  carved  on  Surface,  Room  131       .  332 

139.  Wooden  Object  Painted  in  Red,  Yellow,  and  Green,  Room  169       .  332 

140.  Dipper  Handle,  showing  Mending,  Room  168 333 

141.  Bone  Ornament,  Room  168 333 

142.  Pottery  Vessel 335 

143.  Handle  of  Pottery  Incense  Burner  Showing  how  Bowl  was  Attached, 

Room  141 335 

144.  Floor  of  Room  159 336 

145.  Interior  of  Kiva  showing  Ventilator,  Room  162 337 

146.  Circular  Room  in  Eastern  Court,  Room  190 338 

147.  Ceiling  and  Wall  Structure  of  a  Room  in  the  Northern  Part  of  the  Ruin   .  339 

148.  Pictograph  on  Rock  in  Chaco  Canon 344 

149.  Outer  North  Wall  of  Bonito,  looking  Northwest  from  Within,  showing 

Junction  of  Old  and  New  Walls 344 

150.  A  Closed  Doorway 345 

151.  A  Corner  Doorway 345 

152.  A  Partly  Closed  Doorway 346 

153.  An  Open  Doorway 346 

154.  Burial  in  Mound  No.  2,  Skeleton  20 347 

155.  Groundplan  of  Pueblo  Bonito 390 


Fig.  1.     Map  of  William  H.  Jacks     I  Tenth  Annual  Report,  U.  S        logical  and  Geographical  Survey,  1878. 


North  Carolina 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  ruin  known  as  Pueblo  Bonito  lies  between  the  narrow  walls  of 
Chaco  Canon  in  northwestern  New  Mexico.  Chaco  Canon's  greatest 
claim  for  attention  is  due  to  the  fact  that  Pueblo  Indians  built  there  a 
series  of  great  walled-in  towns  at  a  time,  which,  from  all  obtainable  in- 
formation, was  certainly  a  great  many  years  before  the  Spanish  Conquest 
The  eastern  limit  of  this  great  prehistoric  waterway  is  in  latitude  35°  56' 
27"  and  longitude  107°  46'.  From  this  point  it  stretches  westward  a 
distance  of  twenty  miles.  In  the  canon  bottom  and  on  the  cliffs  that 
border  it  there  are  twelve  large  ruins  and  numerous  smaller. ones.  In 
one  stretch,  hardly  a  mile  in  length,  over  forty  small  ruins  and  house 
sites  have  been  counted. 

The  best  general  account  of  these  ruins,  including  the  one  herein 
discussed,  was  published  by  William  H.  Jackson  in  18781.  He  gives  a 
concise  account  of  the  group  and  its  geographical  setting  together  with 
large  plans  of  the  most  important  ruins.  We  have  reproduced  here 
(Fig.  1),  his  sketch  map  and  condensed  grounclplans  of  the  several  build- 
ings, to  give  an  idea  of  the  place  of  Pueblo  Bonito  in  the  group.  As  an 
introductory  statement  the  following  excerpt  from  Jackson's  account 
can  scarcely  be  improved  upon: — 

The  great  ruins  in  the  Chaco  Canon,  in  Northern  New  Mexico,  are  preeminently 
the  finest  examples  of  the  numerous  and  extensive  remains  of  the  works  of  unknown 
builders  to  be  found  north  of  the  seat  of  the  ancient  Aztec  Empire  in  Mexico,  and  of 
which  there  is  comparatively  little  known  even  to  this  day.  The  first  published 
account  which  ever  appeared  in  regard  to  them  is  a  short  reference  to  the  Pueblo 
Bonito  by  Gregg  in  1844.  His  observations  covered  a  period  of  eight  years  previous  to 
1840.  In  1849  a  military  expedition  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Washington,  then 
military  governor  of  New  Mexico,  was  sent  against  the  Navajos,  who  were  trouble- 
some at  that  time,  and  their  line  of  march  traversed  a  portion  of  the  canon.  The 
report  of  Lieutenant  Simpson,  of  the  United  States  Topographical  Engineers,  who 
accompanied  the  expedition,  contained  the  first  detailed  and  authentic  account  ever 
published  of  these  wonderful  ruins,  and  it  has  been  up  to  this  time  the  only  source  of 
information. 

Prof.  O.  Loew  visited  the  Pueblo  Pintado  in  1874,  and  a  short  description  of  it 
by  him  appears  in  the  annual  report  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers  for  1875. 

My  visit  to  the  canon  of  the  Chaco  in  the  spring  of  1877  (May  7-15)  was  made 
with  no  idea  of  discovering  anything  new,  but  to  see  for  myself  and  thus  be  able  to 
compare  more  satisfactorily  the  highest  development  of  ancient  architectural  skill 
as  exhibited  in  these  ruins  with  the  extensive  remains  in  the  San  Juan  basin,  and  also 
with  the  pueblos  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  which  are  still  occupied.2 

'"Report  on  the  Ancient  Ruins  Examined  in  1875  and  1877"  (Tenth  Annual  Report  of  the  United 
States  Geological  and  Geographical  Survey  of  the  Territories  embracing  Colorado  and  Parts  of  Adjacent 
Territories,  being  a  Report  of  Progress  of  the  Exploration  for  the  Year  1876.  By  F.  V.  Hayden).  Washing- 
ton, 1878. 

2Jackson,  ibid.,  431. 

13 


14  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  first  to  mention  the  Chaco  ruins  is  Josiah  Gregg,  as  just  stated, 
but  there  may  exist  archive  material  not  yet  available  to  us,  for  Bandelier 
makes  the  following  statement: — 

In  the  middle  of  the  last  century  a  Spanish  captain  of  engineers,  Don  Bernardo  de 
Mier  y  Paeheco,  went  upon  a  scientific  and  political  mission  for  the  Crown  in  New 
Mexico.  He  explored  the  ruins  of  the  country,  and  the  numerous  pueblos  of  the 
Canon  de  Chaca  (in  the  present  home  of  the  Navajos)  excited  his  interest  in  the 
highest  degree.  When  he  began  to  concern  himself  about. the  situation  of  Quivira,  it 
was  supposed  that  he  had  plans  and  documentary  evidences  to  assist  him  hi  finding 
the  place.  The  measurements  which  he  made  in  the  ruins  of  the  Chaca  convinced  the 
people  that  Quivira  was  there,  and  this  conviction  grew  and  spread  rapidly.  There 
was  living  at  that  time  in  Socorro  on  the  Rio  Grande  an  old  Indian  who  was  called 
"Tio  Juan  Largo."  When  he  heard  of  the  search  of  the  Spanish  officer,  he  protested 
at  once  against  the  idea  that  Quivira  could  be  found  in  the  northwest,  and  insisted 
that  the  ruins  of  the  former  mission  of  the  Jumanos  and  Quiviras  were  east  of  Socorro, 
on  the  "Mesa  Jumana."1 

As  de  Mier  y  Pacheco's  investigations  were  carried  on  in  1776,  and 
Gregg  wrote  in  1844  this  earlier  account  would  certainly  be  most  valu- 
able in  estimating  the  changes  that  had  taken  place  in  the  ruin. 

Lieutenant  J.  H.  Simpson  in  his  "Journal  of  a  Military  Recon- 
naissance from  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  to  the  Navajo  Country"  in 
August,  1849,  found  the  ruins  to  be  exactly  as  described  by  Gregg. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  Lieutenant  Simpson's  report  on  this  great  group 
was  the  first  detailed  description,  it  has  been  deemed  advisable  to  quote 
that  part  which  concerns  Pueblo  Bonito,  verbatim. 

Two  or  three  hundred  yards  down  the  canon,  we  met  another  old  pueblo  in 

ruins,  called  Pueblo  Bonito This  pueblo, 

though  not  so  beautiful  in  the  arrangement  of  the  details  of  its  masonry 
as  Pueblo  Pintado,  is  yet  superior  to  it  in  point  of  preservation.  The  circuit 
of  its  walls  is  about  thirteen  hundred  feet.  Its  present  elevation  shows  that 
it  has  had  at  least  four  stories  of  apartments.  The  number  of  rooms  on  the  ground 
floor  at  present  discernible  is  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine.  In  this  enumeration, 
however,  are  not  included  the  apartments  which  are  not  distinguishable  in  the 
east  portion  of  the  pueblo  and  which  would  probably  swell  the  number  to 
about  two  hundred.  There,  then,  having  been  at  least  four  stories  of  rooms,  and 
supposing  the  horizontal  depth  of  the  edifice  to  have  been  uniform  from  bottom  to 
top,  or,  in  other  words,  not  of  a  retreating  terrace  form  on  the  court  side,  it  is  not  un- 
reasonable to  infer  that  the  original  number  of  rooms  was  as  many  as  eight  hundred. 
But,  as  the  latter  supposition  (as  will  be  shown  presently)  is  probably  the  most 

'A.  F.  Bandelier,  The  Gilded  Man  {El  Dorado)  and  other  pictures  of  the  Spanish  Occupancy  of  America. 
New  York,  1893.    (p.  253.) 

Bandelier  stated  later  that  he  had  been  unable  to  find  any  documentary  evidence  concerning  the 
present  location  of  the  plans  made  by  this  gentleman,  but  he  felt  quite  sure  that  they  were  in  a  convent 
in  Zacatecas  in  Old  Mexico.  Tf  these  plans  could  be  found  it  would  add  most  interesting  data  to  our 
present  knowledge  of  this  great  group  of  ruins,  for  with  his  measurements,  he  no  doubt  gave  at  least  a 
genera!  account  of  the  condition  of  the  ruins 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  15 

tenable,  there  must  be  a  reduction  from  this  number  of  one  range  of  rooms  for  every 
story  after  the  first;  and  this  would  lessen  the  number  to  six  hundred  and  forty-one. 
The  number  of  estuffas  is  four — the  largest  being  sixty  feet  in  diameter,  showing  two 
stories  in  height,  and  having  a  present  depth  of  twelve  feet.  All  these  estuffas  are, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  others  I  have  seen,  cylindrical  in  shape,  and  nicely  walled  up 
with  thin  tabular  stone.  Among  the  ruins  are  several  rooms  in  a  very  good  state  of 
preservation — one  of  them  (near  the  northwest  corner  of  the  north  range)  being 
walled  up  with  alternate  beds  of  large  and  small  stones,  the  regularity  of  the  com- 
bination producing  a  very  pleasing  effect.  The  ceiling  of  this  room  is  also  more  taste- 
ful than  any  we  have  seen — the  transverse  beams  being  smaller  and  more  numerous, 
and  the  longitudinal  pieces  which  rest  upon  them  only  about  an  inch  in  diameter, 
and  beautifully  regular.  These  latter  have  somewhat  the  appearance  of  barked  wil- 
low. The  room  has  a  doorway  at  each  end  and  one  at  the  side,  each  of  them  leading 
into  adjacent  apartments.  The  light  is  let  in  by  a  window,  two  feet  by  eight  inches, 
on  the  north  side.  There  was  among  the  ruins  another  room,  which,  on  account  of  the 
lateness  of  the  hour  and  the  consequent  despatch  of  our  examination,  escaped  our 
scrutiny.  This  room  having  been  represented  by  Assistant  Surgeon  J.  H.  Plammond 
and  Mr.  J.  L.  Collins  (both  of  whom  started  from  camp  with  us)  as  being  more  perfect 
in  its  detail  than  any  of  the  others  we  had  visited,  and  as  indicating  the  use  of  smooth 
plank  in  the  flooring,  I  requested  the  former  to  furnish  me  with  a  description  of  it.1 

Surgeon  Hammond's  description  of  a  room  found  among  the  ruins 
of  the  Pueblo  Bonito  is  as  follows: — 

Sir:  At  your  request,  I  send  you  a  description  of  a  room  that  I  saw,  in  company 
with  Mr.  Collins,  of  Santa  Fe,  in  the  ruins  of  the  Pueblo  Bonito,  in  the  Canon  of 
Chaco,  on  the  28th  ult. 

It  was  in  the  second  of  three  ranges  of  rooms  on  the  north  side  of  the  ruins.  The 
door  opened  at  the  base  of  the  wall,  towards  the  interior  of  the  building;  it  had  never 
been  more  than  two  feet  and  a  half  high,  and  was  filled  two-thirds  with  rubbish.  The 
lintels  were  of  natural  sticks  of  wood,  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half 
inches  in  diameter,  deprived  of  the  bark  and  placed  at  distances  of  two  or  three  inches 
apart ;  yet  their  ends  were  attached  to  each  other  by  withes  of  oak  with  its  bark  well 
preserved.  The  room  was  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  about  twelve  feet  in  length, 
eight  feet  wide,  and  the  walls,  as  they  stood  at  the  time  of  observation,  seven  feet 
high.  The  floor  was  of  earth,  and  the  surface  irregular.  The  walls  were  about  two 
feet  thick,  and  plastered  with  a  layer  of  red  mud  one  fourth  of  an  inch  thick. 
The  latter  having  fallen  off  in  places  showed  the  material  of  the  wall  to  be  sandstone. 
The  stone  was  ground  into  pieces  the  size  of  our  ordinary  bricks,  the  angles  not  as 
perfectly  formed,  though  nearly  so,  and  put  up  in  break-joints,  having  intervals 
between  them,  on  every  side,  of  about  two  inches.  The  intervals  were  filled  with 
lamina;  of  a  dense  sandstone,  about  three  lines  in  thickness,  driven  firmly  in,  and 
broken  off  even  with  the  general  plane  of  the  wall — the  whole  resembling  mosaic 
work.  Niches,  varying  in  size  from  two  inches  to  two  feet  and  a  half  square,  and  two 
inches  to  one  and  a  half  feet  in  horizontal  depth,  were  scattered  irregularly  over  the 

'Simpson,  James  H.  "Journal  of  a  Military  Reconnaissance  from  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  to  the 
Navajo  country,  made  with  the  troops  under  the  command  of  Brevet  Lieutenant  Colonel  John  M. 
Washington,  chief  of  the  9th  military  department,  and  governor  of  New  Mexico,  in  1849"  (Reports  oj 
the  Secretary  of  War,  31st  Congress,  1st  Session,  Senate  Ex.  Doc.  Xo.  6.',,  Washington,  1850,  80-81.) 


16  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII , 

walls,  at  various  heights  above  the  floor.  Near  the  place  of  the  ceiling,  the  walls 
were  penetrated  horizontally  by  eight  cylindrical  beams,  about  seven  inches  in 
diameter;  their  ends  were  on  a  line  with  the  interior  planes  of  the  walls  they  pene- 
trated, and  the  surfaces  of  them  perpendicular  to  the  length  of  the  beam.  They  had 
the  appearance  of  having  been  sawed  off  originally,  except  that  there  were  no  marks 
of  the  saw  left  on  them;  time  had  slightly  disintegrated  the  surfaces,  rounding  the 
edges  somewhat  here  and  there.  Supporting  the  floor  above  were  six  cylindrical  beams 
about  seven  inches  in  diameter,  passing  transversely  of  the  room,  and  at  distances  of 
less  than  two  feet  apart — the  branches  of  the  trees  having  been  hewn  off  by  means  of  a 
blunt  edged  instrument.  Above,  and  resting  on  these,  running  longitudinally  with  the 
room,  were  poles  of  various  lengths,  about  two  inches  in  diameter,  irregularly  straight, 
placed  in  contact  with  each  other,  covering  all  the  top  of  the  room,  bound  together  at 
irregular  and  various  distances,  generally  at  their  ends,  by  slips  apparently  of  palm- 
leaf  or  marquez,  and  the  same  material  converted  into  cords  about  one-fourth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  formed  of  two  strands,  hung  from  the  poles  at  several  points.  Above, 
and  resting  upon  the  poles,  closing  all  above,  passing  transversely  of  the  room,  were 
planks  about  seven  inches  wide  and  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  The  width 
of  the  plank  was  uniform,  and  so  was  the  thickness.  They  were  in  contact,  or  nearly 
so,  admitting  but  little  more  than  the  passage  of  a  knife  blade  between  them,  by  the 
edges,  through  the  whole  of  their  lengths.  They  were  not  jointed;  all  their  surfaces 
were  level,  and  as  smooth  as  if  planed,  excepting  the  ends,  the  angles  as  regular  and 
perfect  as  could  be  retained  by  such  vegetable  matter.  They  are  probably  of  pine  or 
cedar,  exposed  to  the  atmosphere  for  as  long  a  time  as  it  is  probable  these  have 
been.  The  ends  of  the  plank,  several  of  which  were  in  view,  terminated  in  a  line 
perpendicular  to  the  length  of  the  plank,  and  the  plank  appears  to  have  been  severed 
by  a  blunt  instrument.  The  planks — I  examined  them  minutely  by  the  eye  and  the 
touch,  for  the  marks  of  the  saw  and  other  instruments — were  smooth,  and  colored 
brown  by  time  or  by  smoke.  Beyond  the  plank  nothing  was  distinguishable  from 
within.  The  room  was  redolent  with  the  perfume  of  cedar.  Externally,  upon  the 
top,  was  a  heap  of  stone  and  mud,  ruins  that  have  fallen  from  above,  immovable  by 
the  instruments  that  we  had  along. 

The  beams  were  probably  severed  by  contusions  from  a  dull  instrument,  and  their 
surfaces  ground  plain  and  smooth  by  a  slab  of  rock;  and  the  plank,  split  or  hewn 
from  the  trees,  were,  no  doubt,  rendered  smooth  by  the  same  means.1 

Jackson's  later  account  is  more  precise  and  presents  the  ruin  about 
as  we  found  it  in  1896: — 

Five  hundred  yards  below  and  also  close  under  the  perpendicular  walls  of  the 
canon  are  the  ruins  of  the  Pueblo  Bonito,  the  largest  and  in  some  respects  the  most 
remarkable  of  all.  Its  length  is  544  feet  and  its  width  314  feet.  By  referring  to  the 
plan  it  will  be  seen  that  it  only  roughly  approximates  the  usual  rectangular  shape. 
The  two  side  wings  are  parallel  with  each  other,  and  at  right  angles  to  the  front  wall, 
for  a  distance  of  70  feet;  the  west  wing  then  bends  around  until  a  little  past  a  line 
drawn  through  the  centre  of  the  ruin  transversely,  when  it  bears  off  diagonally  to 
join  the  east  wing,  thus  resembling  in  its  outline  a  semi-oval.  Instead  of  a  semi- 
circular wall,  the  court  is  enclosed  by  a  perfectly  straight  row  of  small  buildings  run- 

'Simpson,  ibid.,  144-145. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  17 

ning  almost  due  east  and  west,  and  is  intersected  by  a  line  of  estufas,  which  divide  it 
(the  court)  into  two  nearly  equal  portions.  A  marked  feature  is  the  difference  in  the 
manner  of  construction,  as  shown  in  the  character  of  the  masonry  and  of  the  ground 
plan.  It  was  not  built  with  the  unity  of  purpose  so  evident  in  the  Pueblo  of  Chettro 
Kettle  and  some  others,  but  large  additions  have  been  spliced  in  from  time  to  time, 
producing  a  complexity  in  the  arrangement  of  the  rooms  difficult  to  follow  out.  I 
spent  several  hours  in  endeavoring  to  unravel  the  intricacies  of  the  foundations,  and 
with  better  success  than  I  imagined  possible.  The  left-hand  wing  consists  of  three 
rows  of  rooms,  eight  in  each  row,  12  to  15  feet  wide  and  from  12  to  20  feet  in  length. 
The  outer  walls  are  entirely  demolished,  but  some  of  the  interior  walls  reach  to  the 
top  of  the  second  story.  In  front  of  this  wing  and  facing  the  court  are  the  remains 
of  what  were  probably  three  circular,  partially  subterranean  rooms,  probably  estufas. 
The  section  adjoining  this  wing  is  in  the  shape  of  an  almost  perfect  quarter-circle,  and 
consists  of  five  tiers  of  rooms,  with  nine  rooms  in  each.  The  walls  are  standing  quite 
generally  as  high  as  the  second  story.  The  outer  tier  of  rooms  of  this  section,  which 
are  only  about  4  feet  in  width,  seem  to  have  been  built  on  merely  to  assimilate  this 
portion  of  the  building  with  the  rest,  for  they  are  evidently  of  different  periods. 
The  middle  section  is  the  most  ruinous  of  all,  but  the  great  depth  of  the  debris  which 
covers  several  perfect  rooms  indicates  that  it  originally  possessed  an  equal  height  with 
the  adjoining  walls.  The  outer  wall  thus  far  is  entirely  ruined,  hardly  a  stone  re- 
maining in  place,  but  in  the  section  that  lies  between  the  central  line  of  ertufas  and 
the  right-hand  wing  it  rises  up  to  the  fourth  story,  and  is  in  a  remarkably  well-pre- 
served condition.  Portions  of  it  are  evidently  a  quite  late  addition  in  the  history  of 
the  ancient  pueblo,  some  of  the  outer  rows  having  been  spliced  or  joined  to  the  last 
wing  in  a  manner  which  will  be  better  understood  by  a  reference  to  the  plate  than  by 
any  description.  Several  of  the  interior  parallel  and  transverse  walls  are  also  standing 
fully  30  feet  high.  Many  of  the  vigas,  which  are  in  excellent  preservation,  still  retain 
their  places  and  protect  a  number  of  rooms  on  the  first  floor.  The  outer  wall  of  the  east 
wing  is  in  fair  preservation,  while  the  interior  walls  are  in  excellent  order  for  at  least 
two  stories;  the  apartments  in  this  and  the  adjoining  section  are  of  unusual  size,  and 
the  walls  of  the  ground  floor  are  of  a  fine  massiveness  that  has  preserved  them  remark- 
ably well.  Within  this  wing  are  two  estufas,  one  of  which  came  up  with  and  formed  a 
portion  of  the  second  story.  Across  the  front  of  the  court  there  are  two  tiers  of  rooms 
about  25  feet  in  width,  their  fallen  walls  making  a  mound  of  debris  5  to  8  feet  in  depth, 
indicating  that  they  were  of  considerable  height.  Every  transverse  wall  could  be 
easily  distinguished.  Interrupting  this  about  midway  is  a  solid  parallelogram  65  by 
115  feet  in  dimensions,  in  which  are  two  estufas  each  50  feet  in  diameter.  A  low  mass 
of  ruins  connects  these  with  two  more  somewhat  similar  estufas  that  adjoin  the  centre 
of  the  main  building. 

Having  thus  roughly  sketched  in  the  external  forms  of  the  ruin,  I  will  devote 
some  space  to  a  description  of  some  of  its  details. 

The  masonry,  as  exhibited  in  the  construction  of  the  walls,  is  quite  dissimilar  in 
the  different  portions,  showing  clearly  that  it  was  either  built  at  different  periods,  or 
that  it  had  been  once  partially  demolished  and  then  rebuilt.  The  three  kinds  of 
masonry  shown  in  Plate  LXII  [Fig.  1],  appear  at  various  places  throughout  the 
building,  and,  in  addition,  there  is  considerable  rough-laid  plastered  wall,  like  that 
which  appears  in  many  of  the  old  ruins,  and  which  is  also  characteristic  of  all  the 
Moqui  pueblos.    In  that  part  of  the  external  wall  which  is  now  standing  a  different 


18  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

method  of  laying  the  stones  is  observed  in  each  story.  The  first  or  lowest  story  is 
built  in  the  manner  of  No.  2;  the  second  as  No.  1;  while  in  the  third  story  it  is  a 
repetition  of  the  first.  The  straight  row  across  the  front  of  the  court  was  built  almost 
entirely  like  No.  2,  and  the  buildings  immediately  adjoining  partook  of  the  same 
character.  Most  of  the  interior  walls,  especially  in  the  east  wing  and  the  section  ad- 
joining it,  were  built  in  the  manner  of  No.  1 ;  but  of  larger  stones.  A  large  number  of 
beams  of  wood  were  used  to  strengthen  the  walls;  round  sticks  of  three  and  four 
inches  in  diameter  were  built  into  the  wall  transversely,  the  ends  trimmed  off  smooth 
and  flush  with  the  two  outer  surfaces,  and  larger  timbers  of  from  10  to  15  feet  in 
length  and  6  to  8  in  diameter  were  embedded  longitudinally.  We  observed  these  in 
the  outer  wall  only.  The  estufas  in  this  ruin  form  an  important  feature,  both  from 
their  number,  size,  and  the  excellent  manner  in  which  most  of  them  were  built.  Re- 
ferring to  the  plan  (Fig.  2),  the  first  that  attract  our  attention  are  those  in  the  centre, 
Nos.  1  and  2,  which  have  been  already  referred  to.  Neither  these,  nor  in  fact  any  of 
the  others,  with  the  exception  probably  of  some  of  the  more  indistinct  ones,  which  are 
indicated  by  dotted  lines,  appear  to  have  been  subterranean.  No.  3  is  40  feet  in 
diameter  and  No.  4,  26  feet,  both  are  considerably  elevated  above  the  general  surface. 
The  masonry  in  the  circles  of  these  four  central  estufas  is  yet  perfect  around  their 
entire  circumferences,  and  the  only  others  in  like  condition  are  the  two  in  the  east 
wing,  Nos.  5  and  6.  Besides  these  six,  there  are  at  least  fifteen  others  in  various 
degrees  of  demolition.  Nos.  7,  8,  and  9  are  unmistakably  of  the  same  character  as 
the  preceding,  and  also  those  numbered  from  10  to  17,  the  last  six  especially,  having 
considerable  portions  of  their  cylindrical  walls  remaining.  The  remaining  ones  have 
only  great  mounds  of  stones  and  earth  to  mark  their  sites.  The  interior  of  the  court 
is  very  uneven,  there  being  no  level  ground  whatever.  This,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
Pueblo  Pintado,  I  think,  indicates  that  it  was  occupied  with  many  subterranean 
rooms.  There  are  a  number  of  rooms,  the  coverings  of  which  have  resisted  the  great 
weight  of  fallen  walls,  and  are  now  in  excellent  preservation.  These  do  not  differ 
materially  from  those  already  mentioned,  and,  as  Lieutenant  Simpson  and  Dr.  Ham- 
mond describe  two  that  are  in  this  ruin  with  considerable  minuteness,  I  will  say  but 
little  in  regard  to  them.  In  one  of  these,  a  small  room  in  the  outer  tier  of  the  north 
side,  which  we  entered  by  a  small  hole  which  had  been  broken  through  the  exterior 
wall,  we  found  the  names  of  Lieutenant  Simpson,  Mr.  R.  H.  Keen,  and  one  or  two 
others,  with  the  date,  August  27,  1849,  scratched  into  the  soft  plastering  which  cov- 
ered the  walls,  the  impression  appearing  as  plainly  as  if  done  but  a  few  days  previously. 
The  pueblo  was  built  within  aboiit  20  yards  of  the  foot  [of]  the  bluff,  but  a  talus  of 
broken  rock  occupies  all  of  this  space,  excepting  a  narrow  passage  next  to  the  northern 
wall,  through  which  the  trail  passes.  To  the  east  of  this  are  the  ruins  of  several  small 
buildings  built  upon  a  bench  close  under  the  rocks.  The  bench  has  been  extended 
some  distance  by  a  wall  of  6  or  8  feet  height,  built  of  alternating  bands  of  large  and 
small  stones.  A  short  distance  beyond  is  a  mass  of  ruins  measuring  135  by  75  feet, 
in  the  centre  of  which  are  two  circular  rooms.  From  the  east  side  of  this  a  line  of  wall 
ran  due  south  about  300  feet,  meeting  at  a  right  angle  another  wall  180  feet  in  length, 
which  was  an  extension  of  the  south  front  of  the  pueblo.1 


Jackson,  ibid.,  440-442. 


The  walla  here  nre  quit 


□! 
D! 


□□□□rv 


PUEBLO   BONITO, 

Chaco  Canon, 

N.   M 


Fig.  2.     Groundplan  of  Pueblo  Bonito,  William  H.  Jackson,  187S. 


*>    :  «  *» 


~«l»     •    «»■ 


Fig.  4.     Bonito  from  the  Mesa,  showing  Excavated  Room 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  23 

The  appearance  of  the  ruin  before  excavations  were  begun  is  shown 
in  Fig.  3.  Professor  Richard  E.  Dodge  made  a  preliminary  survey  of 
the  ruin  as  a  basis  for  the  construction  of  an  accurate  plan.  Unfortu- 
nately, the  writer  was  not  able  to  return  to  the  canon  to  make  the  final 
survey  necessary  to  such  a  compilation,  but  recently  Assistant  Curator 
Nelson  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  made  an  independ- 
ent survey  and  drafted  the  general  groundplan  of  the  pueblo.  Upon 
this  plan  as  a  basis,  with  my  field  notes  and  room  plans,  Mr.  B.  T.  B. 
Hyde  constructed  the  detailed  outline  in  Fig.  155.  The  numbers  on  this 
plan  show  the  rooms  excavated  and  also  refer  to  the  corresponding  text. 
Professor  Richard  E.  Dodge  made  a  preliminary  study  of  the  canon 
from  whose  field  reports  the  following  excerpts  are  taken: — 

I  was  occupied  in  work  at  the  ruin  from  August  14  to  September  9  (1900), 
inclusive.  In  outlining  the  problems  presented,  it  seemed  to  me  that  there  were  three 
separate  topics  to  be  studied.  First,  the  geographical  conditions  at  the  time  of  the 
Pueblo  occupation,  as  compared  with  the  present  conditions;  second,  any  evidence  of 
climatic  or  geographical  change ;  third,  any  evidences  as  to  the  lapse  of  time  since  the 
desertion  of  the  pueblos  by  their  ancient  inhabitants. 

My  first  thought  was  that  the  best  solution  of  these  problems  might  be  found  in 
a  careful  study  of  certain  particular  conditions  to  be  seen  in  the  walls  of  the  arroyo. 
These  evidences  consisted  of  lenses  of  pottery,  bones,  beads,  rolled  adobe  balls,  etc., 
at  a  depth  below  the  present  plain  surface,  of  from  14  to  17  feet.  A  careful  study  of 
an  exposed  section  something  more  than  thirty  feet  in  vertical  height  in  several 
places  in  the  arroyo  showed  me,  however,  that  the  lenses  of  pottery,  etc.,  could  be 
interpreted  in  at  least  two  different  ways  with  equal  truth.  I  therefore  gave  up 
further  study  in  the  arroyo  for  the  time  being,  thinking  it  more  advisable  to  study 
evidences  about  the  ruin  itself,  hoping  therefrom  to  get  testimony  that  would  aid  the 
work  in  the  arroyo. 

My  work  at  the  ruin  consisted,  first,  of  a  detailed  study  of  the  comparative  weath- 
ering of  the  different  rocks  used  in  the  pueblo  walls,  particularly  at  the  top  and  the 
bottom  of  walls  which  are  standing  to  a  height  of  three  stories;  secondly,  a  study  of 
the  deposits  about  the  ruin  to  a  sufficient  depth  to  reach  pure  sand;  thirdly,  a  study 
of  the  deposits  in  the  large  dump  heap  to  the  south  of  the  ruin;  and  fourthly,  a  study 
of  any  traces  of  the  deposits  to  be  found  on  the  walls  of  the  exposed  rooms.  I  also 
made  a  careful  lithological  section  from  the  foot  of  the  cliff  to  the  extreme  top  of  the 
mesa,  and  collected  specimens  from  the  different  layers  so  as  to  have  material  for 
studying  the  unweathered  rocks  similar  to  those  used  in  the  pueblo  walls. 

As  a  result  of  my  reconnaissance  I  was  convinced  of  the  great  length  of  time  in 
which  the  ruins  were  occupied,  as  shown  by  the  great  depths  of  adobe  and  water  and 
wind  accumulated  sand  containing  evidences  of  human  occupation,  to  a  depth  of 
nearly  twenty  feet.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  fragments  of  pottery  found  at  the 
bottom  of  such  sections  were  evidently  of  a  similar  type  to  those  to  be  seen  in  great 
abundance  over  the  surface. 

A  study  of  the  exposed  layers  in  several  deep  pits  gave  evidence  of  very  striking 
changes  in  geographical  conditions  at  a  considerable  period  anterior  to  the  desertion 
of  the  pueblos,  particularly  as  shown    by  accumulations  of  gravels,  clearly  of  water 


24  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

origin,  at  a  depth  of  more  than  ten  feet  beneath  an  overlying  accumulation  of  adobe, 
and  wind  blown  sand,  in  the  top  layers  of  which  were  evidences  of  several  formerly 
occupied  floors  at  different  levels.  Certain  small  remnants  of  water  made  gravels  in 
the  small  recesses  on  the  sides  of  some  of  the  rooms  on  the  south  side  of  the  ruin,  and 
the  very  general  stratification  of  the  layers  in  the  large  dump  heap  also  suggest  ex- 
tensive water  action.  These  are  some  of  the  problems,  the  solution  of  which  is  at 
least  suggested,  but  which  must  be  determined  by  later,  more  extended,  careful  work. 
The  method  of  study  of  these  deposits  was  purely  geological,  all  measurements 
being  made  in  reference  to  a  chosen  floor  level,  to  tenths  of  a  foot,  and  drawn  in  note- 
book to  scale  of  tenth  of  an  inch.  Extensive  collections  were  taken  for  office  study. 
One  of  the  difficulties  in  correlating  the  various  water  levels  was  due  to  the  absence 
of  an  established  base  line,  which  is,  I  believe,  contemplated  for  another  year. 

From  the  report  on  the  second  field  trip: — 

My  attention  was  devoted  to  five  lines  of  investigation  as  follows : — 

a.  Study  of  sections  in  excavations  dug  during  previous  winter  at  southeast 
corner  of  ruin  and  south  of  center  of  dump. 

b.  Study  of  section  through  eastern  portion  of  dump  and  holes  in  eastern  and 
western  sections  of  dump,  extending  down  to  clean  sand. 

c.  Mapping  of  dump  and  holes  studied  this  year  and  last. 

d.  Study  of  rate  and  method  of  erosion  of  cliff  face  of  northern  mesa. 

e.  Careful  mapping  of  surface  wet  weather  streams  draining  into  arroyo,  and  a 
rough  study  of  arroyo  deposits  for  one  mile,  for  the  purpose  of  locating  deposits  of 
human  origin.    I  shall  consider  these  several  phases  of  work  in  turn. 

Sections  in  Excavations.  The  sections  of  clean  sand  studied  during  the  last  two 
years  number  six  in  all,  including  the  two  mentioned  as  situated  in  dumps.  The 
sections  have  been  drawn  to  a  scale  of  one-tenth  of  an  inch  to  one-tenth  of  a  foot,  and 
have  been  plotted  with  care.  As  nearly  as  possible  the  datum  plane  is  the  same  in 
each  case,  so  that  it  will  be  possible  to  draw  up  a  series  of  sections  that  will  enable 
one  to  correlate  the  different  layers  found.  Tentative  correlation  would  seem  to 
indicate  an  old  water  course  running  close  to  the  front  of  the  ruins  at  a  depth  of  ten 
feet.  Evidences  of  human  remains  occur  to  a  depth  much  greater  than  this  and  reach 
more  than  twenty  feet  in  one  instance. 

Sections  in  Dump.  The  western  dump  was  sectioned  horizontally  last  year  and 
seemed  to  indicate  widespread  action  of  standing  water  during  its  formation.  The 
longitudinal  section  in  the  eastern  dump  this  year  seems  to  corroborate  the  evidence, 
though  it  has  not  been  possible  to  be  sure  as  yet  of  the  identity  of  the  more  evident 
water  layers  in  the  two  sections.  The  height  of  the  top  water  layers  in  the  dump  has 
been  projected  to  and  marked  on  a  large  rock  on  the  south  side  of  the  Chaco  Arroyo, 
but  no  time  was  available  for  search  for  water  laid  deposits  on  that  side  of  the  canon. 
It  is  expected  that  careful  leveling  will  enable  us  to  correlate  certain  water  laid 
deposits  in  the  south  tier  of  rooms  in  the  ruin  with  the  dump  sections. 

Location  of  Sections  by  Mapping.  A  careful  plane  table  map  was  made  showing 
location  of  several  sections  studied  and  of  related  ruins  for  the  purpose  of  furnishing 
data  available  for  working  out  grades  of  strata  in  office  correlation  of  deposits.  This 
mapping  required  a  day's  work,  but  seemed  essential  as  giving  the  best  available  base 
for  careful  lateral  measurements. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito,  25 

Cliff  Profile.  A  study  was  made  of  the  cliff  profile  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
Chaco  Canon  for  the  purpose  of  securing  evidence  as  to  the  presence  or  absence  of 
talus  at  different  points  in  the  cliff,  and  as  to  the  relation  of  the  ancient  people  to  the 
talus  deposits.  The  form  of  the  cliff  front  is  very  peculiar  near  the  ruin,  but  it  has 
not  been  possible  as  yet  to  determine  the  reasons  for  the  cliff  profile,  or  to  locate  the 
fault  in  the  Chaco  Valley  and  the  departure  of  the  cliff  front  from  the  fault  line. 
Evidence  along  this  line  should  be  very  valuable  in  the  future. 

Mapping  of  Svrface  Streams.  My  studies  of  last  year  of  the  deposits  shown  in  the 
arroyo  walls  above  and  below  Pueblo  del  Arroyo  suggested  to  me  that  the  deposits 
were  not  formed,  as  has  been  suggested,  during  the  aggrading  period  of  the  arroyo 
plain,  but  during  the  subsequent  and  present  period  of  degradation.  A  study  of  the 
arroyo  walls  seemed  to  indicate  that  the  human  remains  are  restricted  to  a  small 
stretch  of  the  arroyo  wall,  as  noted  above.  I  therefore  mapped  the  path  of  all  the 
small  streams  entering  the  arroyo  from  above  the  eastern  end  of  the  Ruin  down  to  the 
under  cliff  ruins  at  the  western  end  of  the  fenced  field,  near  "Joe's  Hogau."  This 
mapping  showed  that  all  the  drainage  of  water  from  the  vicinity  of  Bonito  enters  the 
arroyo  somewhere  within  the  section  included  between  the  side  arroyo  entering  just 
upstream  from  the  well  marked  lense  of  pottery,  beads,  etc.,  and  the  arroyo  that 
enters  just  east  of  Joe's  Hogan.  This  indicates  that  the  present  arrangement  of 
drainage  is  such  as  would  bring  materials  from  Bonito  to  the  particular  places  in  which 
human  remains  are  found  in  the  arroyo  walls.  I  consider  this  the  most  satisfactory 
single  bit  of  testimony  thus  far  secured. 

These  reports  show  clearly  the  value  of  geographical  and  geological 
studies  in  solving  the  problems  arising  from  the  excavations  of  such 
ruins  and  we  hope  that  they  may  ultimately  be  carried  to  a  definite 
conclusion. 

Though  of  doubtful  value  some  note  may  be  taken  of  modern  Indian 
traditions  as  to  the  history  and  fate  of  Bonito. 

During  the  early  part  of  the  season  of  1896  two  Navajo  Indians 
came  into  camp.  One  was  an  old  man  of  about  seventy,  who  knew  no 
English,  the  other  was  a  younger  man  who  had  been  educated  at  Car- 
lisle and  who  had  traveled  to  some  extent  in  the  east.  His  name 
was  Thomas  Torlino  and  he  was  one  of  the  interpreters  used  by  Dr. 
Washington  Matthews  in  his  Navajo  studies  at  Fort  Defiance,  Arizona. 
The  older  man  gave  considerable  information  concerning  the  old  Pueblo 
people.  He  stated  that  his  ancestors  had  been  in  touch  with  the  old 
people  of  the  Chaco  region.  At  that  time  there  was  no  arroyo  in  the 
center  of  the  Chaco;  it  was  a  level  plain  and  the  Pueblo  people  cultivated 
all  of  the  space  between  the  canon  walls. 

Simpson  says: — ■ 

The  soil  in  the  Canon  de  Chaco,  though  now  very  arid,  seems  to  possess  the  ele- 
ments of  fertility;  and,  probably,  when  the  ruined  pueblos  along  it  were  instinct  with 
life,  it  was  cultivated.1 

'Simpson,  ibid.,  86. 


26  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII , 

Pueblo  Alto,  the  ruin  lying  just  north  of  Pueblo  Bonito,  on  the  cliff, 
was  the  "Chief's  house."  From  its  high  position  he  could  view  the  sur- 
rounding country  for  miles;  then  too,  by  going  to  the  edge  of  the  mesa 
almost  all  of  the  pueblos  in  the  canon  could  be  seen.  In  this  way  he 
could  keep  an  eye  on  his  own  people  and  his  sentinels  could  note  the 
approach  of  any  hostile  bands.  He  said  that  this  was  the  richest  "House" 
in  the  region  and  that  his  people,  the  Navajo  were  in  the  habit  of  ex- 
changing game  for  corn  and  other  produce  with  them.  According  to  the 
statements  of  his  fathers  the  old  people  left  the  region  on  account  of 
the  scarcity  of  water  and  that  there  were  no  records  of  the  Navajo  having 
fought  with  the  Pueblo  people  who  occupied  this  group  of  buildings. 
There  were  no  irrigating  ditches  in  the  canon,  the  people  relying  on  the 
rain  for  their  crops  and  for  their  drinking  water.  Regarding  the  big 
logs  which  were  used  in  the  houses  he  said  that  they  came  from  large 
pine  trees  that  formerly  grew  in  the  side  canons  which  branch  from  the 
Chaco  and  that  they  were  hauled  to  the  building  on  little  wagons  made 
of  a  small  tree,  having  at  either  end  a  cross-section  of  a  log  for  a  wheel 

Bandelier  states : — 

.  .  .  .When  Mr.  Simpson  inquired  of  Nazle,  the  well  known  Jemez  Indian,  about  the 
ruins  of  the  Chaca,  he  replied  "that  they  were  built  by  Montezuma  and  his  people 
when  on  their  way  from  the  north  to  the  region  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  to  Old  Mexico." 
When,  a  few  weeks  ago,  I  interrogated  an  Indian  from  Cochiti  concerning  the  same 
ruins,  he  confirmed  what  I  had  been  told  years  ago;  namely,  that  Push-a-ya  had 
built  them,  when  on  his  way  to  the  south.  After  inhabiting  the  Chaca  villages  for 
some  time,  Pushaya  went  to  Zuni,  and  thence  into  Sonora  and  Mexico.1 

With  this  brief  and  inadequate  introduction  to  the  mysteries  of 
Pueblo  Bonito,  we  turn  to  the  details  of  excavation.  When  the  Hyde 
Expedition  began  work  in  the  Chaco  Canon  in  1896  camp  was  made 
near  Pueblo  Bonito,  that  ruin  being  the  first  objective.  The  refuse  heap 
in  front  of  the  pueblo,  that  is  to  the  south,  was  worked  in  an  endeavor  to 
determine  whether  burials  had  been  made  in  it.  There  are  two  refuse 
heaps  in  front  of  the  ruin.  A  large  one,  which  was  partly  explored  and  a 
smaller  one  to  the  eastward  of  it.  After  the  refuse  heaps  had  been  ex- 
amined,  attention  was  directed  to  the  burial  mounds  near  the  base  of  the 
mesa  on  the  southern  side  of  the  canon.  Two  of  these  mounds  were 
mapped  and  all  of  the  burials  in  them  photographed  and  the  specimens 
removed.  As  this  part  of  the  work  has  no  special  bearing  on  the  investi- 
gation of  Pueblo  Bonito  it  will  be  left  for  the  final  chapters  of  the  report. 

'Bandelier,  A.  F.,  "Final  Report  of  Investigations  among  the  Indians  of  Southwestern  United 
States,  Carried  on  Mainly  in  the  Years  from  1880  to  1885,  Part  II"  (Papers  of  the  Archaeological  In- 
stitute of  America .     American  Series,  IV,  Cambridge,  1892),  304. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  27 

When  the  excavations  in  the  mounds  were  finished  the  actual  work  in  the 
pueblo  was  begun.  In  describing  these  investigations  the  arbitrary  field 
numbering  of  the  rooms  will  be  adhered  to.  These  numbers  merely 
designate  the  sequence  of  rooms  opened,  but  they  will  serve  to  locate 
their  positions  and  show  in  what  part  of  the  ruin  excavations  were  made. 
Three  of  the  rooms  of  the  outer  northern  series  were  open.  These 
places  had  been  used  by  sheep  herders  and  cowboys  who  happened  to  be 
in  these  parts,  and  some  of  them  were  used  by  Colonel  Washington's 
troops  when  they  were  located  in  the  Canon  during  their  Navajo  cam- 
paign. One  of  these  rooms  was  cleaned  and  used  as  a  kitchen  and  store- 
house for  provisions,  a  second  was  fitted  up  as  a  darkroom  for  photo- 
graphic work,  and  a  third  was  used  as  a  general  storeroom.  The  clean- 
ing of  these  rooms  consisted  in  the  removal  of  the  accumulation  of 
sand  on  the  floors;    no  other  changes  were  made  in  their  appearance. 


EXCAVATIONS  IN  THE  PUEBLO. 

The  first  series  of  rooms  to  be  considered  is  one  in  the  north  central 
part  of  the  pueblo.  The  rooms  composing  this  series  form  a  line  extend- 
ing east  and  west  and  are  of  the  old  style  of  architecture.  They  form  a 
portion  of  the  third  row  of  rooms  from  the  north  and  have  been  numbered 
1,  2,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  and  10,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  plan  (Fig.  155). 
Room  3  is  in  another  part  of  the  ruin  in  a  series  of  underground  rooms 
which  were  partly  open  when  discovered. 

Room  1. 

Room  1  was  opened  in  order  that  the  general  type  of  architecture  in 
this  part  of  the  ruin  might  be  determined.  The  walls  were  composed  of 
roughly  quarried  stones,  loosely  laid  with  a  mortar  of  sand  containing 
adobe.  The  masonry  proved  to  be  of  very  crude  workmanship  as  com- 
pared with  the  adjacent  outer  walls,  which  represent  the  latest  addi- 
tions to  the  no  doubt  constantly  changing  pueblo. 

Sand  and  fallen  wall  stones  were  removed  to  a  depth  of  over  four 
feet  before  anything  of  interest  was  found.  In  the  debris  removed,  there 
was  an  occasional  potsherd,  but  not  until  the  floor  was  reached  did  the 
artifacts  appear.  Over  the  floor,  which  was  made  of  carefully  smoothed 
adobe,  there  was  a  deposit  of  closely  matted  material  composed  of  the 
original  contents  of  the  room,  left  when  it  was  abandoned,  to  which 
were  no  doubt  added  such  objects  as  were  suspended  from  the  ceiling, 
and  portions  of  decayed  twigs  that  formed  the  retaining  layer  of  the 
upper  floor.  To  remove  this  layer,  work  was  begun  at  the  eastern  end  of 
the  room. 

The  objects  found  were  lying  about  in  a  state  of  disorder,  none  pre- 
senting the  appearance  of  having  been  placed.  They  were  well  preserved 
and  therefore  can  be  studied  in  detail.  The  preservation  of  the  destruc- 
tible objects  was  in  many  respects  equal  to  that  of  specimens  obtained  in 
the  caves  and  cliff- dwellings. 

Feather-Work.  Feathers  and  quills  were  found  in  various  parts  of 
the  floor  area.  There  were  four,  the  quills  of  which  were  practically 
perfect,  and  forty -five  that  were  fragmentary.  Ten  quills  have  the  proxi- 
mal end  prepared  for  the  attachment  of  cords  by  means  of  which  they 
could  be  attached  to  ceremonial  paraphernalia,  and  of  these,  nine  have 
the  cords  in  place.  All  were  from  the  wing  feathers  of  the  golden  eagle. 
In  preparing  these  feathers  for  suspension,  the  proximal  end  of  the  quill 
was  flattened  and  then  bent  over  upon  itself,  the  flap  measuring  from 

29 


30  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Around  this  double  portion,  and  in 
some  cases  passing  through  the  opening  formed  by  the  loop,  was  a  two- 
strand  cord  of  yucca  fiber.  There  seems  to  be  no  definite  form  of  proced- 
ure in  applying  this  cord,  as  it  differs  in  the  number  of  knots  as  well  as 
in  the  attachment  of  the  last  one,  the  cords  from  which  were  twisted  and 
formed  the  two-strand  attaching  cord.  Only  one  specimen  retains  this 
cord  in  its  entirety  (H-197).  The  manner  of  applying  the  knots  to  the 
feathers  is  similar  to  methods  observed  both  in  North  and  South  Ameri- 
ca.1 These  'feathers  were  evidently  worn  in  clusters,  suspended  either 
from  the  hair,  or  from  ceremonial  garments  or  paraphernalia.  The 
remains  of  two  such  clusters  were  found  with  the  feathers.  The  best 
preserved  has  the  remains  of  three  quills  and  three  sets  of  knots  from 
which  quills  have  fallen.  The  cord  ends  were  tied  in  a  loose  knot,  then 
the  ends  were  brought  together  and  tied  in  a  flat  knot.  Tying  the  ends 
in  this  way  left  a  loop  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter  through  which  a 
cord  could  be  passed  in  attaching  it  to  another  object.2  A  second  speci- 
men of  the  same  nature  was  not  as  well  preserved.  The  quills  were 
missing,  but  from  the  five  sets  of  knots  which  remained  it  would  seem 
that  the  feathers  employed  had  been  much  smaller  than  those  used  in 
the  other  one.  They  may  have  used  the  down  feathers  of  the  eagle 
in  this  group,  as  the  two-strand  yucca  cord  is  much  smaller  than  in  the 
other  specimen.  A  sixth  cord  was  found  in  the  bunch  and,  although 
devoid  of  the  knots  at  the  end,  it  seems  quite  probable  that  it  once  held 
a  feather.  If  there  were  six  in  this  set,  it  may  be  that  this  was  the  number 
usually  employed  in  these  feather  pendants.  Feathers  grouped  in  this 
form  have  been  found  in  other  parts  of  the  Southwest,  especially  in  the 
caves  and  cliff -dwellings  where  such  objects  are  better  preserved  than  in 
the  ruins  of  the  open  country. 

Fragments  of  feather  bands,  such  as  are  made  and  used  in  cere- 
monies by  the  Maidu3  of  California  were  found  in  this  room.  The  largest 
section  contains  twenty  quills.  The  quills  used  are  those  of  the  red- 
shafted  flicker,  Colaptes  cafer  (Linn.).  The  feathers  of  the  same  bird 
are  used  by  the  Maidu,  but  are  arranged  in  a  different  manner.  In  the 
Pueblo  Bonito  specimen  the  quills  alternate,  whereas  the  Maidu  start 
with  three  or  more  quills  all  the  tips  of  which  lie  in  one  direction  and 
then  place  a  second  layer  composed  of  a  smaller  number  of  quills  with  the 


'Mead,  vol.  1,  this  series,  13;    Kroeber,  A.  L.,  "The  Arapaho"    (Bulletin,   American   Museum  of 
Natural  History,  vol.  18,  1907),  322. 

2For  a  similar  cluster  in  modern  work  see  Kroeber,  ibid.,  334-Ed. 

3Dixon,  Roland  B.     "The  Northern  Maidu"  (Bulletin,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  vo 
17,  1905),  149-154,219. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  31 

tips  reversed.  The  manner  of  fastening  the  quills  seems  to  be  the  same 
in  both  regions.  The  quills  are  laid  side  by  side  and  three  cords  are 
passed  through  them;  one  through  the  central  portion,  the  other  two 
being  equidistant  from  it  and  within  half  an  inch  of  the  ends.  In  the 
Bonito  specimen  this  cord  is  composed  of  human  hair  and  has  two 
strands.  From  the  appearance  of  the  individual  quills  it  would  seem 
that  the  greater  part  of  the  webbing  had  been  detached  before  they 
were  fastened  together.  From  the  appearance  of  one  feather  which  was 
found  with  the  other  specimens,  it  is  quite  probable  that  the  web  on 
the  tips  of  certain  feathers  was  left  for  decorative  effect. 

Miscellaneous  Objects.  A  number  of  pieces  of  rawhide  and  buck- 
skin were  found  in  the  floor  covering,  but  none  of  them  had  been  shaped; 
if  used  at  all,  they  must  have  been  in  their  natural  condition.  The  tail 
of  a  mountain  rat,  or  some  other  mountain  rodent  had  been  carefully 
skinned  and  the  hair  removed,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  this  had  been 
used  by  the  Indians. 

Cords  made  of  yucca  fiber  of  various  sizes  and  degrees  of  fineness 
were  found.  They  were  of  the  two-strand  variety,  and  some  of  them 
retained  the  original  knots. 

Carefully  smoothed  twigs,  4  to  5  mm.  in  diameter,  and  20  cms.  in 
length  were  also  found.  There  were  three  of  these,  one  perfect,  the  other 
two  broken.  One  of  them  (H-155)  has  a  piece  of  yucca  cord  bound  to  its 
surface  with  sinew.  These  sticks  were-  evidently  used  for  some  cere- 
monial purpose.    A  great  many  of  them  were  found  in  Room  32  (p.  140). 

Among  the  other  objects  found  in  this  room  was  a  natural  pebble  of 
dense  hornblendic  schist,  measuring  9  by  11  cms.,  with  a  thickness  of  3 
cms.  The  naturally  rounding  sides  have  been  worn  until  they  are 
perfectly  flat.  In  addition  there  were  found  two  proximal  ends  of 
three  reed  arrows,  in  which  the  notching  is  well  preserved,  and  on  one  of 
which  there  still  remains  an  appearance  of  the  feathering;  fragments  of 
pumpkin  rinds,  a  small  flat  circular  bead  of  light-colored  stone,  the  claw 
of  a  mountain  lion,  fragments  of  two  ceremonial  sticks,  a  fragment  of 
a  sandal,  and  corncobs. 

Architecture.  In  Fig.  6  the  sides  and  a  portion  of  the  floor  of  the  room 
are  shown.  The  adobe  forming  the  floor  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  room 
had  been  broken  into  pieces  by  the  falling  of  the  walls  and  was  therefore 
removed  with  the  objects  mixed  in  the  debris.  The  floor  beams,  as  here 
shown,  are  solid  branches  of  pine,  but  compared  with  those  found  in 
other  parts  of  the  ruin,  are  very  crude  and  do  not  show  the  usual  care  in 
selecting  and  trimming.     The  view  in  the  accompanying  photograph  is 


32  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

toward  the  west.  The  rough  irregular  north  and  south  walls  are  shown, 
the  masonry  being  of  a  type  denoting  an  intermediate  period  in  the 
history  of  the  pueblo.  The  blocks  are  made  of  cretaceous  sandstone,  the 
greater  part  of  which  was  no  doubt  quarried  on  the  mesa  quite  near  the 
Pueblo  on  the  north.  In  the  western  end  of  the  room  the  character  of  the 
debris  may  be  noted.  It  is  composed  of  fallen  wall  stones,  mixed  with 
sand  and  adobe  mortar,  adobe  from  the  floors,  and  portions  of  the  almost 
decayed  ceiling  beams.  The  mass  was  chinked  with  sand  which  had 
blown  from  one  part  of  the  Canon  to  another,  whenever  there  was  a 
heavy  wind.  Heavy  rains  and  showers,  which  are  quite  prevalent  in  the 
fall,  have  aided  in  solidifying  this  mass.  These  several  agencies  have 
worked  so  successfully  that  the  resulting  composition  is  almost  like  con- 
crete. 

In  Fig.  7  the  northwestern  end  of  this  room  is  presented.  The 
composition  of  the  northern  wall  is  shown  to  much  better  advantage 
than  in  Fig.  6.  On  the  western  wall,  the  plaster  of  sand  and  adobe  is 
shown  in  a  good  state  of  preservation.  In  the  angle  of  the  floor  formed 
by  the  north  and  west  walls,  an  opening  was  found  which  connected 
this  room  with  the  one  below  it.  It  was  five  inches  square,  and  had  been 
covered  with  the  flat  stone,  which  lies  beside  it.  When  found  it  was  in 
place. 

In  shape  the  room  is  rectangular.  It  is  11  feet  5  inches  long,  5  feet 
1  inch  wide  on  the  east  end,  and  5  feet  9  inches  wide  at  the  west  end. 

Room  2. 
Room  2  lies  directly  west  of  Room  1  and  is  separated  from  it  by  a 
narrow  wall.  It  is  10  feet,  3K  inches  long,  5  feet,  4%  inches  wide  at  the 
west  end,  and  5  feet  1%  inches  at  the  east  end.  The  walls  were  standing 
to  a  height  of  over  six  feet  above  the  floor  level  at  the  time  the  room  was 
explored.  The  room  itself  was  similar  to  Room  1  in  form  and  style 
of  masonry.  The  series  composed  of  Rooms  1,  2,  4,  5,  6,  and  6a  were 
divisions  made  with  narrow  walls  between  two  parallel  lines  of  soid 
masonry  (Fig.  155).  These  division  walls  were  carefully  laid,  abutting 
against  the  north  and  south  walls,  but  never  interlocking  with  them. 

This  room  was  filled  with  debris,  the  surface  being  on  the  same  level 
as  in  Room  1.  Nothing  of  interest  was  found  in  clearing  the  debris 
from  this  room,  until  a  point  about  a  foot  and  a  half  above  the  floor  level 
was  reached.  The  great  depth  of  the  deposit  points  to  the  fact  that 
there  had  been  a  great  many  objects  on  the  floor  of  the  room  directly 


Fig.  7.     Opening  in  Corner  of  Room  1. 


Fig.  8.     Closed  Doorway,  Eastern  Part  of  Bonito. 


34 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  35 

above  this  one.  These  fell  with  the  floor  and  floor  covering,  when  this 
part  of  the  building  was  destroyed.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  deposit 
was  so  thick,  it  was  divided  into  two  layers,  one  about  a  foot  in  thickness 
being  removed  before  the  one  directly  upon  the  floor  was  taken  up. 
There  were,  of  course,  no  definite  areas  that  would  differentiate  the  upper 
from  the  lower  floor  material,  but  the  removal  of  the  deposit  in  the  way 
mentioned  greatly  facilitated  the  work.  Among  the  two  hundred  and 
forty  numbered  specimens. found  in  this  room,  a  few  directly  upon  the 
floor  deposit  may  have  been  in  the  original  positions  in  which  they  were 
placed  by  their  owners,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  material  was  scattered 
throughout  the  deposit  by  the  falling  of  the  beams  and  stones  of  the 
upper  rooms.  In  describing  this  material  only  those  specimens  which 
seem  to  have  retained  their  original  positions  will  be  mentioned  as  hav- 
ing been  found  at  a  particular  point  in  the  room.  It  will,  therefore,  be 
understood  that  all  other  specimens  were  found  in  the  general  deposit 
covering  the  floor. 

Worked  Wood.  Among  the  first  objects  encountered  were  pieces  of 
wood,  cylindrical  in  form  and  with  ends  flattened.  There  were  in  all 
fifty-seven  of  these  sticks,  and  seventeen  of  a  similar  form,  but  shorter. 
The  longer  sticks  averaged  20  cms.  in  length,  and  1.2  cm.  in  diameter. 
The  ends  are  flattened  and  in  most  cases  have  been  smoothed  by  grind- 
ing; some,  however,  remain  practically  as  they  appeared  when  finished 
with  a  stone  knife.  They  are  of  almost  uniform  size,  with  their  surfaces 
carefully  denuded  of  bark  and  traces  of  branches.  This  suggests  their 
use  as  gaming  sticks,  but  the  ends  show  no  chamfering  such  as  would 
be  in  evidence  had  they  been  used  in  a  game  similar  to  that  of  "  sholowe  " 
as  played  by  the  Zuni.  Then  too  the  sticks  are  not  marked  in  anjr  way 
that  would  permit  their  use  in  such  a  game.  On  the  surface  of  prac- 
tically every  stick  there  are  incisions  made  with  some  sharp  implement. 
These  marks  form  spirals  which,  by  their  position,  suggest  that  the  sticks 
may  have  been  used  in  cutting  buckskin.  To  do  this  the  strips  of  buck- 
skin were  wrapped  around  the  stick  and  then  revolved  with  the  left 
hand  while  the  right  held  the  edge  of  a  chalcedony  or  obsidian  blade 
against  it.  The  pressure  of  the  blade  on  the  buckskin  and  against  the 
hard  unyielding  surface  of  the  wooden  cylinder  would  result  in  a  cut 
much  more  accurate,  it  would  seem,  than  in  any  other  way.  The 
smaller  sticks  are  from  3  to  5  cms.  in  length  and  average  about  the 
same  as  the  larger  ones,  with  the  exception  perhaps  of  the  diameter 
which  is  less  than  that  of  the  larger  specimens.  There  are  no  knife 
marks  on  the  surface  of  these  sticks  and  it  would  therefore  seem  that  they 


36  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History .     [Vol.  XXVII, 

had  been  used  in  playing  some  game.  One  of  them  is  shaped  like  an 
hourglass,  but  most  of  them  maintain  the  same  diameter  throughout 
their  length. 

Also  a  stick  used  by  living  Indians  in  what  is  known  as  a  kicking 
game,  was  found;  it  is  10.5  cms.  long  and  2.7  cms.  in  width. 

A  slender  ceremonial  stick  similar  to  those  occurring  in  Room  33 
was  found  here.  The  entire  surface,  from  end  to  end,  is  marked  with  a 
spiral  formed  by  holding  the  blade  in  the  right  hand  and  revolving  the 
stick  with  the  left.  Finally,  a  number  of  fragments  of  worked  sticks  were 
found  associated  with  other  material. 

A  puzzling  series  of  wooden  objects,  twenty-six  in  number,  was  found 
associated  with  the  long  and  short  sticks  just  described.  They  are  flat 
on  one  surface  with  slightly  rounding  sides  and  a  rounding  top;  they 
resemble  the  ends  of  bows.  They  range  from  1.2  cms.  to  7  cms.  in  length; 
the  width  and  height  varying,  the  greatest  width  and  height  being  1.7 
cms.  by  1.5  cms.  One  of  these  objects  is  decorated  with  a  cross-hatch 
design,  but  none  of  the  others  show  decorations  of  an}r  sort.  The  Navajo 
Indians  who  were  employed  as  workmen  called  these  sticks  Tsin  Takah, 
and  claimed  that  they  were  used  with  a  basket  tray  in  gambling.  The 
Navajo  name  translated  means  wooden  cards.  The  Navajo  claim  that 
the  Pueblo  people  formerly  used  these  objects  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  bone  dice  which  are  found  in  some  of  the  rooms. 

Matting  made  of  reeds  was  found,  but  it  had  decayed  to  such  an 
extent  that  only  fragments  could  be  preserved.  Fragments  of  yucca  leaf 
sandals  were  also  found.  A  torch  made  from  a  bundle  of  cedarbark  came 
from  this  room;  one  end  was  burnt  showing  that  it  had  been  used. 

Basketry.  Basketry  was  represented  in  the  fragment  of  what  was 
no  doubt  a  meal  or  gambling  tray.  It  is  of  the  two  rod  coil  type  and  has 
a  herring  bone  edge  on  the  angle  of  the  rim.  The  tray  must  have  been 
over  1^2  feet  in  diameter.  Another  basket  was  found  on  the  floor;  it  is 
5  cms.  in  diameter  and  1.3  cms.  high.  It  had  no  doubt  been  filled  with 
material  when  it  was  left,  as  the  remains  of  the  former  contents  reach 
almost  to  the  rim  at  the  present  time. 

Arrows.  Evidently  there  had  been  a  number  of  arrows  in  this 
room,  and  some  of  them  remained  in  such  a  state  of  preservation  that 
they  could  be  removed.  Among  these  there  are  six  tang  ends  and  other 
fragments  of  reeds,  which  have  formed  parts  of  arrowshafts.  There  is 
one  specimen  which  still  retains  the  end  of  the  wooden  foreshaft.  Those 
that  still  retain  fragments  of  feathers  show  that  three  were  used;  this 
was  no  doubt  the  usual  complement  for  the  regular  arrows  used  in  this 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  37 

pueblo.  Some  of  the  shafts  show  that  they  have  been  painted  at  the 
point  where  the  feathering  was  adjusted.  One  especially,  (H-319),  has 
been  covered  between  the  points  where  the  feathers  are  attached  with 
what  seems  to  be  a  sort  of  lacquer.  This  was  applied  either  in  the  form 
of  bands  or  else  there  has  been  a  wrapping  of  fine  cord  which  has  caused 
ridges  to  appear  in  its  surface.  There  are  two  wooden  foreshafts  of 
arrows,  both  in  a  fragmentary  condition.  The  stone  arrow  points  found 
in  this  room  were  of  the  narrow  tapering  form.  There  were  seventeen  of 
these  and  one  small  chalcedony  knife;  six  of  the  arrow  points  were  of 
black  obsidian,  the  others  being  of  chalcedony. 

Miscellaneous  Objects.  In  working  out  the  material  a  great  number 
of  quids  of  corn-silk  were  found;  at  the  time  it  seemed  that  they  had 
been  used  as  tobacco  might  be  used  by  white  men,  but  Mr.  F.  H.  Cushing 
thought  that  the  corn-silk  had  been  chewed  to  obtain  certain  juices, 
as  by  the  modern  Pueblo  Indians  in  dyeing  arrows. 

In  one  corner  of  the  room  a  mass  of  over  seven  hundred  pieces  of 
chalcedony  and  other  stones  were  found;  they  were  chips  such  as  are 
used  in  making  stone  implements.  Many  of  them  were  quite  small  but 
there  were  no  flakings  to  indicate  that  arrow  points  had  been  made  in 
the  room;  neither  were  there  flaking  implements.  The  only  objects  of 
bone  encountered,  were  a  bone  awl  and  what  seems  to  be  a  fragment  of  a 
bodkin.    The  latter,  however,  might  have  been  used  as  a  flaker. 

There  were  several  small  balls  of  pifion  gum  and  one  large  piece  of 
the  same  material;  two  galena  crystals  were  also  found.  Small  pebbles 
of  azurite  and  malachite  were  scattered  through  the  sand,  and  some  of 
them  had  been  used  for  paint-making.  Yellow  ocher  was  seen  in  various 
parts  of  the  room  and  one  ball  of  this  material  had  retained  its  form, 
showing  conclusively  that  it  had  been  placed  in  a  bag,  probably  buck- 
skin, when  it  was  in  a  pasty  condition,  as  the  marks  of  the  bag  may  still 
be  seen  on  the  upper  part  where  the  crimping  of  the  skin  left  deep  im- 
pressions. 

One  of  the  few  pieces  of  native  copper  found  in  the  ruin  came  from 
this  room;  it  is  a  nugget  of  irregular  form  and  the  sides  show  that  it  has 
been  pounded  to  some  extent.  At  the  point  were  the  pounding  has  been 
most  severe  the  specimen  measures  7  mms.  in  thickness.  Very  little 
turquoise  was  found;  there  were  in  all  two  small  circular  beads,  one 
pendant,  and  fourteen  inlays,  and  fragments  of  a  turquoise  matrix. 
Few  animal  bones  were  found,  those  of  the  rabbit  and  deer  being  the 
only  ones  represented.  Pumpkin  seeds,  corncobs  and  pifion  nuts  were 
in  evidence,  and  one  shell  of  the  cafion  walnut.    The  latter  had  evi- 


38  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

dently  been  gnawed  by  chipmunks  or  other  rodents.  In  the  debris 
on  the  floor  were  also  found  a  yucca  cord  with  end  knotted  for  the  attach- 
ment of  a  feather;  a  disk  of  squash-rind  perforated  in  the  center  and 
possibly  used  as  a  spindle  whorl;  a  semicircular  stick  bound  at  either 
end  and  at  the  central  part  with  yucca  cord,  used  probably  in  one  of  their 
games;  a  bundle  of  roots;  a  flattened  ball  of  yucca  fiber  containing 
leaves;  and  two  stems  of  a  whip  cactus. 

Among  the  most  interesting  of  the  stone  implements  were  five 
rasping  stones  made  of  a  rough  friable  sandstone  of  light  color.  From 
their  appearance  they  must  have  been  used  in  fashioning  wooden  objects. 
Four  of  them  were  no  doubt  employed' in  working  on  cylindrical  objects, 
such  as  game  sticks;  whereas  the  fifth  had  a  perfectly  flat  surface,  such 
as  could  be  used  in  smoothing  boards  or  tablets.  There  were  also  four 
irregularly  shaped  hammerstones,  also  a  hammer  made  of  a  natural 
pebble.  A  very  thin  form  of  sandstone  jar  cover  was  found,  the  largest 
being  10.5  cms.,  and  the  smallest  6  cms.  in  diameter;  the  thickness 
ranging  from  2  to  5  mms.  There  were  six  perfect  ones  and  twelve  frag- 
ments; most  of  them  had  been  carefully  smoothed  and  the  edges  either 
rounded  or  ground  at  right  angles  with  the  surface.  A  large  jar  cover 
measuring  23  cms.  in  diameter,  and  another  having  about  the  same 
measurement,  but  almost  square,  represent  the  general  types.  Both  were 
of  sandstone  with  the  edges  chipped.  The  latter,  though  having  sides 
which  were  almost  square,  maintained  a  general  rounded  form. 

Pottery.  A  number  of  pieces  of  pottery  found  in  this  room  retained 
remains  of  their  former  contents.  One,  a  bowl  with  a  handle  near  the 
incurved  rim,  has  a  hard  compact  mass  covering  the  entire  bottom, 
but  the  nature  of  the  material  has  not  been  determined.  This 
bowl  was  found  in  an  upright  position  in  the  center  of  the  room,  with  one 
of  the  small  jar  covers  near  it.  Another  fragment  of  a  bowl  contains  a 
sedimentary  deposit  which,  from  its  nature,  seems  to  have  been  yucca 
juice.  There  were  fragments  of  five  bowls,  all  of  grayware.  Of  the  more 
perfect  specimens  is  a  bowl  12  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  top  and  6.5  cms. 
deep  ;  it  is  decorated  on  the  inside  with  a  terrace  line  and  wave  designs 
in  black.  This  bowl  was  found  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  room  near  the 
east  wall.  There  were  three  other  bowls,  two  of  grayware,  decorated  on 
the  interior  with  black  designs,  and  one  of  undecorated  blackware.  All 
of  these  were  small  and  were  restored  from  fragments.  A  fragmentary 
dipper  having  a  bowl  9  cms.  in  width  was  decorated  on  the  interior 
and  on  the  upper  part  of  the  solid  handle.  A  bowl  which  formerly  had  a, 
handle  over  the  opening  was  found  on  the  floor  near  the  north  wall  about 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  39 

1  feet  from  the  west  wall.  It  is  of  the  incurved  type  and  has  four  pro- 
jections which  were  no  doubt  made  to  represent  breasts.  On  each  of 
these  is  a  decoration  composed  of  four  concentric  circles.  The  handle 
was  evidently  broken  when  the  vessel  was  in  use  and  the  irregular  sur- 
faces have  been  smoothed  by  grinding. 

Another  vessel  which  was  restored  from  fragments  is  of. a  form 
seldom  found  in  the  Chaco  region;  it  is  a  bowl  with  a  broad  flaring  rim, 
the  bowl  itself  is  7  cms.  in  diameter  and  4  cms.  deep.  The  rim  is  slightly 
cupped  from  the  top  of  the  bowl  itself  to  its  outer  edge.  This  flaring 
portion  gives  the  top  of  the  vessel  a  diameter  of  13  cms.  The  only 
decoration  shown  is  a  band  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  rim,  another  where 
the  rim  joins  the  bowl,  and  terrace  decorations  connected  alternately  with 
the  two  rim  decorations  just  mentioned.    The  color  of  the  design  is  black. 

From  the  character  of  the  material  found  in  this  room  it  appears 
that  it  may  have  been  a  workshop.  It  may  also  have  been  used  as  a 
storeroom  for  certain  materials,  such  as  the  stone  chips  which  were  to  be 
used  in  making  arrow  points  and  other  stone  implements.  There  were 
no  evidences  of  the  raw  material  that  may  have  been  used  in  the  room, 
and  in  fact,  in  all  of  the  work  in  Pueblo  Bonito  no  room  has  been  found 
in  which  there  were  enough  flakes  to  justify  one  in  thinking  that  stone 
implements  had  been  made  there.  There  is  only  one  place  near  Pueblo 
Bonito  where  there  is  conclusive  evidence  that  such  work  was  carried  on 
and  that  is  on  a  level  stretch  south  of  Pueblo  Alto,  situated  on  the  mesa 
directly  north  of  Pueblo  Bonito.  The  natural  conclusion  would  be  that 
the  room  in  question  had  been  used  as  a  workshop  by  some  member  of  a 
family  who  occupied  a  series  of  rooms  in  this  part  of  the  building. 

Room  3. 

Underground  Rooms.  While  the  work  in  Rooms  1  and  2  was  in 
progress  a  number  of  Indians  were  set  to  work  in  an  underground  room 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  building,  this  room  being  known  as  Room 
3.  It  was  one  of  a  series  of  open  rooms,  the  roofs  of  which  had  with- 
stood the  weight  of  the  debris  from  the  fallen  walls  of  the  rooms  above. 
It  was  reached  through  a  series  of  open  rooms,  extending  in  a  north- 
easterly direction. 

When  Room  3  was  entered,  it  was  found  to  be  filled  to  a  depth  of 
from  2  to  3  feet  with  sand  which  had  washed  in  from  the  surface.  Em- 
bedded in  the  sand,  and  in  some  cases  completely  covered  by  it,  were 
skeletons  of  rabbits;  which  had  no  doubt  fallen  into  the  room  and, 
being  unable  to  escape,  had  died  there. 


40  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  ceiling  was  supported  by  four  heavy  beams  which  averaged  1 
foot  in  diameter  and  extended  from  the  east  to  the  west  wall.  Crossing 
them  from  north  to  south  were  small  poles  from  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter. 
These  were  strapped  together  in  a  number  of  places  with  yucca  strings. 
Above  them  was  a  layer  of  split  cedar  which  acted  as  a  support  to  the 
adobe  floor  of  the  upper  room. 

In  the  south  wall  there  was  a  niche  3  feet  4  inches  long  and  1  foot 
8  inches  high,  and  extending  into  the  wall,  a  distance  of  2  feet.  It  was  1 
foot  10  inches  above  the  ceiling  beam  and  2  inches  from  the  east  wall. 
Its  top  was  composed  of  boards  and  the  sides  were  plastered.  The  side 
walls  of  this  niche  were  1  foot  2  inches  thick.  There  is  a  rounding  corner 
at  the  back  of  the  opening  and  the  plaster  extended  through  and  joined 
that  of  the  wall  of  the  next  room. 

The  walls  were  not  well  preserved  and  from  the  thick  smoke  layer 
on  the  surface  of  the  plaster,  it  seems  possible  that  this  room  had  been 
used  a  great  deal.  There  were  numerous  layers  of  plaster  on  the  walls; 
in  some  places  the  accumulation  was  4  inches  thick.  The  stone  work  was 
rough  and  the  east  wall  was  of  the  post  variety,  with  stones  between  the 
posts.  The  stones  had  not  only  been  placed  between  the  posts  and  cross 
beams,  but  small  ones  had  been  fitted  around  the  posts.  This,  with  the 
cover  of  plaster,  gave  the  wall  the  appearance  of  one  of  the  usual  type  in 
which  stone  only  was  employed.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  some  of  the 
surface  had  fallen,  the  unusual  character  of  this  wall  was  revealed. 
Six  inches  from  the  south  wall  and  3  feet  6  inches  from  the  east  wall,  a 
fireplace  was  found,  as  shown  in  Fig.  9.  It  was  composed  of  flat  stones, 
set  on  edge,  and  was  2  feet  wide  on  its  broader  axis,  and  1  foot  6  inches 
wide  on  the  sides  extending  east  and  west.  On  a  line  with  the  fireplace 
and  1  foot  to  the  east  of  it  was  an  opening,  1  foot  square,  that  had 
formerly  been  an  entrance  to  a  passageway.  This  passage  extended 
eastward  under  the  east  wall  and  thence  to  the  surface.  Directly  below 
the  eastern  edge  of  the  opening,  a  number  of  upright  sticks  had  been 
placed,  but  for  what  reason,  it  is  impossible  to  say.  x4.s  these  passage- 
ways are  found  in  most  of  the  estufas  in  these  ruins,  as  well  as  through- 
out the  Pueblo  and  Cliff-Dweller  area,  it  would  seem  that  this  room, 
although  of  an  angular  instead  of  circular  form,  had  been  used  as  an 
estufa  or  council  room.  Wherever  these  openings  and  passageways  are 
found  there  is  generally  a  wall  directly  in  front  of  them.  The  wall,  in 
this  instance,  had  evidently  been  made  of  flat  stones,  one  of  which  may  be 
seen  in  place. 


|s; 


&  '■■/■•>•<*    • 


Kf| 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  43 

The  doorway  in  the  western  end  of  the  east  wall  was  6  feet  8  inches 
from  the  east  wall,  2  feet  from  the  ceiling,  and  was  3  feet  high  and  1  foot 
6  inches  wide.  It  had  formerly  extended  almost  to  the  ceiling,  but  had 
been  built  in  with  stones  to  the  place  indicated  by  the  measurements. 
This  door  led  into  another  room  which  was  proportionately  filled  with 
sand  and  which  will  be  described  later.  One  foot  north  of  the  south  wall 
and  about  the  same  distance  from  the  east  wall,  was  an  opening  in  the 
ceiling  by  means  of  which  this  room  could  have  been  reached  from  the 
one  above.  It  was  3  feet  long  and  2  feet  wide,  and,  when  found,  was 
sealed  with  matting  and  bunches  of  cedarbark  tied  with  yucca  leaves. 
Upon  this  foundation  a  layer  of  large  flat  stones  had  been  placed. 

The  dimensions  of  the  room  were  as  follows:  12  feet  6  inches  long, 
north  wall;  11  feet  5  inches  long,  south  wall;  15  feet  long,  east  wall; 
15  feet  4  inches  long,  west  wall.  The  distance  from  the  ceiling  poles  to 
the  fireplace  was  8  feet  5  inches. 

The  only  specimen  found  in  position  was  a  pottery  bowl,  which  is 
shown  in  Fig.  9.  This  bowl  has  an  incurved  top  and  was  found  on  the 
floor  near  the  east  wall,  less  than  two  feet  from  the  entrance  to  the  pas- 
sageway. 

The  specimens  in  this  room  were  in  the  material  that  had  accumu- 
lated on  the  floor.  There  were  five  manos,  and  a  fragment  of  a  sixth. 
There  were  two  pottery  feet,  one  of  an  animal  which  from  the  bifurcation 
was  evidently  a  part  of  a  figure  of  one  of  the  ungulates,  the  other  was  the 
foot  and  lower  portion  of  the  leg  of  a  human  figure.  The  leg  in  this  in- 
stance was  of  solid  pottery,  while  the  first  was  hollow.  Bones  of  the  deer, 
rabbit,  and  turkey  were  found,  some  of  which  had  been  broken  to  ex- 
tract the  marrow.  A  fragment  of  a  deer  antler  was  also  found.  These 
objects  with  a  number  of  corncobs  and  pieces  of  yucca  cord  complete  the 
list.  One  of  the  yucca  cords  is  worthy  of  mention,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
it  is  bound  to  a  piece  of  skin  which  from  its  thickness,  and  from  the  hair 
which  still  remains,  is  evidently  that  of  a  bear  or  some  other  large  animal 
having  dark  brown  hair. 

Room  3a.  The  room  directly  east  of  and  adjoining  Room  3,  which 
for  convenience'  sake  will  be  known  as  Room  3a,  was  the  second  of  the 
series  mentioned  in  the  description  of  Room  3.  Owing  to  the  fact  that 
no  work  was  carried  on  in  this  room,  the  description  will  be  confined  to 
its  general  appearance,  at  the  time  that  the  work  was  being  carried  on  in 
Room  3.  The  north  wall  was  14  feet  4  inches  long;  the  south  wall,  12 
feet  6  inches,  the  east  wall,  10  feet;  and  the  west  wall,  10 feet  2  inches. 
Ten  feet  from  the  south  wall  and  joining  the  east  wall  was  a  partition 


44  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

about  8  inches  thick,  which  extended  northward  4  feet  4  inches,  reaching 
to  the  ceiling  at  all  points  except  the  extreme  western  end,  which  was  5 
inches  below  the  ceiling  beams.  This  wall  was  composed  of  poles  placed 
in  a  perpendicular  position,  to  which  cross  beams  were  tied,  the  whole 
being  covered  with  mortar.  The  east  wall  of  the  main  room  was  of  this 
type,  but  on  a  larger  scale.  This  room  was  probably  on  the  same  level 
as  Room  3,  but  water  had  partly  filled  it  with  sand  and  debris  until  the 
ceiling  beams  were  only  3  to  4  feet  above  the  sand.  The  beams 
extended  from  north  to  south,  were  from  2  to  4  inches  thick,  and  sup- 
ported a  layer  of  poles  and  brush.  There  was  a  door  in  this  room  which 
had  been  covered  with  matting,  part  of  which  was  still  in  place.  The 
ceiling  beams  in  the  central  part  of  the  room  had  been  broken  by  the 
accumulation  of  the  debris  above  them.  There  was  a  doorway  in  the 
western  wall  which  was  2  feet  6  inches  wide,  and  2  feet  below  the  ceiling 
beams.  There  was  a  small  post  in  each  of  the  southwestern  and  south- 
eastern corners.  These  posts  averaged  3  inches  in  diameter  and  ex- 
tended through  the  ceiling.  There  were  supporting  beams  extending  east 
and  west,  about  10  inches  thick,  built  into  the  top  of  the  north  and  south 
walls.  In  the  northwest  corner  of  this  room  3  feet  7  inches  below  the 
ceiling  beams,  there  was  a  door  or  passageway  to  the  next  room.  Owing 
to  the  fact  that  it  was  directly  in  the  corner,  the  western  wall  of  the  room 
formed  one  side  of  it.  This  doorway  was  really  the  entrance  to  a  passage, 
which  was  4  feet  long.  The  opening  in  Room  3a  was  1  foot  6  inches  wide, 
but  on  the  opposite,  or  north  end  of  the  passage,  it  was  6  inches  wider. 
The  room  to  which  the  passageway  led  will  be  known  as  Room  3b. 

Room  3b.  The  second  room  of  the  underground  series,  north  of 
Room  3,  is  Room  3b.  This  room  was  10  feet  long  on  the  north  side,  12 
feet  1  inch  on  the  south  side,  6  feet  on  the  east  side,  and  6  feet  4  inches  on 
the  west.  There  is  a  doorway  in  the  south  wall  5  feet  8  inches  from  the 
west  wall  which  was  2  feet  6  inches  in  height.  The  ceiling  of  this  room 
was  composed  of  logs,  ranging  from  3  to  6  inches  in  diameter,  which  ex- 
tended north  and  south.  Above  these  was  a  layer  of  twigs.  Two  feet 
4  inches  from  the  south  wall  and  at  the  west  end  of  the  room  was  a  post  8 
inches  in  diameter,  which  supported  a  beam  running  east  and  west.  This 
room  was  partly  filled  with  sand  and  was  not  worked. 

Room  3c.  This  room  is  directly  west  of  Room  3b  and  will  be  known 
as  Room  3c.  The  entrance  was  through  a  hole  which  someone  had 
broken  in  the  west  wall.  This  room  measured  12  feet  4  inches  on  the 
north,  10  feet  5  inches  on  the  south,  10  feet  9  inches  on  the  east,  and  10 
feet  9  inches  on  the  west.    Five  feet  5  inches  east  of  the  west  wall  was 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  45 

a  doorway,  1  foot  5  inches  wide,  1  foot  10  inches  from  the  ceiling.  One 
foot  10  inches  from  the  west  wall  and  3  inches  from  the  south  wall  there 
was  a  post  9  inches  in  diameter  which  supported  the  only  beam  running 
east  and  west.  This  beam  entered  the  east  wall  but  had  been  broken  off 
one  foot  from  the  west  wall.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  none  of  the  other 
ceiling  beams  had  been  burnt,  it  seems  quite  possible  that  fire  had  been 
employed  to  sever  the  log  before  it  was  put  into  the  room.  The  ceiling 
of  this  room  was  composed  of  beams  3  inches  in  diameter,  running  from 
north  to  south.  There  were  three  poles  protruding  from  the  north  wall; 
these  probably  extended  through  the  wall  from  the  next  room. 

Room  3d.     Directly  above  Room  3c  was  another  room  which  has 
been  named  Room  3d.    The  north  wall  was  10  feet  long,  the  south  wall 

10  feet  5  inches,  the  east  wall  5  feet  8  inches,  and  the  west  wall  5  feet  11 
inches.  In  the  south  wall,  3  feet  west  of  the  east  wall  there  is  a  doorway 
which  is  2  feet  8  inches  wide  and  4  feet  8  inches  high.  This  wall  is  1 
foot  6  inches  thick,  measuring  from  the  floor  to  the  ceiling  beams.  The 
room  was  well  plastered;  as  in  most  of  the  other  rooms  the  corners  were 
rounded.  In  the  western  end  there  is  a  platform  of  clay  about  1  foot  high, 
extending  from  north  to  south.  This  platform  was  3  feet  broad.  The 
ceiling  beams  extended  from  north  to  south  and  were  from  2  to  3  inches 
in  diameter.  Above  them  were  a  number  of  rushes,  most  of  them  very 
small,  and  above  these  was  a  2  inch  layer  of  grass.  There  were  two  long 
loops  of  yucca  leaves  pendent  from  the  ceiling  at  the  eastern  end  of  the 
room.  These  loops  had  probably  been  used  for  the  suspension  of  ob- 
jects. The  door  in  the  south  wall  seemed  to  be  an  entrance  to  a  passage- 
way as  it  was  worked  on  either  side  and  there  were  large  beams  above  it. 
There  is  a  possibility  that  it  may  have  been  a  small  room  or  closet,  but 
owing  to  the  fact  that  it  was  full  of  stones  and  debris,  it  cannot  be  de- 
finitely determined  since  the  work  in  the  north  series  of  rooms  claimed 
our  entire  attention  after  the  work  in  Room  3  had  been  finished. 

Room  4. 
Continuing  westward  with  the  work  in  the  series  of  which  Rooms  1 
and  2  form  a  part,  Room  4  claims  attention.    It  is  rectangular  in  shape, 

11  feet  5  inches  long  on  the  north  side;  10  feet  11  inches  long  on  the  south 
side,  5  feet  4  inches  on  the  west,  and  5  feet  5  inches  on  the  east.  The  walls 
and  general  style  of  masonry  are  the  same  as  in  Rooms  1  and  2.  The 
specimens  from  this  room  were  scattered  throughout  the  debris,  as  the 
floor  of  the  room  above  it  had  been  burned  and  thereby  allowed  the 
material  to  fall  into  the  room  below,  causing  the  specimens  to  inter- 


46  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

mingle  with  the  stones  and  portions  of  the  burnt  ceiling  beams.  The 
specimens  of  this  room  were  of  very  little  importance.  They  consisted 
of  utilitarian  objects,  associated  with  a  few  ornaments.  In  the  former 
class  there  were  fragments  of  pottery  bowls  of  gray  ware,  a  jar  cover 
made  of  sandstone  10  cms.  in  diameter,  five  hammerstones  most  of  which 
were  natural  pebbles,  a  fragment  of  a  combination  hammer  and  smooth- 
ing stone,  the  sides  of  which  are  worn  to  such  an  extent  that  the  object 
must  have  been  used  for  many  years. 

There  is  one  specimen,  made  from  a  natural  pebble,  which  has  been 
drilled  in  an  interesting  way.  It  is  5  cms.  long,  4.7  cms.  wide  and  1.3 
cms.  in  thickness,  and  tapers  from  the  central  portions  to  the  edges  on 
either  side.  The  edges  are  rounded  and  there  are  four  holes,  1  mm.  deep 
and  3  mm.  in  diameter,  placed  equidistant  on  the  edge.  These  places 
were  probably  drilled  for  the  reception  of  inlays  which,  judging  from  the 
materials  used  in  this  pueblo,  were  of  turquoise.  The  stone  which  forms 
this  ornament  is  of  a  hard  granitic  structure. 

Fragments  of  chalcedony,  obsidian,  azurite,  malachite,  turquoise, 
and  fossil  shell  were  found,  also  two  small  fossil  shells  of  the  spirifer 
family.  A  potsherd  had  been  ground  to  a  rectangular  shape  and  as  one 
side  of  it  was  decorated  it  may  have  been  intended  for  a  pendant;  if 
so,  the  hole  for  suspension  had  not  been  drilled.  A  small  pendant  of  red 
stone  and  a  pendant  formed  of  a  hinge  of  a  bivalve  shell,  completes  the 
smaller  objects  from  this  room.  There  were  five  pointed  sticks,  averaging 
about  1  cm.  in  diameter,  the  ends  of  all  of  them  having  been  burnt. 
Sections  of  individual  willows  showing  the  cutting  and  grinding  of  the 
ends,  were  found  with  the  above  mentioned  sticks. 

Room  5. 

When  the  lower  part  of  Room  4  was  reached  it  was  found  that  there 
had  been  a  severe  fire  here.  When  half  of  the  material  had  been  removed 
from  the  room,  the  mass  being  composed  principally  of  burnt  ceiling- 
beams  and  the  adobe  from  the  floor  above  it,  it  was  found  that  the  room 
had  contained  a  mass  of  corn  in  the  ear.  As  the  work  advanced,  quanti- 
ties of  burnt  pifion  nuts  were  also  found.  As  nothing  in  the  way  of 
ornaments  or  implements  came  from  this  room,  it  is  safe  to  assume  it 
was  used  for  storage. 

The  measurements  of  this  room  varied  somewhat  from  those  of  the 
room  above  it.  Measuring  at  the  floor  level  the  north  wall  was  10  feet 
9  inches  long,  the  south  wall  10  feet  6  inches,  the  east  wall  8  feet  3  inches, 
and  the  west  wall  8  feet  2  inches.     The  height  from  the  floor  to  the 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  47 

ceiling  beams  was  over  8  feet  and  this,  with  the  walls  of  the  upper  room, 
made  a  height  of  over1  14}£  feet.  In  Fig.  10  Rooms  4  and  5  may  be  seen. 
The  character  of  the  masonry  is  the  same  as  in  the  other  rooms  of  this 
series.  The  western  wall,  the  lower  part  of  which  is  plastered,  shows  the 
joints  of  these  division  walls  to  good  advantage.  In  the  southern  wall 
*at  the  left  of  the  picture  a  doorway  may  be  seen.  It  is  of  the  rectangular 
type  which  is  the  ordinary  form  of  doorway  in  this  pueblo.  In  the  lower 
part  of  the  room  the  dark  mass  formed  by  the  burnt  corn  and  pifion 
nuts  is  shown. 

The  opening  in  the  west  wall,  in  which  a  boy  may  be  seen,  leads  to 
Room  6  which  is  directly  west  of  Rooms  4  and  5. 

Room  6. 
Room  6  was  partly  filled  with  sand  that  had  drifted  through  the 
crevices  in  the  walls.  There  was  at  least  three  feet  of  open  space  between 
the  roof  beams  and  the  top  of  the  drift.  When  the  sand  had  been  re- 
moved, ths  floor  layer  was  reached  and  in  it,  a  number  of  animal  and 
bird  bones  were  found.  None  of  these  were  worked  and  they  were 
evidently  the  remains  of  meals.  There  were  also  pebbles,  fragments  of 
stones,  several  pieces  of  bone,  and  one  piece  of  calcined  bone.  There 
was  also  a  small  fragment  of  a  basket,  fragments  of  wooden  implements, 
squash-rinds  and  pifion  nuts.  The  remaining  objects  were  evidently 
used  for  ceremonial  or  artistic  purposes.  In  all  parts  of  the  floor  area 
fossil  shells  were  found.  Most  of  these  are  small,  being  under  3  cms.  in 
length.  They  have  been  cleared  of  matrix  adhesions,  and  anion,  over 
one  hundred  and  thirty  specimens  there  were  twenty  that  had  been 
covered  with  a  red  or  yellow  ocher,  showing  that  these  specimens  had 
been  used  in  ceremonies.  One  of  the  shells  had  been  broken  open,  ex- 
posing the  calcite  crystals  in  its  interior.  Several  crinoid  stems  were 
found  with  the  fossil  shells,  two  chalcedony  concretions  of  fantastic 
forms  and  the  end  of  a  strombus  shell  trumpet.  Among  other  shell  objects 
was  a  bead  made  from  an  olivella  shell,  a  fragment  of  a  large  shell  brace- 
let, a  circular  shell  bead,  and  two  shell  pendants.  In  the  debris  there 
were  also  thirteen  small  pieces  of  stone,  one  being  turquoise.  There 
was  also  a  small  piece  of  iridescent  iron  ore  which  had  no  doubt  appealed 
to  the  Indians  on  account  of  its  brilliant  colors.  Lying  directly  on  the 
floor  but  in  various  parts  of  the  room  were  ten  cedar  sticks  which  had 
evidently  been  used  as  torches;  there  were  also  seven  pairs  of  sticks 
tied  together.  These  pieces  had  been  split  from  a  larger  piece  of  cedar, 
the  edges  remaining  in  a  natural  condition,  but  the  ends  of  some  of  them 


48  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

had  been  cut  and  squared.  When  found,  some  of  these  pieces  still  re- 
tained evidences  of  yucca  cord,  which  had  formerly  bound  them  to- 
gether; perhaps  they  were  cut  into  lengths  in  order  that  they  might  be 
the  more  readily  split  for  torches.  Among  these  wooden  pieces  one  of 
the  long  sticks  such  as  were  described  from  Room  2  was  found;  it  had 
cuts  on  its  surface  similar  to  those  from  that  room. 

Room  6a.  Room  6a  which  was  directly  over  Room  6  contained  a 
number  of  specimens  but  most  of  them  were  small.  There  were  twenty- 
seven  chalcedony  concretions  similar  to  those  found  in  Room  6.  Many 
of  them  are  almost  transparent  and,  owing  to  the  beautiful  forms  and 
colors,  it  is  little  wonder  that  primitive  man  should  employ  them  for 
religious  purposes.  There  was  one  massive  piece  found  in  the  debris, 
which  may  have  been  used  in  making  ornaments.  A  mass  of  calcite 
crystals  protruding  from  the  main  block  so  as  to  form  a  rosette 
would  naturally  appeal  to  a  primitive  people  in  the  same  way  as  did  the 
concretions.  Such  a  specimen  was  found  in  this  room.  There  were  also 
worked  pieces  of  gypsum,  pieces  of  galena,  ten  in  all,  pieces  of  azurite 
and  malachite,  two  turquoise  beads,  pieces  of  turquoise  prepared  for 
inlays  and  several  pieces  of  turquoise  matrix.  There  was  also  a  broken 
chalcedony  arrow  point,  a  triangular  shell  inlay,  a  pendant  made  of 
haliotis  shell,  and  a  fossil  bivalve  covered  with  red  ocher. 

The  base  of  a  firedrill  set,  found  near  the  floor  level,  was 
similar  in  form  to  some  of  the  pointed  sticks  that  have  been  noted  from 
the  preceding  rooms.  It  is  cylindrical  in  form  save  at  the  pointed  end, 
and  in  the  opposite  end  there  is  a  cup-shaped  cavity  which  is  blackened 
from  use.  Six  of  the  gaming  or  cutting  sticks  similar  in  size  and  form  to 
the  large  ones  found  in  Room  2  were  taken  from  the  floor  layer.  Three 
of  them  have  the  cuts  on  the  surface,  one  shows  no  cutting,  and  the  other 
two  are  in  such  a  poor  state  of  preservation  that  it  is  almost  impossible 
to  tell  whether  they  have  been  used  or  not.  It  appears,  however,  that 
there  had  been  no  such  cuttings  on  them.  There  are  two  sticks  of  the 
smaller  form  and  four  other  fragments  of  the  same  diameter  all  of  which 
show  the  crude  cutting  on  the  ends  to  good  advantage,  but  none  of  them 
are  finished  implements.  There  is  a  ceremonial  stick  from  this  room 
which  has  the  end  fashioned  into  the  form  of  a  bear  claw.  It  is  nearly 
13  cms.  in  length,  but  it  is  similar  in  form  to  those  which  were  found  in 
Room  32  (Fig.  55),  which  will  be  described  when  that  room  is  under 
consideration.  Another  pair  of  the  thin  ceremonial  sticks  such  as  was 
described  from  Room  1  comes  from  this  room.  These  sticks  are  slender, 
carefully  formed  pieces  of  uniform  length,  having  rounded  ends  and  are 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  49 

generally  found  in  pairs;  comparative  study  will  not  be  entered  upon, 
however,  until  Room  32  is  reached  for,  as  already  stated,  they  are  found 
in  this  room  associated  with  a  great  deposit  of  ceremonial  sticks  (Fig.  52). 
In  the  floor  deposit  of  Room  6a  there  was  also  a  heavy  two-strand  yucca 
cord;  braided  and  twined  cord  made  of  human  hair  carbonized  by  fire; 
a  mass  of  seeds  similar  to  those  of  the  wild  sunflower;  pieces  of  squash 
rind  and  eagle  feather  quills;  and  a  pottery  foot,  evidently  of  an  animal 
figure.  The  figure  itself  must  have  been  a  very  large  one  as  the  foot 
measures  over  5  cms.  in  length,  and  3  cms.  in  width  with  a  correspond- 
ingly heavy  leg;  the  wooden  end  of  a  baby  board  and  a  ceremonial 
object  made  from  the  skin  of  a  small  rodent  completes  the  list  of  objects 
of  general  interest.    There  is,  however,  one  specimen  worthy  of  special 


Fig.  11   (2865).     Stick  wrapped  with  Buckskin,  Room  6. 

attention.  This  object  (Fig.  11)  is  25.5  cms.  long  and  the  wooden  part 
is  evidently  made  of  one  piece.  On  the  distal  end  the  stick  broadens 
and  assumes  a  form  similar  to  that  of  a  deer  foot.  Directly  below  this 
foot  there  is  a  wrapping  of  sinew.  In  the  central  portion  of  the  stick 
there  is  a  wrapping  of  buckskin,  which  seems  to  be  superimposed  upon 
other  layers  of  the  same  material.  The  end  has  been  bound  with  sinew, 
and  then  carried  upward  toward  the  hoof  end  of  the  stick.  It  encloses 
a  number  of  buckskin  strips  in  the  ends  of  which  knots  have  been  tied. 

Room  7. 
Room  7  lies  directly  north  of  Room  1.  Because  of  additions  to  the 
pueblo  at  this  point,  the  rooms  here  are  irregular  in  form  and  taper  to  a 
point.  The  north  wall  is  14  feet  11  inches  long,  the  south  wall  12  feet  7 
inches,  the  east  wall  which  is  convex  on  the  side  of  Room  7,  is  5  feet  6 
inches  long,  and  the  western  wall  3  feet  4  inches.  The  south  wall,  as  seen  in 
Fig.  6  showing  Room  1,  is  irregular  and  laid  up  with  roughly  quarried 
stone.  The  north  wall  is  built  in  a  far  more  compact  way,  as  is  also  the 
west  wall.  If  the  investigations  had  been  carried  westward  from  the  line 
of  the  west  wall,  a  heavy  piece  of  masonry  would  no  doubt  have  been 
encountered;  for,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  space  was  only  three  feet 


50  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

in  width,  it  does  not  seem  probable  that  an  open  space  would  have  been 
left  at  this  point.  The  eastern  wall  is  rather  peculiar  in  that  it 
forms  not  only  the  eastern  wall  of  Room  7,  but  the  northeastern  part  of 
Room  1 ,  which  is  built  with  rough-edged  stones,  such  as  were  used  in  the 
series  running  from  Room  1  westward. 

In  Room  7  nothing  of  interest  was  found.  There  were  five  fragments 
of  large  smooth  stones  such  as  are  used  for  work  tables,  a  complete 
stone  that  had  evidently  been  used  as  a  door  sill,  and  two  arrow  points. 
These  specimens  were  found  scattered  through  the  debris,  and  are  only 
worthy  of  mention  as  having  been  found  in  this  particular  room. 

Room  8. 
Room  8,  lying  directly  east  of  Rooms  1  and  7  is  irregular  in  form. 
The  west  wall  is  concave  and  measures  7  feet  from  the  point  of  juncture 
with  the  north  and  south  walls.  The  east  wall  is  composed  of  stakes 
which  had  been  plastered  with  mortar,  making  a  serviceable,  though  not 
very  strong,  division  wall.  This  wall  is  6  feet  8  inches  long,  the  distance 
from  its  center  to  the  opposite  wall  being  7  feet.  These  measurements 
show  that  the  room  was  almost  square.  The  specimens  found  in  this 
room  are  a  bone  knife,  made  from  the  leg  bone  of  a  deer,  two  distal 
ends  of  reed  arrows  which  contain  fragments  of  wooden  foreshafts,  and 
a  piece  of  adobe  from  the  cross  wall  showing  the  imprint  of  small  willow 
sticks  which  were  used  over  the  heavier  poles. 

Room  9. 

Room  9  curves  in  a  southeasterly  direction  from  Room  8.  Owing  to 
the  changes  made  in  this  part  of  the  building,  this  room  is  somewhat 
irregular  in  form.  It  measures  13  feet  7  inches  on  the  north  side,  14 
feet  8  inches  on  the  south  side;  it  is  7  feet  wide  at  the  western  end  and 
increases  in  width  to  8  feet  along  the  eastern  wall.  The  masonry  was 
similar  to  that  of  the  rooms  just  described,  but  of  slightly  better  work- 
manship. The  room  was  filled  with  the  usual  debris,  composed  of  stones 
from  the  fallen  walls  mixed  with  sand  and  adobe  plaster. 

Pipes.  A  number  of  very  interesting  objects  were  found  in  the 
upper  layers,  showing  that  they  had  formerly  been  in  one  of  the  upper 
rooms.  Nothing  of  special  interest  was  found  until  the  depth  of  2  feet 
had  been  reached  in  the  southwestern  corner,  where  within  the  radius 
of  a  very  few  feet,  five  pipe  fragments  were  found.  One  of  these,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  12b,  is  made  of  steatite.  The  stem  and  a  small  portion  of 
the  bowl  were  the  only  parts  found;  the  stem  is  5  cms.  long  and  tapers 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  51 

from  1  cm.  at  the  mouth  end  to  1.3  cm.  where  the  stem  joins  the  bowl. 
The  material  is  a  coarse  green  steatite;  the  surface  has  been  smoothed  to 
such  an  extent  that  it  retains  a  high  polish.  The  stem  of  this  pipe  had 
been  broken  while  it  was  in  use,  and  had  been  mended  in  a  rather  in- 
genious way.  The  two  pieces  were  put  together  and  a  groove  1  cm.  deep 
and  1.5  cm.  long  cut  on  the  upper  side,  half  of  which  was  in  either 
fragment.  A  similar  groove  was  then  cut  on  the  under  side.  These 
grooves  were  perfectly  straight,  following  the  median  line  of  the  stem. 
From  other  objects  of  a  similar  nature  found  in  this  pueblo,  it  is  safe  to 
affirm  that  pieces  of  bone  or  wood  were  placed  in  these  grooves  and  the 
stem  wrapped  with  cord.  There  is  a  discoloration  at  the  point  of  bind- 
ing showing  that  the  wrapped  area  was  2  cms.  long.  Steatite  pipes  from 
the  Chaco  area  are  rather  uncommon.  The  bowl  of  this  one  formed  an 
obtuse  angle  at  its  juncture  with  the  stem,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  illus- 
tration. 

The  stem  of  a  heavy  stone  pipe  was  also  found  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  room  with  the  one  just  described.  The  fragment  as  found 
measures  5  cms.  in  length  and  2.6  cms.  in  diameter.  The  greater  part 
of  the  bowl  was  found  in  Room  10  (p.  54).  Another  fragment  found 
with  the  above  is  the  major  portion  of  the  stem  and  bowl  of  a  pottery 
pipe.  The  fragment  is  a  little  over  5  cms.  in  length;  the  clay  is  of  the 
usual  gray  color,  covered  with  a  white  slip. 

The  stem  and  a  portion  of  the  bowl  of  a  very  short-stemmed  pipe 
completes  the  list  of  the  pipe  fragments  from  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  room.  The  specimen  in  its  entirety  is  4  cms.  long.  The  stem  from 
the  opening  in  the  bowl  to  the  mouthpiece  is  only  3  cms.  in  length.  The 
general  form  and  character  of  the  pipe  may  be  seen  in  Fig.  12c.  The 
surface  has  been  ornamented  with  black  designs.  The  pipe  itself  is  of  the 
same  kind  of  clay  as  the  one  just  described  and  has  the  white  slip  upon 
which  the  design  is  painted. 

Cloisonne  Work.  In  the  same  part  of  the  room  in  which  the  pipes 
were  found  and  at  about  the  same  depth  was  a  cloisonne  object:  the 
base  for  the  design  work  is  composed  of  sandstone.  It  is  6  cms.  long  and 
the  fragment  shows  a  rounding  edge.  From  the  contour  it  appears  that 
the  shape  had  been  similar  to  that  of  the  jar  covers.  This  specimen  may 
have  been  an  ornate  form  of  jar  cover  that  was  used  in  ceremonial  ob- 
servances. A  similar  specimen  was  found  in  another  part  of  the  ruin 
which  seems  to  justify  this  identification.  The  work  as  shown  is  dis- 
similar to  any  known  technique  of  the  prehistoric  Pueblo  Indians.  The 
nearest  approach  to  this  style  of  work  is  in  the  Panuco  region  of  the 


52 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico;  it  has  also  been  found,  in  both  cases 
on  pottery  vessels,  in  the  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico.  The  designs  on  the 
specimen  from  Room  9  are  in  black,  red,  yellow,  and  white;  the  colors 
used  to  a  great  extent  by  the  ancient  Tarascan  Indians  of  Jalisco.  The 
basic  color  seems  to  have  been  black.    This  layer  was  probably  allowed 


Fig.   12.     Pipes  from  Rooms  9  and   10.     a  (773),  sandstone;    b  (769), 
steatite;    c  (772),  pottery;   d  (935),  pottery. 


to  dry,  after  which  the  designs  were  formed  by  cutting  out  such  portions 
of  the  black  pigment  as  were  to  be  filled  with  other  colors.  The  design 
covers  the  entire  face  of  the  specimen.  The  rim  portion  of  the  design 
extends  over  a  centimeter  on  the  under  part  of  the  object.  This  speci- 
men is  shown  in  Fig.  13 ;  the  shaded  portions  show  the  areas  occupied 
by  the  different  colors. 


1920. 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


53 


Miscellaneous  Objects.  Among  the  other  objects  found  in  the  debris 
from  the  upper  rooms  were  two  pieces  of  fossil  shell  and  a  section  of  an  arm 
or  leg  of  a  pottery  figure,  probably  a  human  form.  This  section  is  3  cms. 
long  and  of  solid  construction;  it  is  of  gray  ware  and  has  four  black  bands 
spanning  a  part  of  its  circumference.  An  object  of  antler  4.5  cms.  long- 
was  made  in  a  flattened  cylindrical  form  and  was  probably  used  as  a 
gambling  stick.  The  remaining  objects  found  in  the  upper  layers  were 
twenty-five  small  water-worn  pebbles  and  two  larger  pebbles  of  the  same 
nature.  The  larger  ones  could  have  been  used  for  hand  hammerstones, 
but  none  of  these  specimens  had  been  worked. 

When  the  floor  level  was  reached  two  manos 
and  a  stone  slab,  that  was  evidently  used  as  a  lap- 
stone,  were  found.  All  of  these  specimens  were 
made  of  close-grained  sandstone,  the  last  named 
specimen  having  yellow  ocher  on  the  surface. 
There  was  also  in  the  floor  layer  a  small  fossil 
shell,  a  chalcedony  concretion,  and  a  small  hand 
hammer  made  of  petrified  wood. 

Pottery  Trays.  Two  fragmentary  bowls  of 
a  very  interesting  form  came  from  the  floor 
deposit;  they  are  of  light-colored  ware,  corru- 
gated on  the  exterior  and  smooth  on  the  interior. 
They  were  made  of  a  very  hard  compact  pottery 
and  are  shaped  like  the  basket  trays  used  by  the 

Pueblo  Indians  of  the  present  day.  When  complete  these  vessels  must 
have  measured  at  least  25  cms.  in  diameter  and  their  depth  could  not 
have  been  over  4  cms.  There  is  a  partially  smoothed  band  on  the  under 
rim  and  on  the  inner  rim  there  is  a  painted  band  in  black  of  about  the 
same  width.  Corrugated  bowls  of  gray  ware  are  found  to  some  extent 
in  the  Chaco  region,  but  these  incomplete  bowls  with  a  few  other  frag- 
ments from  other  parts  of  the  ruin  are  the  only  evidences  found  of  shal- 
low corrugated  vessels  of  this  nature. 

This  room  is  the  first  one  in  which  milling  stones  were  found,  but 
owing  to  the  fact  that  there  were  no  metates  it  would  seem  that  the 
manos  had  been  used  for  other  purposes.  The  finding  of  so  many  pipe 
fragments  and  especially  the  cloisonne  object,  suggests  that  the  people 
who  occupied  this  room  were  closely  associated  with  the  ceremonial  life 
of  the  pueblo. 


Fig.  13     An  Example  of 
Cloisonne  Work,  Room  9. 


54  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

I 

Room  10. 

Room  10  was  13  feet  2  inches  long  on  the  north  side,  12  feet  6 
inches  on  the  south,  8  feet  4  inches  on  the  west,  and  7  feet  3  inches  on  the 
east.  The  masonry  was  similar  to  that  of  Room  9.  From  the  evidence 
obtained  in  excavating,  it  appears  that  the  materials  from  one  or  more 
floors  were  piled  upon  that  of  the  lower  one.  The  layer  containing  speci- 
mens was  over  four  feet  in  thickness.  Through  this,  and  on  the  floor 
itself,  were  scattered  quantities  of  broken  shells  and  other  material. 

Pipes.  In  describing  the  specimens  from  this  room,  the  stone  pipe, 
a  portion  of  which  was  found  in  Room  9,  will  be  the  first  to  receive  atten- 
tion. Four  fragments  of  the  bowl  were  found  in  various  parts  of  the 
room.  These  pieces  have  been  assembled  and  with  the  stem  from  Room  9 
complete  the  greater  part  of  the  pipe  as  shown  in  Fig.  12a.  The  material 
from  which  this  pipe  is  made  is  a  compact  chert,  probably  from  the 
cretaceous  sandstone  of  this  region.  It  is  8.2  cms.  long  and  4.7  cms.  high 
at  the  bowl  end.  The  stem  is  2.7  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  mouthpiece. 
The  drilling  tapers  from  the  mouthpiece  to  the  bowl,  decreasing  from  1 
cm.  to  4  mms.  in  diameter.  The  diameter  of  the  top  of  the  bowl  is  3.2 
cms.  The  peculiar  angle  of  the  bowl  may  be  seen  in  the  accompanying 
illustration.  It  bends  backward  upon  the  stem  at  quite  a  noticeable 
angle.  This  pipe  is  particularly  massive  for  this  region,  but  several  of  a 
similar  nature  were  found  in  other  parts  of  the  ruin. 

Another  massive  pipe  (H-937)  of  the  tubular  type  was  also  in  a 
fragmentary  condition,  the  five  pieces  having  been  scattered  though  the 
debris.  Four  of  these  pieces  were  discolored  by  fire.  The  greatest 
length  of  this  pipe  fragment  is  5.3  cms.,  its  greatest  diameter,  3.9  cms. 

Fragments  of  the  bowls  of  seven  pottery  pipes,  also  from  the  debris, 
show  what  seems  to  be  conclusive  evidence  that  these  objects  were  used 
in  ceremonies  and  then  broken.  The  finding  of  fragments  of  pottery 
pipes  would  excite  no  comment,  but  when  massive  stone  pieces  such  as 
the  tubular  and  large  pipe  with  bowl,  already  described,  are  found,  a 
reason  is  naturally  sought.  These  pipes  may  have  been  broken  in  a 
sacrificial  way  during  some  religious  ceremony  and  the  fragments  pre- 
served either  to  keep  them  from  being  profaned  by  the  hands  of  those  who 
were  not  members  of  the  priesthood  or  else  for  future  ceremonies. 

A  pottery  pipe  of  rather  peculiar  form  is  shown  in  Fig.  12d.  Only  a 
portion  of  the  bowl  remains.  The  fragment  in  its  entirety  measures  6 
cms.  in  length;  it  has  evidently  been  through  the  fire,  but  there  still 
remains  a  broad  band  design  in  white  on  a  dark  background  on  the  stem 
which  is  2  cms.  high  and  1.5  cms.  broad  where  it  joins  the  bowl;  from 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  55 

this  point  it  tapers  to  the  mouthpiece.  Another  fragment  of  a  tubular 
clay  pipe  is  4  cms.  long  and  2  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  bowl  end.  Unlike 
most  of  the  tubular  pipes,  the  opening  of  which  tapers  from  the  bowl  end 
to  the  stem,  this  pipe  has  a  separate  bowl  2  cms.  deep,  from  which  a 
small  hole  extends  toward  the  mouth  end.  This  specimen  is  of  dark  gray 
and  there  are  no  decorations  on  the  surface.  Still  another  fragment  of  a 
pipe  is  represented  by  a  pottery  piece  which  may  be  a  part  of  one  of  the 
long  tubular  pipes;  it  is  light  gray  in  color  and  the  hole  through  the  stem 
preserves  a  uniform  diameter  of  6  mms.  throughout  the  length  of  the 
fragment. 

There  was  another  stone  pipe  of  the  tubular  form  (Fig.  19d).  It  is  of 
easily  worked  stone,  although  of  fine  structure,  5  cms.  in  length  and  2.3 
cms.  in  diameter  at  the  bowl  end.  The  opening  tapers  from  the  bowl  to 
the  mouthpiece.  This  pipe  was  in  three  pieces  when  found  and  the 
fragments  were  in  different  parts  of  the  room;  the  mouth  portion  and 
part  of  the  rim  are  still  missing. 


Fig.  14  1,977).     A  Bone  Awl  of  Unusual  Form,  Room  10.     Length,  9.7  cms. 

Ceremonial  Sticks.  Further  evidences  of  a  ceremonial  nature  were 
the  finding  of  a  small  ceremonial  stick  which  had  been  painted  a  bright 
green,  probably  with  paint  made  from  malachite;  the  fragment  of  a 
small  ceremonial  stick,  a  portion  of  which  is  carved  in  the  shape  of  an 
hourglass;  and  the  end  of  one  of  the  large  ceremonial  sticks,  great 
numbers  of  which  were  found  in  Room  32  (p.  140).  The  carved  portion 
of  this  stick  was  over  12  cms.  long,  but  the  specimen  in  its  entirety  must 
have  been  over  60  cms.  in  length.  There  is  another  stick  bound  with 
yucca  cord,  also  a  ball  of  wood  2.5  cms.  in  diameter.  The  only  remain- 
ing object  of  wood  to  be  noted  is  a  stick  37  cms.  long;  it  was  quite  thick 
and  had  a  rounded  end,  but  no  evidence  of  its  function  could  be  found. 

Miscellaneous  Objects.  Animal  bones  of  various  kinds  were  repre- 
sented and  there  were  two  bone  implements,  presumably  awls.  One  of 
these  (Fig.  14)  is  an  uncommon  form  and  may  have  been  used  as  a  hair- 
pin or  for  fastening  garments,  as  similar  objects  were  formerly  used  by 
the  Inca  of  Peru.  This  specimen  is  9.7  cms.  long,  the  head  measuring 
1.3  cms.  in  width.  The  greatest  thickness  of  this  specimen  is  only  3 
mms.  If  the  lower  or  pointed  half  of  this  implement  were  cut  off,  it 
would  be  almost  a  duplicate  of  the  other  specimen  mentioned. 


56 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


The  lower  jaw  of  a  beaver  was  made  into  a  pendant,  the  condyle 
having  been  removed,  the  irregular  edges  ground  smooth,  and  a  hole 
drilled  through  the  upper  part.  A  large  bear  claw,  found  near  the  floor 
level,  shows  no  evidence  of  having  been  used,  but  it  may  have  been 
attached  to  some  ceremonial  object  by  means  of  a  strip  of  buckskin. 

A  peculiar  object  made  of  antler  is  shown  in  Fig.  15a;  it  is  7  cms.  long 
and  2.3  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  central  part.  It  tapers  toward  either 
end  and  is  similar  in  form  to  the  corks  that  professional  runners  carry  in 
their  hands.  The  use  of  this  object  by  the  Pueblo  Indians  is  unknown. 
Fragments  of  turquoise  objects  and  turquoise  matrix,  chalcedony  con- 
cretions of  small  size,  gypsum,  chalcedony  flakes,  obsidian  flakes,  a  mass 
of  malachite,  limonite,  and  a  number  of  natural  pebbles  constitute  the 
stone  and  mineral  products  as  represented  by  this  room. 


Fig.  15.     Objects  of  Unknown  Use:   a  (1065),  antler,  Room  10; 
b  (5082),  chipped  stone,  Room  37.     Length  of  o,  7  cm. 


The  breast  bones  of  nine  turkeys  were  scattered  in  the  debris,  but 
none  of  them  show  signs  of  having  been  worked.  Two  pieces  of  limonite 
show  evidences  of  having  been  worked  and  one  was  evidently  intended 
for  a  pendant. 

Sacrificial  Breaking.  It  seems  that  the  breaking  of  specimens  was 
not  confined  to  the  pipes,  for  among  the  180  arrow  points  found  in  the 
deposit  there  is  hardly  one  that  is  not  misshapen  or  broken.  The 
majority  of  them  show  clean  breaks  as  though  the  points  had  been 
snapped  between  the  fingers.  A  portion  of  a  chalcedony  knife  shows 
evidence  of  having  withstood  extreme  heat,  the  break  in  this  speci- 
men also  is  clean  as  though  it  had  been  made  intentionally. 


a  b 

Fig.  16.     Shallow  Stone  Mortars:    a  (1150),  Room  10;    6  (5204),  Room  38. 


Fig.   17.     Grooved  Hammers  and  an  Arrow  Polisher:    c,    (1164),  Room  10;    6  (2733),  Room  20; 
c  (4156),  Room  29. 


57 


58  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  breaking  of  ceremonial  material  is  responsible  for  the  fragmen- 
tary condition  of  a  ceremonial  mortar  shown  in  Fig.  16a.  This  mortar 
was  made  from  a  cherty  nodule  and  is  18.3  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  top, 
the  rim  being  3.5  cms.  high.  It  is  beautifully  smoothed  on  both  the  top 
and  bottom,  and  the  side  slopes  gently  outward  from  the  base.  A  slight 
depression  near  the  edge  of  the  upper  part  causes  a  rim,  which  would 
retain  paint  or  other  material  that  was  being  ground.  Its  last  use  prior 
to  its  destruction  was  the  grinding  of  red  ocher,  traces  of  which  still 
remain  upon  the  surface.  Shallow  mortars  of  various  forms  are  repre- 
sented from  this  pueblo,  but  most  of  them  are  made  of  a  much  softer 
stone  than  that  employed  in  making  the  specimen  in  question.  The 
bottom  and  four  pieces  of  the  rim  were  found  in  Room  10;  two  of  the 
largest  pieces  were  found  in  the  debris  in  Room  9. 

There  are  several  other  stone  objects  evidently  of  a  ceremonial 
nature,  but  as  only  fragments  of  them  remain  it  is  impossible  to  say 
what  they  represented.  One,  whose  cross-section  is  wedge-shaped,  having 
a  length  of  over  12  cms.,  seems  to  have  been  a  ceremonial  knife.  There 
are  fragments  of  two  other  objects  of  similar  form;  other  objects  either 
broken  or  in  a  fragmentary  condition,  are  two  blade  ends  of  a  jasper 
implement,  broken  in  three  pieces  and  discolored  by  fire;  a  broken  stone 
jar  cover;  fragment  of  a  pottery  shoulder,  evidently  of  a  human  effigy 
vase;  the  broken  handle  of  a  pottery  vessel;  and  a  natural  pebble  which 
shows  the  action  of  fire. 

Among  the  perfect  implements  were  three  crude  grinding  stones; 
one  of  fine  grained  sandstone  which  had  been  worn  smooth  on  both 
sides,  two  rasping  implements  of  white  sandstone,  two  hand  hammers, 
one  made  from  hard  compact  sandstone,  the  other  from  a  natural 
pebble,  and  a  hard  close-grained  stone  with  grooves  which  had  been 
used  in  sharpening  bone  and  stone  implements.  Of  the  unworked 
objects  there  was  a  cup-shaped  concretion,  five  natural  pebbles,  a  piece 
of  petrified  wood,  and  a  stone  on  the  surface  of  which  were  rows  of  black 
crystals . 

A  lapstone  whose  surface  has  been  used  to  such  an  extent  that  it  is 
as  smooth  as  though  the  polishing  had  been  intentional  was  broken  into 
three  pieces.  Fire  has  left  its  mark  on  this  specimen,  especially  near  the 
edges.  The  stone,  when  perfect,  was  over  28  cms.  long,  16  cms.  wide, 
and  4  cms.  thick. 

A  large  metate  shows  no  evidence  of  fire,  but  one  end  has  been 
broken  in  such  a  way  that  it  seems  intentional.  It  is  of  the  usual  slab 
form,  common  to  the  Chaco  region,  and  the  worn  surface  is  not  very 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  59 

deep;  both  sides,  however,  have  been  used.  In  one  part  of  the  room  a 
thick  red  pigment  was  found;  it  had  evidently  been  a  covering  for  some 
ceremonial  object,  presumably  on  cloth;  certain  portions  of  this  were 
painted  with  green.  Pigments  of  the  same  color  and  consistency  were 
found  in  place  on  the  floor  of  Room  13  and  will  be  described  in  detail 
with  the  other  material  from  that  room. 

Problematic  Objects.  Ceremonial  objects  play  a  prominent  part  in 
the  life  of  any  Indian  tribe  and  in  the  old  ruins  many  objects  of  this 
nature  are  encountered.  Their  uses  cannot  always  be  determined,  but 
the  method  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  the  material  can  as  a  rule 
be  ascertained.  Yet  specimen  H-968  presents  an  object,  probably 
ceremonial  in  nature,  that  almost  defies  explanation.  In  shape  it  is 
like  the  basal  end  of  an  arrow  point;  it  is  porous  and  the  specific  gravity 
is  so  low  that  it  floats  readily  on  the  surface  of  water.  The  inner  struc- 
ture is  a  pure  crystalline  white;  the  surface,  however,  presents  a  vitreous 
appearance  and  is  slightly  darker  in  color.  The  material  is  so  light  that 
it  can  be  crushed  between  the  fingers;  from  its  appearance  it  would 
seem  that  it  would  fuse  quite  readily,  but  when  put  under  the  blow-pipe  it 
required  a  heat  of  over  1500  degrees  to  make  any  impression  on  it 
whatever.  Even  then  the  result  was  merely  the  appearance  of  a  few 
beads  on  the  extreme  edges  of  the  detached  fragment.  The  conclusion 
derived  from  blow-pipe  analysis  is  that  it  is  an  extremely  hard  silica 
formation,  volcanic  in  origin.  From  the  appearance  of  the  object  it 
would  seem  that  the  material  had  been  formed  into  this  shape  while  in  a 
fused  condition.  There  are  two  points  and  fragments  of  two  others 
of  a  similar  material,  but  instead  of  being  white  they  are  black  and  have 
an  appearance  of  porous  volcanic  glass.    These  objects  float. 

Stone  Objects.  A  met  ate  which  was  probably  used  for  ceremonial 
purposes  is  shown  in  Fig.  18b.  It  is  45  cms.  long,  26  cms.  at  one  end,  and 
24  cm.  at  the  other,  with  a  uniform  thickness  of  3  cms.  There  is  a  groove 
for  grinding  which  is  14  cms.  wide  and  28  cms.  long  at  the  narrow  end 
of  the  stone.  There  is  a  depression  which  was  no  doubt  used  for  holding 
the  materials  to  be  ground.  The  bottom  and  sides  of  this  depression 
are  worn  perfectly  smooth.  The  grinding  trough  still  shows  a  pecked 
surface  in  all  parts  save  the  central.  The  rectangular  depression  at  the 
narrow  end  may  have  been  used  as  a  mortar;  if  so,  the  grinding  has  been 
very  uniform,  as  the  bottom  is  quite  regular.  Ceremonial  metates  are 
not  uncommon  from  Pueblo  Bonito  and  a  number  of  them  will  be 
described  from  other  rooms. 


60  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

A  double  pointed  hammer  is  shown  in  Fig.  17.  It  is  14  cms.  long 
and  has  a  deep  groove  in  the  central  portion.  This  object  was  made 
from  a  piece  of  volcanic  rock  and  great  care  has  been  exerted  in  fashion- 
ing it.  On  either  side  of  the  groove  is  a  ridge,  flattened  on  three  parts  of 
its  circumference,  the  flattened  places  being  equidistant.  One  end  of  this 
implement  is  broken. 


a  I) 

Fig.  18.     AStoneSlabandaMetate:   a  (2737),  Room  20;    b  (1162),  Room  10. 

As  though  to  account  for  the  great  mutilation  of  both  the  ceremonial 
and  utilitarian  objects  in  this  room,  we  have  twenty-three  grooved 
hammerstones.  Most  of  these  hammers  were  made  of  natural  pebbles, 
quite  uniform  in  size.  The  greatest  extremes  in  length  are  12  and  6.5 
cms.  The  grooves  have  been  pecked  quite  deep  and  encircle  the  entire 
stone.  In  three  of  the  specimens  the  groove  is  more  shallow,  only  the 
edges  being  pecked  deeply.  Some  of  them  have  been  used  to  a  great 
extent,  but  most  of  them  show  no  signs  whatever  of  battering,  they  may 
therefore  have  been  used  for  the  ceremonial  breaking  or  "killing"  of 
the  objects  found  in  this  and  nearby  rooms. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  61 

Among  the  objects  which  were  undoubtedly  broken  to  procure 
material  for  making  ceremonial  and  other  objects  were  over  twenty- 
three  fragments  of  murex  and  strombus  shells,  probably  brought  from 
the  Pacific  coast;  most  of  them  had  been  broken  into  small  pieces. 
Associated  with  these  pieces  of  shells  were  fifty-eight  fossil  shells  com- 
posed of  spirifers  and  other  bivalves. 

There  was  one  piece  of  aragonite,  worked  to  a  considerable  extent, 
the  outer  rim  of  which  had  been  colored  by  iron-oxide  through  in- 
filtration. It  was  concavo-convex  in  form,  the  convex  side  having 
received  the  greatest  amount  of  polishing.  It  is  similar  to  two  other 
specimens  found  in  this  ruin.  One  of  them,  which  was  made  of 
pottery,  will  be  described  under  Room  80.  It  had  been  drilled  for  sus- 
pension, but  whether  the  specimen  from  Room  10  had  been  drilled  cannot 
be  ascertained  as  the  fragment  is  evidently  but  a  small  portion  of  the 
complete  object. 

Room  11. 
Room  11,  just  east  of  Room  10,  is  another  member  of  the  series  of 
lateral  rooms  under  consideration.  It  was  found  to  be  13  feet  5  inches  on 
the  north  wall,  15  feet  8  inches  on  the  south,  7  feet  9  inches  on  the  east, 
and  6  feet  8  inches  on  the  west.  The  upper  rooms  had  fallen,  leaving  only 
the  lower  one  to  be  considered.  Its  original  height  from  the  floor  to  the 
ceiling  beams  was  6  feet.  Artifacts  were  found  in  the  upper  layers  and 
it  was  not  until  the  floor  layer  was  reached  that  the  few  specimens  found 
in  the  room  were  obtained. 

Among  these  were  two  manos,  one  of  which  had  been  used  for 
grinding  red  paint  and  a  piece  of  calcite,  two  surfaces  of  which  had  been 
ground  either  to  obtain  the  material  for  other  uses,  or  else  the  stone  had 
been  worn  away  while  the  implement  was  being  used  as  a  polisher. 

There  were  two  pieces  of  turquoise  matrix,  a  semicircular  stick 
evidently  used  for  ceremonial  purposes,  which  was  8  cms.  from  end  to 
end.  Midway  between  the  ends  a  hole  had  been  drilled.  There  were  a 
number  of  twigs  bent  in  a  circular  form,  but  they  were  so  rough  and  in 
such  a  broken  condition  that  their  use  could  not  be  determined.  There 
was  also  the  handle  of  a  pottery  dipper  of  the  usual  grayware,  a  number 
of  bird  bones,  two  bone  awls  made  from  splinters  of  deer  bone,  and  the 
end  of  a  pottery  pipestem. 


62  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVIL 

Room  12. 

Room  12,  directly  east  of  Room  11,  contained  a  mass  of  material, 
probably  used  for  ceremonial  purposes.  It  was  rectangular  in  fofm, 
measuring  12  feet  6  inches  on  the  north  side,  12  feet  4  inches  on  the 
south,  9  feet  on  the  east,  and  8  feet  2  inches  on  the  west.  It  may  be  well 
to  state,  before  entering  upon  the  consideration  of  the  materials  that 
were  found  in  this  room,  that  the  walls  of  this  series  were  standing  to  a 
much  greater  height  at  this  point  than  in  any  of  the  other  rooms 
described.  The  specimen-bearing  layer  was  5  feet  deep,  showing  that  the 
materials  from  two  or  more  rooms  had  been  added  to  the  deposit  on  the 
floor  of  the  lower  room.  When  the  lower  floor  was  reached  the  distance 
from  it  to  the  top  of  the  north  wall  was  over  14  feet. 

Pebbles  and  Fossil  Shells.  Of  the  great  variety  of  objects  in  Room 
12,  fossil  shells  were  the  most  numerous.  There  were  over  a  thousand  of 
these  small  fossils,  many  of  them  covered  with  red  and  yellow  ocher. 
One  of  these  shells  (H-2552)  had  been  drilled,  no  doubt  for  suspension, 
but  it  was  the  only  one  found  in  the  room  that  showed  any  evidences  of 
having  been  worked.  The  grooving  of  the  hinge  part  may  have  been  a 
secondary  consideration,  but  in  its  present  state  it  has  the  appearance  of 
an  owl's  head.  The  openings  formed  by  the  drilling  represent  the  eyes, 
the  beak  is  formed  by  the  point  of  the  hinge,  and  the  mouth  represented 
by  the  hinge  itself  which  had  been  accentuated  by  grinding.  The 
feathers  are  represented  by  the  natural  fluting  on  the  sides  of  the  shell. 
The  shells  found  in  this  room  are  from  the  coal  measures  and  are  com- 
posed of  spirifers  and  other  small  bivalves.  Another  fossil  that  seemed 
to  appeal  to  the  Indians  was  the  crinoid  stem,  over  300  fragments  of  this 
material  being  found.  There  are  no  evidences  that  these  stems  have 
been  worked,  but  as  is  the  case  with  the  fossil  shells,  many  of  them  still 
retain  a  coating  of  red  and  yellow  ocher.  A  great  many  large  and  small 
water-worn  pebbles  had  been  collected  and  were  found  in  the  debris. 
There  were  over  140  of  these  stones,  but  very  few  of  them  had  been 
used  in  any  way  that  left  its  mark  upon  the  surface.  If  they  were  used 
in  a  ceremonial  way  it  must  have  been  without  any  ocherous  decorations 
as  none  of  them  show  traces  of  this  paint.  Cushing  states  that  water- 
worn  pebbles  were  used  as  water-guides  and  that  many  of  the  old  irri- 
gating ditches  in  the  Zufii  region  had  lines  of  pebbles  along  their  banks, 
their  office  being  to  guide  the  water  in  the  direction  required.  The 
pebbles  found  in  rooms  that  contain  ceremonial  material  may  have  been 
used  in  a  similar  way  in  some  ceremony  pertaining  to  the  water  supply 
or  irrigation.  Natural  pebbles  are  used  at  the  present  time  on  the  altars 
in  some  of  the  Pueblo  ceremonies,  but  never  in  great  numbers. 


1920.!  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  63 

From  the  appearance  of  the  stones  found  in  this  room  it  would  seem 
that  they  had  been  selected  for  their  peculiar  forms,  or  for  the  beauty  of 
their  structure.  There  were  between  fifty  and  seventy-five  pieces,  in- 
cluding masses  of  quartz  crystals,  quartz  containing  iron  pyrites, 
quartz  crystals  stained  with  copper  salts,  large  quartz  crystals  in  single 
form  and  in  groups,  large  pyramidal  calcite  crystals,  masses  of  iron  ore 
showing  iron  pyrites  and  other  crystals,  a  piece  of  goethite,  iron- 
oxide  belonging  to  the  hematite  family,  and  water-worn  pebbles  of  chal- 
cedony. These,  with  pieces  of  petrified  wood  and  variously  colored  clays 
from  the  "Bad  Lands,"  complete  the  list. 

Chalcedony  concretions  were  also  well  represented,  there  being  more 
than  125  pieces,  ranging  in  size  from  a  mass  weighing  two  pounds,  to 
small  delicately  formed  lace-like  pieces.  Shell  fragments,  mostly  of  the 
murex,  were  associated  with  these  specimens.  These  shells  probably 
came  from  the  California  coast.  There  were  125  fragments,  but  no 
whole  shells  were  found. 

A  number  of  chalcedony  and  other  stone  chips  were  found,  and  six 
perfect  arrow  points  and  fragments  of  four  others. 

There  were  two  clusters  of  quartz  crystals,  one  of  which  was  covered 
with  red  ocher  and  the  other  with  some  black  material.  Red  ocher  is 
sometimes  deposited  on  quartz  crystals  by  nature,  but  the  appearance  of 
this  material  suggests  that  it  had  been  applied  by  the  Indians.  What  the 
black  material  is  cannot  be  stated,  but  there  is  a  bubbling  spring  situated 
near  the  "Bad  Lands,"  about  twenty-five  miles  from  Pueblo  Bonito. 
which  exudes  a  black  liquid.  The  Navajo  state  that  this  material  has 
been  used  by  them  in  a  ceremonial  way  for  many  years;  it  may  be  that 
the  black  deposit  on  these  crystals  is  composed  of  the  same  material. 

Broken  Pipes.  Five  pipes  were  found  in  this  room,  all  of  them 
broken.  Four  were  made  of  pottery  and  one  of  stone.  The  stone  pipe  is 
of  tubular  form  and  was  found  in  a  fragmentary  condition  as  shown  in 
Fig.  19f.  It  measures  5  cms.  in  length  and  2.6  cms.  in  diameter  at  its 
widest  part  which  is  at  the  point  where  the  bowl  begins.  The  pipe  is 
flattened,  the  shorter  axis,  at  the  point  just  mentioned,  being  2.2  cms.; 
the  material  is  aragonite.  The  hole  in  the  stem  maintains  a  uniform 
diameter  throughout  its  length.  The  stem  of  another  tubular  pipe 
(H-2576)  was  found.  It  is  6  cms.  long  and  1.8  cms.  in  diameter  at  the 
bowl  end. 

Another  pipe  with  a  different  style  of  bowl  is  shown  in  Fig.  20b. 
The  pipe  is  of  undecorated  clay.  The  length  of  the  fragment  is  4  cms. ; 
the  stem  is  1.8  cms.  in  diameter,  and  the  flaring  bowl  measures  3.5  cms. 


Fig.  19.     Types  of  Stone  Pipes;    a  (5110),   Room  38;    6   (5112),  Room    38;    c    (7209);    d  (952), 
Room  10;   e  (2570),  Room  12;  /  (2880),  Room  26;   g  (5109),  Room  38. 


a  b  c 

Fig.  20.     Tubular  Pottery  Pipes:    a  (8117),  Room  105;    6  (2571),  Room  12;    c  (2569),  Room  12. 


64 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  65 

at  the  rim.  The  bowl  is  very  shallow,  as  the  illustration  shows,  and 
from  the  discoloration  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  it  has  been  smoked. 

A  pipe  of  slightly  different  form  is  shown  in  Fig.  20c.  It  is  made  of  clay 
covered  with  a  white  slip  and  has  a  decoration  in  black  extending  to  the 
rim  of  the  bowl.  The  decoration,  as  shown  in  the  illustration,  is  composed 
of  two  lines  which  extend  from  the  bowl  to  the  mouthpiece  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  stem  and  are  joined  by  two  other  lines  which  encircle  the 
pipe.  On  the  under  side  there  are  additional  lines,  one  set  near  the  stem 
and  the  other  near  the  bowl.  The  stem  of  the  pipe  has  a  decided  curve 
and  is  flattened  laterally.  The  measurements  at  its  central  part  are  1.6 
cms.  by  1.8  cms.  The  bowl  is  flaring,  but  is  flattened  laterally  in  con- 
formity with  the  stem.  The  rim  is  outlined  with  a  line  of  black  paint. 
The  measurements  of  the  bowl  from  rim  to  rim  are  3.1  cms.  by  5.6  cms., 
it  is  1.5  cms.  deep  at  the  central  part.  The  hole  in  the  stem  is  quite 
large  for  a  pottery  pipe;  it  is  irregular  in  form,  its  average  diameter 
being  5  mms.,  the  same  size  of  opening  being  preserved  throughout  its 
length.  The  flaring  bowl  brings  up  a  question  as  to  the  use  of  this  pipe 
for  ordinary  smoking  purposes.  The  flattening  of  the  bowl  would  not 
admit  of  the  use  of  much  tobacco,  and  it  is  a  question  whether  it  could 
be  smoked  at  all  in  such  a  shallow  bowl.  Again,  the  form  of  the  bowl 
suggests  the  squash  flower,  the  emblem  used  on  the  end  of  flutes  and  in 
certain  ceremonial  objects  among  the  Hopi.  The  squash  flower  is  a 
symbol  of  purity  among  these  Indians  and  it  may  be  that  this  pipe  was 
used  as  a  "  Cloud-blower "  in  some  ceremony  of  purification  or  in  con- 
secrating sacred  paraphernalia. 

A  tubular  clay  pipe  (H-2573)  was  found  crushed  into  a  score  of 
fragments.  The  parts  that  could  be  put  together  give  a  fragment  8 
cms.  in  length  so  that  in  its  entirety  it  must  have  been  several  centimeters 
longer.  From  the  fragments  of  the  bowl  it  would  seem  that  this  part 
had  been  over  3  cms.  in  diameter.  The  clay  is  dark  in  color  and  the 
surface,  a  glossy  black;  its  general  appearance  suggests  pipes  made  by 
the  Indians  of  some  of  the  northern  Rio  Grande  pueblos  of  the  present 
day. 

Miscellaneous  Objects.  A  few  bird  bones  were  found  in  the  room, 
also  four  bone  awls.  One  of  these  was  made  from  a  splinter  of  deer  bone 
and  was  very  crude;  two  of  the  others  were  of  the  same  material.  One 
of  them  was  merely  a  fragment,  the  point  end,  and  showed  that,  like 
the  other  specimens  in  question,  the  point  had  been  long  and  tapering. 
The  fourth  was  a  slender  tapering  perforator,  made  of  deer  bone,  12.2 
cms.  long  and  3  mm.  in  diameter  at  the  central  part.     This  specimen 


66 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


(H-2547)  has  been  carefully  smoothed  and  still  retains  a  slight  polish. 
The  prong  of  a  deer  antler  and  the  end  of  a  crudely  made  ceremonial 
stick  were  found.  The  antler,  at  the  point  where  it  had  been  severed, 
had  been  ground  until  the  end  was  perfectly  flat. 

Slabs  of  gypsum  were  found  in  the  debris,  also  crystals  of  azurite 
and  malachite.  A  piece  of  trachyte  with  a  layer  winch  had  formed 
a  part  of  a  vein  of  turquoise  attached;  a  peculiar  sandstone  concretion 
the  base  of  which  had  been  ground  into  circular  form;  a  drilled  lime- 
stone concretion,  drilled  for  suspension  and  a  torpedo-shaped  piece  of 
quartz  crystal,  ground  into  shape ;  two  rectangular  sets,  or  inlays,  prob- 
abby  from  a  mosaic;  a  small  shell  inlay,  probably  for  the  same  purpose; 
a  fragment  of  a  shell  ornament;  and  a  bead  made  of  an  olivella  shell  com- 
pletes the  list  of  smaller  objects. 

One  drill  made  of  chalcedony  was  found;  it  is  4.5 
cms.  in  length  and  is  shown  in  Fig.  21. 

A  dried  frog  was  found  in  the  debris,  but  whether 
it  had  been  used  by  the  old  people  or  had  found  its  way 
into  the  room  after  it  had  been  abandoned  cannot  be 
stated. 

There  was  one  piece  of  pottery  (H-2517)  made  of 
the  usual  gray  material  covered  with  a  white  slip.  The 
vessel  consists  of  three  bowls  joined  together  in  the  form 
of  a  clover-leaf.  The  rims  of  these  bowls  are  outlined  with 
black  paint  and  there  are  decorations  in  the  same  paint 
on  the  interior  of  each  bowl.  The  individual  bowls 
average  5.5  cms.  in  diameter  and  3  cms.  in  depth.  One 
of  these  has  a  design  composed  of  cross-hatching,  forming 
a  sort  of  lattice  work  figure.  Another  has  a  series  of 
four  rings  which  encircle  the  bowl ;  the  third  has  a  series 
of  five  triangles  extending  from  the  rim  toward  the  center,  each  of  these 
being  filled  with  fines  giving  a  hachure  effect.  Vessels  of  this  nature  are 
used  by  the  Hopi  at  the  present  time  for  holding  different  colored  paints, 
and  this  specimen  retains  a  coating  of  green  paint  made  from  malachite. 
Among  the  larger  stone  implements  were  two  hammerstones  of 
natural  pebbles;  a  hammerstone  of  compact  sandstone;  a  grooved 
stone  hammer;  a  small  lapstone  made  from  a  flat,  water-worn  pebble; 
a  small  sandstone  slab;  and  the  end  of  a  moccasin-shaped  stone.  This 
was  a  large  specimen,  the  rounding  portion  of  the  toe  having  the  peculiar 
jog  which  is  so  prominent  in  specimens  of  this  type  from  the  cliff  ruins  of 
Utah  and  Colorado.    It  measures  15  cms.  in  width  at  its  widest  part  and 


Fig.  21  (2548). 
Drill  Point,  Room 
12. 


1920.1 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


67 


its  greatest  thickness  is  1  cm.    It  is  made  of  fine  compact  sandstone  and 
has  been  carefully  ground  and  smoothed  (H-2577) . 

An  object  resembling  a  stone  hoe  was  found.  It  is  made  of  hard 
cherty  sandstone  and  is  shown  in  Fig.  22.  It  is  16.5  cms.  long  and  11 
cms.  in  width  at  the  widest  part.  It  is  made  from  a  thin  plate  of  sand- 
stone, the  greatest  thickness  being  1.2  cms.  The  cutting  edge  is  slightly 
chipped,  as  are  also  certain  other  portions  of  the  edge.  The  grooves  in 
the  edge  of  the  stone  for  attachment  to  a  wooden  handle  have  been 
broken  and  left  in  a  very  crude  state.  The  sides  of  the  implement  show 
no  work  whatever  and  from  the  condition  of  the  edge  it  appears  that  it 
had  not  been  used  to  anv  extent. 


Fig.22.     Stone  Hoes  and  a  Dressed  Stone:  a  (2606),  Room  12;   6  (5220),  Room  38;  c  (5101),  Room  37. 


Room  13. 
Room  13  had  suffered  from  fire,  the  eastern  and  part  of  the  southern 
walls  having  crumbled  from  the  effects  of  the  heat.  The  room  was  8 
feet  6  inches  long  and  8  feet  4  inches  wide.  It  contained  a  number  of 
bird  and  animal  bones,  but  none  of  them  had  been  worked.  Fragments 
of  pottery  bowls  were  scattered  through  the  debris  near  the  floor.  They 
were  bowls  of  small  size,  averaging  about  12  cms.  in  diameter  and  of  the 
type  having  a  black  design  on  the  interior  and  outer  rim.  All  of  the 
fragments  have  dots  or  lines  on  the  edge  of  the  rim,  and  the  pottery  itself 
is  of  a  very  fine  compact  ware.    One  of  the  fragments  has  two  handles 


68  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

near  the  rim  which  would  show  that  originally  there  had  been  four. 
Fragments  of  another  bowl  bear  painted  designs  in  the  form  of  bird 
feet.  There  was  one  fragment  of  red  ware  with  black  interior  which 
seems  to  have  been  part  of  a  very  deep  bowl  of  the  type  that  widens 
gradually  from  the  base  to  the  rim. 

There  were  eighteen  arrow  points  in  the  floor  deposit,  all  but  two  of 
obsidian.    These  points  are  of  the  usual  tapering  type. 

Among  the  other  objects  of  general  interest  was  a  natural  quartzite 
pebble;  a  fragment  of  a  highly  polished  stone  object;  a  number  of  thin 
sheets  of  mica;  a  piece  of  cannel  coal;  and  a  small  transparent  quartz 
crystal. 

Altar  Painting.  When  the  floor  level  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  room 
was  reached,  several  detached  pieces  of  red  pigment  were  found;  they 
bore  on  their  under  surface  the  imprint  of  cloth.  Further  investigation 
showed  that  these  were  the  remains  of  a  ceremonial  object,  oval  in  form. 
The  greater  part  of  the  original  pigment  remained  in  position  and  it 
was  thought  desirable  to  endeavor  to  solidify  the  mass  of  sand  upon 
which  it  rested  in  order  to  transport  the  object  to  the  Museum.  To  do 
this  the  individual  pieces  which  had  curled  from  the  heat  of  the  burning 
room  were  moistened  with  a  solution  of  gum  arabic  and  allowed  to  fall 
back  into  place.  When  this  was  accomplished  the  entire  surface  was 
soaked  with  a  solution  of  the  same  material.  When  the  solution  had 
penetrated  to  a  depth  of  over  an  inch,  layers  of  cheese-cloth  were  soaked 
in  a  solution  of  glue  and  applied  to  the  surface,  the  cloth  being  carried  to 
within  an  inch  of  the  edge  of  the  pigment  area;  the  next  step  was  the 
cutting  away  of  the  sides.  When  this  was  completed  it  was  found  that 
decayed  vegetable  matter  formed  part  of  the  deposit  which  left  openings 
which  had  to  be  filled  with  the  cement  composed  of  sand  and  glue. 
It  required  the  greater  part  of  a  week  for  the  solution  to  dry  and  before 
it  was  safe  to  turn  the  solidified  mass  of  sand  on  edge.  When  this  was 
accomplished  the  under  part  was  covered  with  the  cement  of  sand  and 
glue  and  the  whole  mass,  with  the  exception  of  the  pigment  itself,  was 
covered  with  several  layers  of  cheese-cloth  which  had  been  treated  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  ones  previously  used.  When  these  had  hardened 
the  upper  part  was  covered  with  layers  of  cotton  batting  and  the  mass 
enclosed  in  a  box  lined  with  sheepskins.  In  this  condition  it  reached  the 
Museum,  where  it  is  now  on  exhibition.  The  pigment-covered 
textile  in  its  original  form  was  no  doubt  used  for  some  ceremonial 
purpose.  The  cloth  was  probably  made  of  yucca  although  no  traces  of 
it  remained.     There  are  evidences  that  a  band  of  green  pigment  had 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  69 

formed  a  border  which  encircled  the  object,  but  only  a  small  portion  of 
it  remains,  as  before  noted.  In  its  present  form  the  pigment  averages 
3  rams,  in  thickness. 

Shell  and  Turquoise.  Six  inches  below  this  object  in  the  north- 
western corner  of  the  room  a  shell  trumpet  was  found.  It  is  the  shell  of  a 
strombus,  variety  galeatus  (Swainson)  and  was  probably  obtained  in 
exchange  from  tribes  living  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  In  making  this  trumpet 
the  upper  end  of  the  columnella  was  ground  off  to  form  a  mouthpiece. 
About  8  cms.  of  the  lid  of  the  shell  was  cut  away  and  two  holes  were 
drilled  near  the  edge  of  the  remaining  portion.  These  holes  were  no 
doubt  used  for  the  attachment  of  a  cord  by  means  of  which  the  trumpet 
was  carried.  A  mouthpiece  made  of  clay,  such  as  has  been  found  on 
some  of  the  murex  shell  trumpets  in  this  pueblo,  was  found  near  by. 
A  fragment  of  another  mouthpiece  of  similar  form  was  found  near  the 
floor  level. 

A  number  of  fragments  of  strojnbus  shells  were  scattered  through  the 
debris,  many  of  them  had  been  worked  on  the  edges  and  some  were 
drilled.  One  in  particular  has  a  design  in  hachure  effect  on  the  edge.  A 
section  of  the  edge  of  a  basket  bowl  retains  a  covering  of  red  pigment. 
This  material  had  been  applied  to  both  the  outer  and  inner  surface  of  the 
basket,  and  may  be  a  portion  of  one  found  in  a  fragmentary  condition 
in  an  adjoining  room. 

Fragments  of  turquoise  and  small  turquoise  inlays  were  found  asso- 
ciated with  inlays  of  pink  stone,  forming  rectangular  and  semicircular 
inlays,  also  flat  pieces  from  which  these  specimens  have  been  cut.  There 
were  two  circular  inlays  of  this  stone.  These  specimens  average  1.1 
cms.  in  diameter.  There  was  another  made  of  jet  which  was  about  the 
same  size;  with  it  were  a  number  of  irregular  jet  inlays  of  angular  form. 
There  were  three  small  beads  made  from  azurite  and  one  small  bead  made 
from  an  olivella  shell. 

Room  14. 
Room  14,  the  easternmost  of  the  series  under  consideration,  proved 
to  be  one  that  had  suffered  greatly  from  fire.  The  material  with  which 
it  was  filled  bore  evidence  of  the  great  heat  which  caused  even  the  walls 
to  crumble.  (See  p.  283,  where  this  room  is  numbered  85.)  Work  in 
this  room  was  carried  to  the  depth  of  five  feet  and  then,  owing  to  the  ruined 
condition  of  the  walls,  it  was  decided  to  discontinue  operations.  The 
western  part  was  the  only  section  of  the  room  that  received  attention, 
but  in  it  a  few  specimens  were  found.     One  of  these  was  a  ceremonial 


70  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vo  1.  XXVII' 

stick  with  a  carved  head  found  in  the  uppermost  layers,  showing  that  it 
had  been  in  one  of  the  upper  rooms  and  had  thereby  escaped  the  fire. 
There  were  three  olivella  shell  beads,  two  blackened  by  fire,  and  a  pottery 
bowl  whose  color  had  also  been  changed  by  the  heat.  This  bowl  (H-2703) 
is  12.5  cms.  in  diameter  from  rim  to  rim  and  4.5  cms.  in  depth.  The 
vessel  was,  no  doubt,  of  the  ordinary  whiteware  with  decorations  in 
black.  The  decorations  retain  their  original  color,  but  the  vessel  has 
changed  to  a  dark  red  cream  color.  The  design  is  in  the  form  of  meanders 
and  dots,  and  extends  to  the  rim  which  projects  3  mms.  from  the  edge  of 
the  bowl. 

Specimens  of  adobe  showing  impressions  of  cornstalks,  reeds,  and 
willow  stalks  which  had  been  used  as  a  part  of  the  ceilings  and  floors, 
were  taken  to  show  the  action  of  fire.  Some  of  them  are  burnt  to  a  brick 
red  color,  others  to  a  black,  probably  from  the  action  of  dense  smoke. 

Room  l^a.  When  work  in  Room  14  was  discontinued,  it  was  de- 
cided to  devote  the  balance  of  the  season  to  investigations  in  other  parts 
of  the  ruin,  but  an  accident  caused  the  removal  of  the  debris  from  the 
room  between  Room  10  and  the  room  used  as  our  storeroom  and  kitchen. 
There  was  a  doorway  in  the  south  wall  of  the  room,  which  will  hereafter 
be  known  as  Room  14b,  and  after  each  heavy  shower  there  would  be  a 
pool  of  water  on  the  floor  of  this  room.  Filling  up  the  doorway  with 
stones  and  masonry  did  not  help  matters,  so  the  room  into  which  this 
doorway  led  was  cleared.  Room  14a  (over  14b)  is  shown  in  Fig.  23. 
The  debris  from  the  upper  levels  was  cleared  away,  disclosing  the  floor 
and  heavy  beams  that  supported  it.  These  beams  spanned  the  shorter 
axis  of  the  room,  thereby  causing  them  to  lie  in  a  north  and  south  direc- 
tion. The  view  shown  in  the  photograph  is  toward  the  north.  The  wall 
in  the  foreground  is  of  the  old  type,  the  stones  being  irregular  in  form 
with  unworked  edges.  The  north  wall  of  the  room  is  of  a  later  period, 
the  stones  being  shorter  and  thicker  and  having  their  faces  dressed. 
Between  these  stones  was  chinking,  composed  of  thin  laminae  of  sand- 
stone. The  adobe  floor  is  shown  to  very  good  advantage  in  this  picture. 
The  surface  was  smoothed  originally,  but  in  falling  from  its  natural 
position  it  cracked  to  the  extent  here  shown.  The  material  under  the 
adobe  was  cedar  bast,  or  shredded  cedarbark.  A  very  thick  layer  of  this 
materia]  had  been  scattered  over  the  floor  boards,  before  the  adobe 
had  been  applied.  These  boards  are  best  seen  in  Fig.  24.  They  are 
made  of  pine  and  the  sides  and  ends  have  been  carefully  ground  with 
sandstone  rasps.  The  poles  which  upheld  the  floor  boards  may  be  seen 
directly  under  them. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  71 

The  construction  of  floors  of  this  kind  is  rather  uncommon  in  Pueblo 
Bonito,  due  to  the  fact  no  doubt  that  the  manufacture  of  boards  of  this 
nature  was  a  somewhat  tedious  task.  Most  of  the  floors  were  sustained 
by  poles,  willow  stalks,  or  branches  with  twigs.  These  are  found  in 
various  parts  of  the  ruin  and  will  be  described  as  the  work  progresses. 

Room  IJfi.  Room  14b  is  one  of  the  rooms  mentioned  in  the  first 
part  of  this  report  as  undoubtedly  one  of  the  last  ones  added  to  the 
pueblo  before  it  was  abandoned.  A  view  of  the  north  wall  of  the  pueblo, 
showing  the  entrance  into  Room  14b,  is  shown  in  Fig.  5.  A  new  type  of 
masonry  is  shown  in  the  photograph.  The  finishing  of  the  larger  stones 
and  the  chinking  of  the  layers  received  the  most  careful  attention  from 
the  old  masons.  In  the  section  of  wall  shown,  three  doorways  appear, 
which  were  closed  at  the  time  the  wall  was  built. 

Architecture.  The  ceiling  of  this  room  is  worthy  of  attention. 
The  room  is  rectangular  and  its  longer  axis  is  east  and  west.  The  beams 
ran  in  the  opposite  directions,  their  ends  entering  the  north  and  south 
walls.  The  ceiling  beams  are  made  of  pine  and  above  them  rested  a  layer 
of  individual  willow  stalks.  The  ceiling  as  here  shown  (Fig.  25)  is  one 
of  the  most  ornate  found  in  the  pueblo.  The  bark  had  been  removed 
from  the  ceiling  beams  and  also  from  the  willow  stalks,  causing  them  to 
appear  in  strong  contrast  with  the  dark  walls  which  surrounded  them. 

The  southern  wall  was  in  a  good  state  of  preservation,  plaster  half 
an  inch  thick  covered  the  greater  part,  and  scratched  into  the  soft 
surface  were  numerous  names  and  dates,  showing  that  the  room  had 
been  open  for  years.  Where  the  plaster  had  been  torn  off,  the  wall, 
thus  presented  to  view,  was  made  of  large  stones,  the  chinks  being  filled 
with  thin  pieces  of  sandstone.  The  doorway  was  plastered  on  the  sides 
and  the  lintel  composed  of  seven  poles,  2%  inches  in  diameter  and  laid 
close  together.  The  facing  of  the  doorway  was  square,  but  the  plaster 
had  been  rounded  a  trifle.  The  wall  was  bulged  to  some  extent  at  the 
eastern  end,  but  not  enough  to  crack  the  plaster. 

The  northern  wall  was  in  good  condition  but  almost  all  of  the  plaster 
had  been  washed  off.  This  wall  was  similar  in  construction  to  the  south- 
ern one,  having  large  stones  with  the  interstices  chinked  with  smaller 
ones  that  often  formed  layers  2  inches  thick,  but  it  was  not  the  regular 
layer  wall.  About  1  foot  west  of  the  doorway,  and  running  from  the 
floor  to  the  ceiling  in  a  zigzag  line,  was  a  crack  that  opened  over  1  inch 
in  some  places.  The  doorway  was  a  little  to  the  east  of  the  center  and 
the  bottom  was  11  inches  above  the  present  floor  level — the  Original 
floor  was  probably  1  foot  or  1%  feet  lower  than  the  present  one,  which  is  the 


ww**^?--' 


I    S 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bovito.  79 

debris  that  has  accumulated.  All  the  measurements  were  made  to  the 
present  floor  surface;  therefore,  in  order  to  get  the  exact  height,  the 
above-mentioned  distance  must  be  added.  The  lintel  of  the  doorway  was 
composed  of  logs  about  2  inches  in  diameter  and  over  5  feet  in  length. 
Three  of  these  are  intact,  and  a  fourth  has  part  of  the  eastern  end  in 
position.  The  sides  of  this  doorway  are  very  even,  the  chinks  being  filled 
with  such  care  that  the  present  surface  is  almost  smooth  and  devoid  of 
open  spaces.  The  sides  had  originally  been  plastered,  as  had  also  the 
bottom.    The  lintel  was  no  doubt  originally  as  it  now  appears. 

The  wall  at  the  side  of  the  doorway  is  2  feet  4  inches  thick,  the  outer 
part  forming  the  exterior  wall  of  the  building.  The  eastern  wall  still 
retains  most  of  its  external  plaster,  but  it  is  seared  with  marks,  and  water 
has  greatly  roughened  the  surface.  It  is  composed  of  the  same  material 
as  the  sides  of  the  room,  and  is  built  after  the  same  fashion. 

The  lintel  of  the  doorway  is  composed  of  round  poles,  3%  inches  in 
diameter,  that  reach  across  the  room,  the  ends  being  buried  in  the  side 
walls.  Originally  there  were  three,  but  only  the  front  pole  now  remains 
intact;  this  doorway  was  also  plastered,  but  only  small  pieces  now  cling 
to  the  sides.    The  wall  at  the  side  of  the  doorway  is  1  foot  6  inches  thick. 

The  western  wall  had  a  large  crack  running  from  the  northern  end 
of  the  upper  part  of  the  doorway  to  the  ceiling;  otherwise,  the  wall 
was  in  a  fair  condition  of  solidity.  The  plaster  adhered  to  the  stones 
over  the  greater  part  of  the  surface;  the  wall  was  of  the  same  material  and 
construction  as  the  other  three.  The  doorway,  as  in  the  other  cases,  had 
been  plastered,  but  very  little  of  the  plaster  remained.  The  lintel  was 
composed  of  five  sticks,  about  2  inches  in  diameter,  laid  so  as  to  touch 
each  other.  For  some  reason  this  doorway  had  been  walled  up  and 
plastered  to  a  distance  of  10  inches  from  the  present  floor  level,  which 
would  be  over  2  feet  from  the  original  floor.  The  wall  on  the  side  of  the 
doorway  was  1  foot  6  inches  thick. 

Ceiling  Structure.  The  ceiling  of  this  room  is  composed  of  logs  that 
measure  from  4  to  6  inches  in  diameter.  These  run  transversely  and 
are  from  2  to  3  inches  apart.  They  are  imbedded  in  the  masonry  with 
small  pieces  of  sandstone  packed  around  each  end.  The  fifth  and 
sixth  logs  from  the  western  end  have  been  removed ;  otherwise,  the  ceiling- 
is  in  good  condition.  Above  these  logs,  and  resting  on  them,  are  small 
willow  sticks,  these  measure  from  3  to  4  feet  in  length,  and  most  of  them 
are  but  a  trifle  over  %  inch  in  diameter.  These  sticks  are  placed  so  close 
together  that  it  would  have  been  almost  impossible  to  find  a  place  large 
enough  to  insert  a  pencil  when  the  ceiling  was  new.    The  number  lying 


80  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII. 

side  by  side  in  a  section  about  the  center  of  the  room  were  counted  and 
it  was  found  that  there  were  one  hundred  and  sixty-three.  Resting  on 
these  willows  was  a  layer  of  ceclarbark  that  supported  the  adobe  floor 
of  the  room  above. 

The  entrance  to  the  upper  room  is  situated  in  the  southern  corner. 
From  the  appearance  of  the  ends  of  the  two  logs  that  have  been  cut  off, 
one  would  be  led  to  think  that  this  opening  had  been  made  after  the 
completion  of  the  ceiling.  The  ends  of  the  logs  are  very  irregularly 
cut  and  on  the  under  part  are  places  where  pieces  have  been  stripped 
off  as  though  the  operation  had  been  a  difficult  one. 

Running  parallel  with  the  large  timbers,  but  above  the  small  sticks, 
are  flat  willows  lying  with  the  rounded  side  up;  these  are  so  placed  that 
they  occupy  a  space  equidistant  from  the  large  beams;  over  these  split 
pieces,  at  intervals  of  about  6  inches,  are  strips  of  yucca  leaves,  some  of 
which  have  the  ends  tied.  There  are  one  hundred  and  fifty -one  of  these 
strings  pendent  from  the  ceiling,  and  it  is  highly  probable  that  the  room 
was  used  for  drying  meats  or  produce.  The  large  beams  were  of  pine 
and  spruce,  pine  predominating.  All  of  the  pieces  are  bright  and  clean, 
and  are  entirely  devoid  of  bark.  They  are  all  sections  of  young  trees 
and  were  peeled  while  the  bark  was  green.  Some  of  them  are  badly 
checked,  but  the  majority  are  quite  solid.  The  small  sticks  are  all  in- 
dividual willow  growths,  carefully  peeled,  and  the  butt  end  of  each  stick 
ground  until  it  presented  a  flat  surface.  This  was  probably  done  with  a 
piece  of  sandstone.  Some  of  the  willows  measure  ){  inch  at  the  butt  end, 
but  most  of  them  are  under  this  figure.  All  of  them  taper,  but  each  one 
has  the  whip  end  removed.  In  placing  these  sticks  the  butt  ends  were 
laid  in  a  line,  when  the  next  layer  was  put  in  position,  with  a  lap  of  about 
2  inches.  This  form  of  ceiling  was  solid  and  compact,  and,  from  an  aes- 
thetic standpoint,  the  finest  found  in  the  ruins. 

Room  15. 

Very  little  work  was  done  in  Room  15,  in  fact,  only  a  few  feet  of 
earth  were  removed.  Developments  in  Room  16  necessitated  trans- 
ferring the  men  from  Room  15  and  the  ceremonial  problems  presented 
by  this  and  nearby  rooms  and  the  attempt  to  ascertain  the  character  of 
rooms  in  various  parts  of  the  ruin,  employed  all  the  time  that  remained 
in  the  season  of  1896. 

The  investigations  in  the  following  years  carried  the  work  to 
the  walls  of  Room  15,  but  the  room  itself,  with  the  northern  part  of  the 
ruin,  has  never  received  attention. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  81 

Room  16. 

Kiva.  The  great  central  court  of  Pueblo  Bonito  is  divided  into 
two  parts  by  a  single  series  of  rooms  extending  from  an  estufa  (kiva) 
situated  near  the  southern  wall  of  the  pueblo,  northward  to  another 
estufa,  directly  in  front  of  the  semicircle  formed  by  what  was  no  doubt 
once  the  terraced  part  of  the  pueblo.  This  estufa  will  be  known  as 
Room  16;  its  exact  position  in  the  ruin  may  be  seen  in  the  diagram 
(Fig.  155). 

This  room  was  filled  with  debris  when  the  work  was  begun,  but  it 
proved  to  be  mostly  of  drift  sand  and  portions  of  burnt  ceiling  timbers. 
Nothing  of  importance  was  found  in  the  debris,  with  the  exception  of  an 
obsidian  arrow  point  of  the  usual  tapering  form;  an  ornament  of  stone 
made  from  a  natural  concretion;  and  a  fragment  of  a  mano  made  from 
honey-combed  volcanic  scoria.  The  room,  after  the  debris  had  been  re- 
moved, is  shown  in  Fig.  26,  which  gives  a  general  idea  of  its  floor  space, 
structure,  and  general  appearance,  but  the  individual  parts  can  be 
seen  to  better  advantage  in  the  sectional  photographs  which 
precede.  The  diameter  of  the  floor  space  was  found  to  be  20  feet  6  inches; 
this,  with  the  benches,  gave  a  diameter  of  24  feet  7  inches  from  face  to 
face  of  the  enclosing  wall. 

The  room  itself  was  well  built,  of  the  usual  circular  type;  the  wall 
was  intended  to  be  perpendicular  and  in  most  cases  was  almost  so. 
Originally  it  was  plastered,  the  coating  which  may  still  be  seen  in  places, 
being  half  an  inch  in  thickness.  The  bench  that  surrounded  the  entire 
circle  was  of  uniform  height,  except  on  either  side  of  the  niches  at  the 
north  and  south,  where  it  was  slightly  lower  than  the  other  parts,  the 
descent  being  gradual  and  although  not  great,  was  readily  seen.  This 
bench  was  made  of  carefully  selected  stones;  they  range  from  2  inches  to 
over  a  foot  in  length  and  were  on  an  average  1  inch  thick.  They  were  of 
the  usual  gray  sandstone  and  were  laid  with  a  thin  plaster,  but  so  close 
that  the  space  between  them  was  hardly  noticeable.  On  the  surface  of 
the  wall  face  of  this  bench  there  was  a  layer  of  pure  white  plaster  which 
was  in  some  places  fully  3  inches  thick.  The  plaster  on  the  main  wall 
was  of  the  ordinary  brown  variety  and  therefore  the  white  must  have 
stood  out  in  strong  contrast. 

There  were  fourteen  sticks  imbedded  in  the  bench  at  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  estufa.  They  were  greatly  decayed  and  had  been 
broken  to  within  a  foot  of  the  bench  level.  Their  diameter,  as  near  as 
one  can  judge  from  the  decayed  pieces  that  remained,  must  have  been 
originally  over  5  cms.    These  sticks  stand  in  a  line,  following  the  contour 


82  .4  nthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

of  the  wall  and  are  on  an  average  about  18  cms.  apart  and  13  cms.  from 
the  main  wall.  The  use  of  these  sticks  cannot  be  given.  Uprights  in 
pairs  are  used  in  some  of  the  modern  estufas  as  loom  supporters,  a  great 
deal  of  weaving  being  done  by  the  men  when  no  ceremonies  are  in  pro- 
gress, a  use  for  such  a  series  as  is  here  presented  does  not  suggest 
itself.1 

The  southeastern  part  of  the  estufa  showing  the  bench,  two  beam 
supports,  and  the  fourteen  sticks  is  shown  in  Fig.  27.  This  picture  gives  a 
good  idea  of  the  stones  employed  in  the  building  of  the  wall  and  bench. 

There  were  niches  in  the  bench  at  the  north  and  south  side  of  the 
estufa  as  shown  in  Fig.  28.  The  one  in  the  north  end  was  20  cms.  above 
the  floor,  whereas  the  one  at  the  south  side  started  at  the  floor  level 
(Fig.  28).  These  openings  virtually  divided  the  bench  into  two  sections 
or  semicircles  and  on  each  of  these  divisions  there  were  three  supports 
for  pillars.  These  supports  average  65  cms.  in  length,  50  cms.  in  width, 
and  were  31  cms.  in  height.  They  were  built  around  and  over  circular 
logs  made  from  trees  having  the  heart  intact  and  the  sides  and  upper 
part  were  plastered.  These  supports  were  built  of  small  pieces  of  sand- 
stone, thereby  making  a  very  compact  mass,  as  the  stones  were  readily 
fitted  to  the  rounding  portion  of  the  log  and  conformed  to  any  irregulari- 
ties that  were  presented.  The  logs  were  from  13  to  16  cms.  in  diameter, 
and  extended  from  the  face  of  the  support  to  a  point  nearly  a  meter 
beyond  the  face  of  the  estufa  wall.  Directly  back  of  these  supports  there 
have  been  rectangular  openings  which  have  had  poles  across  the  top 
similar  to  the  lintels  of  doorways.  These  openings  may  have  been  made 
that  the  beams  might  be  set  in  the  main  wall,  but  the  reason  for  placing 
the  poles  over  them  cannot  be  conjectured.  All  of  these  openings  had 
been  filled  with  masonry  similar  to  that  of  the  surrounding  wall  area. 
The  openings  averaged  81  cms.  in  width  and  the  poles  which  spanned 
their  upper  parts  were  from  47  to  63  cms.  above  the  top  of  the  bench. 
Most  of  the  poles  had  been  destroyed  by  fire. 


'One  of  the  Navajo  workmen  employed  in  excavating  this  estufa,  said  that  the  meaning  was  quite 
plain  to  him  as  he  had  heard  the  old  medicinemen  of  the  Navajo  describe  such  poles  as  having  been 
used  by  the  old  Pueblo  people.  His  explanation,  although  bearing  little  weight  in  a  scientific  way,  was 
nevertheless  interesting.  He  said  that  they  had  originally  projected  1.26  m.  above  the  bench  level, 
and  then,  regardless  of  the  fact  that  he  was  supposed  to  be  explaining  a  Pueblo  altar,  be  proceeded  to  give 
the  Navajo  names  of  the  gods  as  represented  by  the  sticks.  It  is  well-known  that  there  has  been  an 
interchange  of  ceremonies  between  the  Navajo  and  the  Pueblo,  but  it  hardly  seems  possible  that  Navajo 
god-names  would  be  given  to  prominent  objects  of  this  kind  in  one  of  their  ceremonial  rooms.  He  said 
that  beginning  with  the  southern  end  their  names  were  as  follows :  First  haste  yalte ;  second ;  haste,  yebecae  ; 
third,  haste  yebaad,  and  so  on  through  the  series  using  the  gods  already  mentioned  until  the  fourteenth 
was  reached  and  this  one  he  named  tonilili,  who  is  the  water-god  of  the  Navajo.  This  Navajo  said  that 
the  sticks  formed  the  background  of  an  altar,  and  that  a  mass  of  white  sand  found  directly  under  the 
•low  of  sticks  was  used  in  making  sand  or  dry  paintings  in  front  of  the  row  of  gods. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  83 

The  logs  in  the  supports  on  the  bench,  with  one  exception,  had  been 
destroyed  by  fire,  but  in  the  cylindrical  openings  which  remained,  a 
number  of  interesting  objects  were  found.  Beginning  with  the  support 
at  the  east,  which  is  numbered,  one,  the  contents  of  each  opening  were 
sifted  with  the  following  results : — 

No.  1  contained  twenty-two  turquoise  beads,  thirteen  of  which  were  cylindrical 
and  nine  of  the  usual  flat  form.  There  were  also  ten  made  from  olivella  shell  beads, 
ten  flat  stone  beads  made  in  the  shape  of  a  figure  eight,  and  five  shell  pendants. 
All  of  these  specimens  had  been  blackened  by  fire. 

In  support  No.  2  there  were  seven  cylindrical  turquoise  beads;  ten  of  the  flat 
circular  form,  half  of  which  were  turquoise;  also  thirteen  stone  beads  of  the  figure 
eight  form;  seven  olivella  shell  beads,  and  three  shell  pendants.  The  objects  in  this 
deposit  had  been  so  changed  by  the  action  of  the  fire  that  it  was  hard  to  tell  in  many 
instances  just  what  the  material  was. 

In  support  No.  3  there  were  twenty  cylindrical  turquoise  beads;  twelve  flat 
circular  beads;  twenty-four  shell  beads  of  the  figure  eight  form;  seventeen  olivella 
shell  beads,  and  seven  irregular  shell  pendants,  all  of  which  were  blackened  from  the 
fire. 

In  support  No.  4  there  were  three  cylindrical  turquoise  beads,  and  two  of  the  flat 
circular  form,  one  of  which  still  retains  a  bright  green  color.  With  these  were  fourteen 
olivella  shell  beads  and  twenty-one  stone  beads  in  the  form  of  a  figure  eight.  With 
the  exception  of  the  bead  mentioned  all  of  the  objects  were  blackened. 

In  support  No.  5  were  five  cylindrical  turquoise  beads;  one  flat  circular  turquoise 
bead;  two  stone  beads  of  the  figure  eight  form;  one  olivella  shell  bead,  and  one  shell 
pendant.  The  specimens  in  this  deposit  had  evidently  been  shielded  in  some  way 
from  the  fire,  for  all  of  them  preserved  their  natural  colors,  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  pieces  of  turquoise  which  had  become  bleached  to  a  certain  extent  by  the  fire; 
none  of  them,  however,  were  blackened. 

In  support  No.  6  there  were  two  cylindrical  turquoise  beads;  three  of  the  flat 
circular  form ;  three  stone  beads  of  the  figure  eight  shape;  fragments  of  two  oliiella 
shell  beads;  and  two  shell  pendants.  The  fire  had  blackened  all  of  these  objects, 
as  was  the  case  in  most  of  the  other  supports. 

On  the  bench  between  supports  No.  3  and  No.  4  there  were  four 
cylindrical  turquoise  beads;  two  of  the  flat  circular  form;  ten  of  the 
figure  eight  form;  ten  of  the  olivella  shell  beads;  and  one  shell  pendant. 
These  pieces  were  lying  directly  upon  the  surface  of  the  bench,  but 
originally  they  may  have  been  covered  with  plaster.  From  various  other 
parts  of  the  bench  there  came  one  cylindrical  turquoise  bead;  one  of  the 
flat  circular  type;  two  olivella  shell  beads;  and  three  shell  pendants. 

Were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  other  estufas  in  this  ruin  had  been  in- 
vestigated, the  manner  of  disposing  of  the  objects  in  the  supports  would 
be  uncertain.  From  the  investigations,  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  these 
objects  had  been  deposited  in  a  ceremonial  way  in  small  openings  or 
depressions  which  had  been  prepared  for  their  reception  in  the  top  of 


84  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

each  log;  they  were  no  doubt  ceremonial  offerings  to  the  house-god.  and 
will  be  described  in  detail  when  Room  67  is  being  considered. 

From  the  objects  found  in  these  deposits  it  would  seem  that  there 
had  been  a  reason  for  selecting  certain  forms  of  beads.  The  cylindrical 
turquoise  bead,  although  found  in  other  parts  of  the  ruin,  is  not  at  all 
common  in  this  pueblo  and  yet  there  were  several  of  these  in  each  support. 
The  olivella  beads  and  those  of  the  figure  eight  form  are  found  in  many 
of  the  rooms,  but  the  only  place  in  which  the  irregular  shell  beads  were 
found  in  numbers  was  in  one  of  the  burial  rooms  known  as  Room  3. 

The  manner  of  roofing  these  ceremonial  rooms  is  interesting  to  the 
student  of  primitive  architecture.  There  were  no  evidences  of  ceiling 
beams  save  those  in  a  fragmentary  condition.  They  were  found,  however, 
in  Room  67  where  a  study  of  this  type  of  building  as  shown  in  Pueblo 
Bonito  will  be  given. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  rooms  of  this  type  were  used  for  ceremonial 
purposes,  objects,  except  of  a  ceremonial  nature,  are  seldom  found  in  the 
debris,  unless  as  in  the  case  of  Room  67  where  the  estufa  has  passed  into 
disuse  and  become  a  receptacle  for  sweepings  from  the  rooms  and  terraces. 

All  of  the  estufas  excavated  in  this  ruin  have  a  fireplace  in  the  central 
part,  or  at  least  a  point  near  the  center  of  the  floor  area.  The  fireplace 
in  this  one  is  nearer  the  south  side,  about  a  meter  south  of  the  center. 
It  was  over  63  cms.  in  diameter  and  its  sides  had  been  built  up  with  thin 
blocks  of  sandstone,  the  work  being  done  in  a  very  careful  manner. 

Room  17. 
M elates.  A  little  to  the  southeast  of  Room  16  and  adjoining  it  at 
that  side  was  Room  17.  It  was  the  first  room  on  the  north  of  the  series 
that  stretched  southward  across  the  court.  The  position  of  this  room 
may  be  seen  in  Fig.  155 .  The  eastern  and  southern  walls  had  been  carried 
away  in  the  general  disintegration  of  this  part  of  the  pueblo,  leaving 
portions  of  the  north  and  west  walls  standing.  Owing  to  the  fact  that 
there  was  very  little  material  covering  the  floor,  it  was  not  long  after 
the  investigations  in  the  room  were  begun  before  the  tops  of  two  large 
metates  or  grinding  stones  were  found.  They  proved  to  be  very  large 
ones  and  when  the  floor  level  was  reached  several  others  were  found 
partly  imbedded  in  the  floor.  The  room  in  its  entirety  is  shown  in  Fig.  29. 
This  view  is  toward  the  west,  showing  the  western  and  northern  part  of 
the  room.  The  stone  work  indicates  an  intermediate  period  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  pueblo.  The  stones  are  not  faced  to  any  extent,  but  greater 
care  has  been  used  in  selecting  them  than  is  shown  in  the  older  type  of 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  85 

walls.  White  plaster  is  still  in  evidence  on  the  lower  part  of  the  west  and 
north  walls  and  there  were  evidences  of  white  meal  in  all  parts  of  the 
room. 

This  was  essentially  a  grinding  room  and  from  the  evidences  it  may 
well  have  been  a  room  used  for  the  grinding  of  material  to  be  used  in 
ceremonies.  The  floor  space  was  almost  covered  with  metates,  used  to 
such  an  extent  that  the  central  portions  of  the  troughs  had  been  broken. 
Three  of  these  may  be  seen  in  the  foreground;  two  of  them  had  been 
placed  in  such  a  position  that  they  would  catch  the  meal  from  one  of  the 
larger  metates.  Between  the  large  grinding  stones,  a  stone  slab  was 
let  into  the  floor;  it  was  94  cms.  long,  67  cms.  wide,  and  3  cms.  in 
thickness.  The  edges  of  this  slab  had  been  worked  by  grinding  and  the 
surface  smoothed  to  some  extent.  Directly  behind  the  large  milling 
stone,  at  the  left  of  the  picture,  was  a  small  metate.  It  too  had  been 
used  until  a  hole  had  been  worn  through  the  bottom.  In  its  present  in- 
verted position  it  was  evidently  used  as  a  bench  upon  which  the  grinder 
kneeled.  Another  broken  metate  is  standing  on  edge  upon  this  one,  and 
resting  against  the  west  wall. 

The  two  large  metates  seem  to  have  been  the  only  ones  in  use  when 
the  room  was  abandoned.  The  larger  one,  containing  three  grinding 
troughs,  was  a  block  of  hard  white  sandstone,  as  were  all  the  other 
metates  in  the  room.  Its  length  at  the  widest  part  is  94  cms.,  its  width 
71  cms.,  and  its  thickness,  18  cms.  The  mealing  troughs  had  been  worn 
to  an  average  depth  of  8  cms.  This  metate  was  covered  with  a  thin  layer 
of  cornmeal  and  under  the  front  part  there  was  quite  a  deposit  of  the 
same  material.  The  metate  containing  four  depressions  was  76  cms. 
long,  63  cms.  wide  and  18  cms.  thick,  the  depth  of  the  troughs  averag- 
ing 8  cms.  On  the  floor,  which  was  made  of  adobe,  two  perfect  and  two 
fragmentary  manos  were  found. 

In  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  room  directly  behind  the  metate 
with  four  depressions,  a  trumpet  made  from  a  murex  shell  was  found.  The 
lip  had  been  cut  away  to  some  extent  and  near  its  upper  part  two  holes  had 
been  drilled;  one  of  these  had  been  filled  with  bitumen  or  some  black 
gum  which  is  still  in  place  (Fig.  46).  Four  fragments  of  murex  shell  were 
found  with  the  trumpet  and  judging  from  the  fact  that  one  of  these  is 
part  of  a  mouthpiece,  it  may  be  the  fragments  are  part  of  a  second 
trumpet.    These  were  the  only  small  objects  found  in  the  room. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  there  is  a  depression  in  the  court  at  this  point, 
the  southern  end  of  the  room  has  been  washed  away  and  its  length, 
therefore,  could  not  be  determined.    A  short  distance  west  of  this  end  of 


86 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


the  room,  another  large  metate  containing  three  grinding  troughs  was 
found.  There  is  a  possibility  that  it  may  have  been  originally  one  of  the 
grinding  implements  of  Room  17,  but  from  its  position  it  is  hardly  prob- 
able. 

Room  18. 
Room  18  is  an  angular  room  situated  at  the  northeastern  side  of  the 
square  which  surrounds  Room  16.  It  is  really  a  room  which  fills  this 
particular  corner.  Its  longest  wall  is  that  on  the  western  side  which 
measures  7  feet  2  inches  long,  the  eastern  is  4  feet  11  inches,  the  north 
which  separates  it  from  Room  19  is  6  feet  2  inches,  and  the  south,  where  it 
approaches  the  arc  of  the  estufa,  is  2  feet  6  inches.  The  walls  were  stand- 
ing to  a  height  of  5  feet  7  inches  above  the  floor  level. 


Fig.  30  abc  (2802,  2804,  2800).     Rubbing  Stones,  Room  18. 

Wood-working.  This  room  was  evidently  one  devoted  to  the  manu- 
facture of  wooden  objects.  Only  three  specimens  of  wood  were  found  in 
the  room,  one  in  the  shape  of  a  knife,  the  second  a  curved  ceremonia 
game  stick,  and  the  third  a  fragment  of  one  of  the  long  ceremonial  sticks 
with  carved  ends.  There  was  a  lapstone  made  of  a  hard  fine-grained 
sandstone  of  a  dark  color,  the  surface  of  which  has  been  smoothed  from 
use.  Another  large  piece  of  sandstone  having  a  gritty  texture  and  a 
light  color  was  found  on  the  floor;  one  surface  had  been  worn  as  though 
it  had  been  used  for  grinding  objects  of  irregular  shape.  One  of  the 
sides,  however,  was  flattened  and  had  no  doubt  been  used  as  a  rasp  in 
grinding  the  surfaces  of  wooden  slabs  or  tablets.  With  these  large  stones 
were  found  twenty-six  small  implements  made  of  the  same  gritty 
sandstone  as  that  described.  From  their  shape  and  from  the  various 
grooves  and  depressions  in  their  surfaces,  it  seems  quite  evident  that 
they  comprised  the  outfit  of  a  wood-worker.  A  series  of  these  objects  is 
shown  in  Fig.  30. 

There  is  doubt  concerning  the  use  of  these  small  rooms  around 
the  estufas.  In  this  case  it  would  seem  that  they  had  been  devoted  to  the 
preparation  of  materials  to  be  used  in  ceremonies  in  the  estufa. 


Fig.  32.     Sealed  Doorway,  Room  20. 


88 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  89 

Room  19. 
Room  19  is  north  of  and  adjoins  Room  18.  Its  position  in  relation 
to  the  estufa  (Room  16)  may  be  seen  in  Fig.  31.  The  room  was  some- 
what irregular  in  form  and  the  walls  were  in  a  rather  poor  state  of  pre- 
servation. This  part  of  the  building  had  once  been  an  old  estufa  which 
had  passed  into  disuse  and  the  space  had  been  divided  into  small  rooms. 
In  these  small  rooms  were  found  five  manos,  two  large  metates  and 
three  grinding  stones;  a  small  sandstone  slab,  probably  used  as  a  lap- 
stone,  one  surface  of  which  shows  continued  use;  three  sandstone  jar 
covers;  three  hammerstones,  such  as  are  used  for  pecking  the  surface  of 
stone  implements;  pieces  of  turquoise  and  azurite;  a  fossil  shell;  the 
fragment  of  a  clay  pipe;  three  arrow  points;  and  two  bone  awls.  There 
was  a  narrow  passageway  leading  northward  from  the  small  rooms  and 
in  it  four  metates,  two  manos,  and  two  rubbing  stones  were  found.  From 
the  condition  of  the  room  it  would  seem  that  it  was  but  little  used. 

Room  20. 

In  an  endeavor  to  determine  the  character  of  the  material  in  various 
parts  of  the  ruin,  the  operations  were  shifted  from  the  northwestern  part 
of  the  pueblo  to  the  eastern  and  southwestern  parts.  The  first  work  was 
done  in  Room -20,  which,  as  shown  by  the  plan  (Fig.  155),  is  situated  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  the  ruin.  This  room  was  almost  square,  the 
measurements  showing  the  north  wall  to  be  12  feet  6  inches  long,  the 
south  wall  12  feet  3  inches,  the  east  wall  10  feet,  and  the  west  wall  10 
feet  7  inches.  The  masonry  was  of  a  solid  compact  form  and  was  in 
many  respects  similar  to  that  shown  in  the  northern  series  of  rooms; 
that  is,  the  rooms  of  the  later  period.  The  stones  employed  were  of  the 
short  thick  form  and  the  spaces  between  them  were  chinked  with  the 
same  material,  but  the  work  in  its  entirety  was  not  as  carefully  done  as 
that  shown  in  the  outer  rooms.  The  difference,  however,  may  be  due  to 
individual  skill,  as  the  technique  is  the  same.  The  walls  retain  a  goodly 
portion  of  the  original  plaster.  There  was  a  doorway  in  the  north  wall, 
as  well  as  one  in  the  west.  The  one  in  the  north  wall  was  rectangular 
and  steps  made  of  stones  covered  with  adobe  were  used  as  an  approach  to  it. 
This  was  necessitated  by  the  fact  that  the  doorway  was  some  distance 
above  the  floor  level.  These  steps  were  still  in  place  and  were  well 
preserved. 

Doorways.  The  doorway  in  the  west  wall  as  shown  in  Fig.  32  had 
been  filled  with  masonry  and  the  interior  plastered,  forming  a  niche. 
This  doorway  is  rectangular,  having  poles  for  a  lintel  and  a  slab  of  sand- 


90  A  nthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

stone  for  a  sill.  This  slab  projected  some  distance  from  the  wall  and 
thereby  formed  a  shelf  and  was  no  doubt  used  as  such  after  the  doorway 
was  closed.  The  plaster  on  the  sides  of  the  doorway  was  thick  and  thus 
enabled  the  builders  to  round  the  corners  in  a  very  artistic  way.  The 
greater  part  of  this  plaster  was  in  place  on  the  south  side  of  the  doorway. 
(The  objects  on  the  stone  slab,  as  shown  in  the  photograph,  were  found 
on  the  floor  of  the  room).  The  room  was  excavated  to  a  depth  of  12 
feet  before  the  floor  was  reached.  It  seems  to  have  been  abandoned  and 
used  as  a  receptacle  for  refuse. 


Fig.  33  (2731).     Fragment  of  a  Bowl,  Room  20. 

Broken  Metate.  Perhaps  the  most  interesting  object  found  in  the 
debris  was  a  broken  metate  of  the  usual  form.  It  was  in  a  fragmentary 
condition  and  the  seven  pieces  recovered  were  found  scattered  through 
the  material  that  filled  the  room.  Some  of  the  pieces  were  near  the 
surface,  others  came  from  a  point  only  a  few  feet  from  the  floor  level. 
It  would  seem  that  this  metate  had  been  broken  and  portions  of  it  car- 
ried away  to  be  finally  thrown  into  this  room.  This  seems  to  be  the  only 
way  to  account  for  the  widely  separated  fragments.  The  stone  itself  is 
65  cms.  long  and  averages  45  cms.  in  width;  there  is  however,  a  slight 
taper  from  top  to  bottom.  The  trough  is  47  cms.  long,  26  cms.  wide, 
and  3.5  cms.  deep  at  it  deepest  part.  The  area  surrounding  the  central 
portion  is  decorated  with  a  scroll  design  which  has  been  pecked  into  the 
surface.  There  are  no  decorations  on  the  edges  nor  on  the  back.  The 
trough  is  covered  with  red  paint  showing  that  this  material  was  probably 
the  last  to  be  ground,  or  perhaps  mixed  in  the  trough  before  it  was  brok- 
en. The  slab  is  of  hard  compact  sandstone,  and  its  greatest  thickness  is 
5  cms. 


1920.J  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  91 

Pottery.  Among  the  pottery  objects  of  special  interest  was  a  cor- 
rugated jar  5.5  cms.  deep  and  4.4  cms.  in  diameter  near  the  mouth.  This 
jar  was  made  of  light  colored  clay  and  is  a  perfect  reproduction  in  minia- 
ture of  the  large  storage  jars  made  of  the  same  material. 

The  head  of  a  vessel  made  in  the  shape  of  a  frog  is  shown  in  Fig.  33. 
The  material  is  a  light  colored  clay  and  the  decoration,  about  the  eyes 
and  around  the  rim,  is  in  black  paint.  The  eyes  and  mouth  are  accentu- 
ated, the  eyes  having  a  bulging  form  common  in  the  Chaco  region. 

Among  the  pottery  fragments  were  several  of  bowls  made  of  gray- 
ware,  decorated  on  the  inside  and  corrugated  on  the  exterior.  There 
were  also  fragments  of  corrugated  bowls  of  blackware  with  a  highly 
polished  interior;  one  fragment  has  a  figure  of  a  snake,  or  worm,  in  relief 
near  the  edge;  there  were  also  fragments  that  had  been  worked.  There 
was  one  object  of  pottery  that  had  evidently  been  part  of  a  vessel. 
This  specimen  is  24.5  cms.  long  and  1.6  cms.  in  diameter.  On  one  side 
there  is  a  ridge  nearly  a  centimeter  in  height  which  is  decorated  with 
black  dots.  The  entire  length  is  not  shown  by  these  two  pieces  as  there 
is  a  section  missing.  From  the  rounded  ends  and  from  the  fact  that 
the  inner  surface  is  devoid  of  the  white  slip  which  covers  the  remaining 
portions,  it  would  seem  that  this  object  had  been  attached  to  some  figure 
or  vessel.  In  technique  it  is  similar  to  the  arms  of  the  human  effigy 
vases,  but  what  the  form  of  the  vessel  was  of  which  this  piece  was  a  part, 
cannot  be  conceived.  There  was  also  an  irregular  piece  of  clay  which 
shows  the  imprint  of  the  hand  that  pressed  it  into  shape. 

Miscellaneous  Objects.  A  great  many  animal  and  bird  bones,  also 
fragments  of  deer  antler  were  scattered  through  the  debris,  many  of 
them  broken  to  obtain  the  marrow.  These  bones  ranged  from  the  large 
vertebrae  of  deer  and  elk,  to  rabbit  and  small  bird  bones;  fragments  of 
pottery  vessels,  such  as  one  would  expect  to  find  in  any  refuse  heap, 
were  intermingled  with  the  bones.  There  were  nine  manos  of  the 
ordinary  rough  form  and  four  of  fine-grained  sandstone,  such  as  are  used 
in  reducing  meal  to  powder.  There  were  also  one  natural  pebble  and  a 
few  obsidian  and  chalcedony  flakes,  two  hammerstones  made  from 
natural  pebbles,  a  grooved  hammerstone,  two  pecking  stones,  a  polished 
stone  object  of  a  half  spherical  form,  and  a  stone  slab  in  the  shape  of  a 
jar  cover,  evidently  used  as  a  base  upon  which  pigment  or  other  materials 
might  be  ground.  There  were  two  fragments  of  sandstone  implements, 
one  of  which  was  in  the  form  of  the  end  of  a  knife  blade,  the  other  the 
end  of  a  small  sandstone  slab;  a  fragment  of  the  toe  part  of  a  sandal 
stone  was  also  found.    Among  the  larger  objects  of  sandstone  was  a  slab 


92  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

probably  used  as  a  lapstone,  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  18.  This  specimen  is 
39  cms.  long  and  21  cms.  wide  at  the  central  part,  and  its  average  thick- 
ness is  1  cm.  Both  sides  of  this  slab  have  been  worn  smooth  from  use.  A 
sandstone  sharpener  is  shown  in  Fig.  17.  It  has  three  deep  grooves  and  a 
shallow  one  upon  the  surface;  one  of  the  deep  grooves  is  carried  over 
the  edge  to  the  base  of  the  stone.  There  was  an  arrow-smoother,  made 
of  coarse-grained  sandstone  of  light  color,  and  another  grinding  stone  of 
the  same  material  having  large  grooves  on  the  side.  There  were  only  two 
objects  of  wood  that  could  be  saved.  One  of  these  was  the  socket  stick 
of  a  fire  set,  the  other  a  fragment  of  a  rectangular  piece,  flat,  with  rounded 
edges,  and  with  a  hole  drilled  through  the  center. 

Among  the  mass  of  bones  found  in  the  room  there  were  five  sections 
of  bird  bone  from  which  pieces  had  been  cut  for  beads;  five  beads;  and 
a  fragment  of  a  sixth  which  had  been  cut  from  these  or  similar  pieces. 
There  were  three  bone  awls  made  from  splinters  of  deer  bone,  also  two 
bone  bodkins,  and  the  end  of  a  bone  implement  shaped  like  a  knife  blade. 
One  of  the  bone  awls  had  a  very  fine  tapering  point  and  the  larger  of 
the  bodkins  had  a  hole  drilled  in  the  end  by  means  of  which  it  could  be 
fastened  to  the  belt  of  the  worker. 

Although  this  was  a  room  used  to  dump  the  sweepings  from  the 
various  houses,  there  was  not  the  great  variety  of  material  in  the  debris 
that  is  generally  found  in  such  rooms.  Local  conditions  no  doubt  ac- 
count for  this  rather  unusual  state  of  affairs. 

Room  21. 
Room  21  is  situated  in  the  southeastern  corner  of  the  pueblo.  Ex- 
cavations were  carried  to  a  depth  sufficient  to  enable  accurate  measure- 
ments to  be  taken  of  the  walls,  but  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  room  had 
been  burnt  out  the  excavation  was  not  completed.  The  room  was  almost 
square,  the  north  wall  being  10  feet  2  inches  long,  the  south  wall  10  feet, 
the  east  wall  10  feet,  and  the  west  wall  11  feet.  No  specimens  were 
found  in  the  debris  removed. 

Room  22. 
Room  22  was  next  to  Room  21  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  ruin. 
This  room,  like  its  neighbor,  seemed  unpromising,  and  was  abandoned 
after  a  small  amount  of  work  had  been  done.  In  size  it  was  about  the 
same  as  Room  21.  A  number  of  potsherds  were  found  in  the  material 
that  was  removed,  all  showing  the  action  of  fire.  Most  of  the  fragments 
were  of  the  ordinary  grayware  decorated  with  black,  but  red  and  black- 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  93 

ware  were  also  represented.  The  only  objects  of  a  perishable  nature 
found  were  a  fragment  of  a  carbonized  sandal,  and  a  section  of  an  antler. 
This  object,  as  shown  in  Fig.  46,  had  been  worked  to  some  extent,  but 
whether  it  was  made  for  ceremonial  or  utilitarian  purposes  is  hard  to  say. 

Room  23. 
Room  23  is  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  ruin  near  Room  25. 
Work  on  this  room  was  begun  at  the  same  time  as  that  in  Rooms  24  and 
25.  The  results  of  the  early  stages  of  the  work  in  the  other  rooms  men- 
tioned were  so  much  more  promising  that  Room  23  was  abandoned. 
Nothing  of  interest  was  found. 

Room  24. 

Room  24,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  ruin,  was  irregular  in  form, 
having  a  jog  in  the  northeast  corner.  The  north  wall  was  10  feet  6  inches 
long  and  then  a  jog  extended  into  the  room,  3  feet  5  inches  southward, 
then  1  foot  4  inches  eastward  to  the  east  wall  which,  from  this  point  to 
the  south  wall,  is  9  feet  1  inch;  the  south  wall  was  12  feet  long  and  the 
west  wall  12  feet  2  inches.  The  depth  to  the  first  floor  was  6  inches; 
below  this  on  the  west  side  were  two  square  rooms  with  a  wall  1  foot  6 
inches  thick  between  them;  the  walls  of  the  southern  one  had  been  whi- 
tened with  a  wash,  no  doubt  made  from  calcined  gypsum.  The  work  in 
these  lower  rooms,  however,  was  not  completed. 

Refuse  Deposit.  This  room  is  another  of  the  type  that  had  been 
abandoned  as  a  living  room  and  used  as  a  place  for  refuse.  The  specimens 
were  scattered  through  the  mass  from  the  uppermost  part  to  the  floor 
level,  and  extended  to  the  lower  layers  of  the  two  rooms  below.  It  is  a 
typical  refuse  room,  containing  a  varied  assortment  of  articles. 

Among  the  perishable  objects  were  pieces  of  rush  matting  of  a 
coarse  type,  all  twilled.  Two  badly  decayed  fragments  of  a  very  fine 
mesh  matting  may  have  been  the  ends  of  pillow  covers  such  as  are  found 
in  the  cliff-houses  farther  north. 

Sandals.  There  were  two  sandals  made  of  braided  leaves  of  the 
broad-leafed  yucca  having  yucca  strands  for  fastening  the  sandals  to 
the  foot.  The  toe  of  these  sandals  was  rounding  and  there  was  no  evidence 
of  a  jog  such  as  is  shown  in  three  sandals  made  of  split  yucca  leaves  prob- 
ably of  the  narrow-leafed  variety.  All  three  of  these  specimens  had  the 
jog  at  the  toe  end,  also  two-strand  yucca  cords  for  fastening  them  to  the 
foot.  There  is  quite  a  difference  in  the  manner  of  fastening  these 
sandals  to  the  toe  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  34.    In  Fig.  34a  there  are  straps  of 


94 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


yucca  which  probably  slipped  over  the  great  and  the  third  toes.  There 
is  another  cord  at  the  heel  which  evidently  tied  about  the  ankle.  In 
Fig.  34c  there  is  a  strap  through  which  the  big  toe  probably  passed; 
from  this  two  yucca  cords  were  carried  to  the  ankle  and  fastened  to  a 
strap  which  spanned  the  space  directly  above  the  heel.  There  were  two 
fragments  of  woven  sandals  made  of  yucca  fiber,  one  of  these  has  a  buck- 
skin strap  at  the  toe  end  and  the  other  loops  of  yucca  leaves  on  the  sides. 
There  is  a  two-strand  yucca  cord  which  passes  through  these  loops. 
This  may  be  a  winter  form  of  sandal  which  enabled  them  to  cover  the 


Fig  34.  abc  (3949,  3942,  3946) .     Sandals  from  Room  24. 

foot  with  some  warm  material,  which  could  be  held  in  place  by  means  of 
the  lacing;  both  of  these  sandals  had  the  jog  at  the  toe  end.  There  were 
seven  fragments  of  woven  plaited  sandals,  and  a  sandal  of  the  latter  type 
in  course  of  construction,  showing  the  manner  in  which  the  stalk  end  of 
the  yucca  leaf  is  carried  to  the  under  part  of  the  sandal. 

One  of  the  most  ornate  sandals  found  in  this  ruin  is  shown  in  Fig. 
34b;  it  is  of  the  woven  type,  25  cms.  long,  and  11.5  cms.  wide  at  the  toe. 
The  warp  is  made  of  a  three-ply  cord  of  carefully  selected  yucca  fiber 
and  the  woof  is  of  some  very  fine  white  vegetable  fiber.     There  is  a 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  95 

cord  over  the  toe  end;  the  original  fastening  is  shown  on  the  right  side  of 
the  sandal,  but  on  the  left  it  has  been  broken  and  a  piece  of  buckskin 
passed  through  the  sandal  and  tied  to  the  strap.  In  this  condition  it 
has  been  worn  for  a  considerable  length  of  time,  as  shown  by  the  flat- 
tened end  of  the  buckskin  on  the  under  part  of  the  specimen.  A  similar 
strap  at  one  time  spanned  the  heel,  but  only  the  ends  now  remain. 
There  is  a  jog  at  the  toe  end.  The  sandal  is  intentionally  cupped,  and 
there  is  a  reinforced  piece  where  the  back  of  the  heel  would  strike.  The 
surface  bears  a  beautiful  design  composed  of  interlocking  frets  in  two 
colors,  brown  and  orange-yellow.  The  brown  is  well  preserved  and  the 
yellow  in  some  parts  is  quite  bright.  The  toe  of  this  sandal  is  frayed  from 
use  and  there  is  a  large  hole  in  the  heel  resulting  from  the  same  cause, 
otherwise  it  is  in  good  condition. 

Pottery.  A  small  bowl  with  crude  but  interesting  designs  was  found 
in  a  fragmentary  condition;  it  is  11  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  top 
and  5  cms.  deep,  of  grayware  with  rather  complex  black  decorations  on 
the  interior.  The  first  impression  is  that  of  a  human  figure  with  a  peculiar 
balancing  design  on  either  side  of  it  (Fig.  35).  This  rests  upon  the  circle 
in  the  bottom  of  the  bowl,  a  portion  of  which  has  been  obliterated. 
The  meaning  of  the  roughly  executed  fret  figures  on  either  side,  cannot 
be  determined.  Strange  to  say  there  is  no  design  on  the  side  of  the  bowl 
opposite  the  cross-like  figure.  The  balancing  design  seems  to  have  been 
a  universal  trait  among  the  old  potters  in  this  region  and  it  is  seldom  that 
an  exception  to  the  rule  is  found. 

A  dipper  (H-3940)  shows  considerable  use,  as  the  outer  edge  of  the 
bowl,  that  is  the  one  farthest  from  the  handle,  has  been  worn.  It  is 
21.5  cms.  in  length  over  all  and  the  bowl  is  4.5  cms.  deep;  it  is  of  grayware 
with  black  designs.  The  decoration  is  divided  into  meander  designs 
each  of  which  occupies  one  of  the  spaces  formed  by  cross  lines,  which 
divide  the  bowl  into  four  parts.  The  handle  is  decorated  with  dots, 
possibly  representing  the  spots  on  a  frog.  The  handle  is  flat,  of  solid 
construction,  with  a  slight  bifurcation  at  the  end. 

A  portion  of  an  olla  shows  a  handle  which  still  retains  a  fragment 
of  a  yucca  carrying  cord.  Other  pottery  pieces  are  in  the  form  of  a  foot 
of  some  small  animal  probably  that  of  a  deer.  In  addition,  there  were 
found,  part  of  the  hand  and  arm  of  another  figure  which  has  the  hand 
painted  black  and  a  design  in  black  dots  on  the  arm;  a  fragment  of  a 
twisted  handle  of  solid  construction,  possibly  a  dipper:  a  pottery  disk 
with  the  edges  ground ;  and  pieces  of  unbaked  clay. 


96  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Miscellaneous  Objects.  A  small  basket  made  of  split  yucca  leaves, 
with  a  twig  for  the  rim,  measured  13  cms.  in  diameter  with  a  depth  of J5 
cms.  There  is  a  jar  rest  15  cms.  in  diameter  made  entirely  of  feather 
cord,  that  is,  yucca  cord  over  which  feathers  had  been  bound.  A  frag- 
ment of  another  jar  rest  made  of  braided  j'-ucca  leaves  was  also  in  the 
debris.  Associated  with  these  specimens  was  a  mass  of  two-strand  yucca 
feather  cord;  cord  made  of  human  hair;  and  fragments  of  yucca 'cord 
of  all  sizes,  but  mostly  of  the  two-strand  variety.    There  was  also  a  small 


Fig.  35  (3941).     Design  upon  a  Bowl,  Room  24. 

piece  of  cotton  cord.  There  were  knotted  pieces  of  yucca  leaves  in  the 
form  of  a  series  of  loops,  probably  for  attaching  ears  of  corn  to^the  ceil- 
ings. There  were  in  fact  a  great  many  specimens  of  knotted  yucca 
leaves.  There  is  a  bundle  of  plant  stalks  enclosed  in  a  harness,  or  net 
of  yucca  leaves,  which  may  have  been  material  for  basket  making.^  Two 
oblong  objects  were  found,  one  of  which  retains  a  netting  of  yucca  leaves. 
They  are  made  of  twigs  bound  together  and  may  have  been  used  as 
snowshoes  by  the  boys  or  girls  of  the  pueblo.     These  objects,   with 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  97 

bundles  of  cornhusks  tied  with  yucca  cord,  bundles  of  yucca  leaves  and 
yucca  fiber  with  their  original  bindings,  pieces  of  cedarbark  rope, 
fragments  of  cotton  cloth,  some  two-colored,  and  a  number  of  pieces  of 
rawhide,  buckskin,  and  turkey  feathers  complete  the  more  perishable 
objects  found.  One  of  the  pieces  of  buckskin  is  marked  with  red  paint 
which  may  have  been  the  guiding  line  of  the  worker  in  cutting  out  some 
garment. 

Among  the  wooden  objects  was  a  rather  crude  knife  32  cms.  long, 
3.5  cms.  wide,  and  1  cm.  thick.  One  end  had  evidently  been  used  to 
stir  the  fire,  as  this  part  is  carbonized.  Two  smaller  knife-like  pieces 
made  from  splinters  of  cedar  were  also  found;  they  were  similar  in  shape 
to  the  one  already  described,  but  very  much  smaller.  Both  of  these 
pieces  showed  use.  There  was  also  a  branch,  8  cms.  in  length,  stripped 
of  its  bark  for  half  its  length  and  a  section  cut  from  it.  The  object  is 
interesting  as  showing  the  method  employed  in  obtaining  material  for 
ceremonial  sticks  and  other  small  wooden  objects.  A  section  of  a  cedar 
branch  8  cms.  in  length  and  3.5  cms.  in  diameter  may  have  been  used  as  a 
kicking  stick,  although  it  may  be  merely  the  end  of  a  branch  from  which  a 
piece  has  been  cut  for  the  manufacture  of  some  implement.  A  wooden 
slab,  similar  to  the  one  described  from  Room  20,  is  6.5  cms.  long,  4.3 
cms.  wide,  and  5  mms.  thick.  It  has  a  little  hole  drilled  through  the 
center  and  the  sides  and  edges  are  carefully  worked.  Part  of  a  similar 
slab,  although  much  smaller  and  not  drilled,  was  found.  The  remaining 
objects  of  wood  were:  a  portion  of  a  half  round  ceremonial  stick, covered 
with  a  green  pigment;  the  hearth  of  a  firedrill,  a  section  of  what  may 
have  been  the  end  of  a  flute  made  of  cottonwood;  the  end  of  a  ceremonial 
stick;  and  several  worked  pieces  of  wood.  There  were  also  three  canon 
walnuts,  one  of  which  has  the  top  ground  off  and  the  sides  smoothed. 
There  were  fragments  of  six  arrows  made  of  reed;  four  of  them  retain 
the  sinew  fastenings;  one  showed  the  nocked  end,  another  the  foreshaft 
end;  there  were  also  three  pieces  that  had  been  cut  into  sections  as  if 
for  gaming  purposes.  One  of  these  was  painted  red  just  above  the  feather 
binding. 

Squash  and  pumpkin  stems  were  found  together  with  fragments  of 
the  rind  of  the  latter  and  quids  of  yucca  leaves  and  fiber. 

There  were  a  few  fragments  of  pottery,  pieces  of  gypsum,  obsidian, 
azurite,  malachite,  large  pieces  of  pifion  gum,  pieces  of  red  ocher  which 
had  been  ground  to  obtain  paint;  two  sandstone  concretions,  two  small 
sandstone  disks,  the  largest  of  which  was  only  3.5  cms.  in  diameter;  a 
chalcedony  knife  blade  4  cms.  long;  fragment  of  a  jasper  flesher  of  the 


98  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

type  commonly  found  in  the  cliff-dwellings;  and  a  piece  of  yellow  ocher. 
Among  the  bone  objects  there  are  six  short  bodkins  or  blunt  awls  made 
from  deer  bones,  one  long  perforating  bodkin  20  cms.  in  length,  with  a 
fine  point  and  with  the  surface  polished,  no  doubt  from  wear;  five  awls, 
three  of  which  are  made  from  deer  bone  and  two  from  bird  bones;  a 
small  scraper  5  cms.  long  and  1.6  cms.  wide  at  the  blade;  five  beads 
made  from  bird  bones;  and  one  turkey  bone  12}£  cms.  long,  both  ends 
of  which  had  been  removed.  These  objects,  with  a  fragment  of  a  bone 
implement  16)2  cms.  long  and  6  cms.  in  diameter,  carefully  rounded 
and  smoothed  and  tapering  at  one  end,  the  calcined  remains  of  a  similar, 
though  larger  object,  and  a  small  bone  die  of  a  concavo-convex  form  with 
lines  scratched  on  the  concave  sides,  completes  the  list  from  this  room. 

Room  25. 
Room  25,  another  refuse  room,  was  situated  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  ruin.  The  measurements  were  as  follows:  north  wall,  7 
feet,  3  inches;  south  wall,  14  feet,  4  inches;  east  wall,  17  feet;  west  wall, 
16  feet,  3  inches.  The  upper,  or  new  part,  of  this  room  was  built  of 
short  thick  stones,  chinked  with  small  pieces,  the  north  wall  forming  a 
break  near  the  division  line  between  the  lower  and  upper  room.  In  the 
upper  wall  a  circular  piece  of  sandstone  appeared.  Pieces  of  tins  kind 
were  found  in  a  number  of  rooms;  they  are  irregular  cylinders,  having 
the  face  carefully  smoothed.  Their  use  in  the  walls  cannot  be  determined, 
as  the  introduction  of  such  a  piece  necessitates  a  break  in  the  regular 
stratification  of  the  masonry.  No  unusual  conditions  attend  their  presence 
in  the  walls  and  they  do  not  seem  to  be  placed  in  any  particular  position  as 
regards  their  distance  from  the  floor  or  adjoining  walls.  There  is  an 
opening  in  the  lower  part  of  the  north  wall  which  may  have  been  a  small 
doorway,  but  its  appearance  suggests  that  the  masonry  at  this  point 
had  been  torn  away,  possibly  with  the  intention  of  making  a  doorway, 
and  the  work  never  completed.  The  east  wall  is  built  of  selected  stones 
which  have  been  faced  and  the  spaces  between  them  chinked.  It  has  a 
rectangular  doorway  in  the  center,  with  nine  poles  for  a  lintel.  There 
are  no  other  breaks  of  any  size  in  this  wall  and  all  the  plaster  which 
formerly  covered  it  has  crumbled.  The  south  wall  was  of  the  same 
construction  and  stood  to  the  height  of  the  ceiling  beams.  The  west 
wall  was  made  of  similar  stones  and  there  is  a  break  in  the  southern 
part,  probably  a  doorway.  There  are  four  holes  averaging  10.5  cms.  in 
width,  all  of  which  are  almost  square  and  about  5  feet  from  the  floor; 
they  may  have  been  used  as  pockets.  There  are  no  corresponding 
openings  in  the  east  wall,  which  would  have  been  the  case  had  small 
beams  been  stretched  across  the  room  for  any  special  purpose. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  99 

Three  feet  ten  inches  from  the  north  wall  the  face  of  the  west  wall 
crosses  an  old  wall  below  the  floor  level  of  Room  25;  this  old  wall  runs 
northwest  by  southeast.  The  angular  space  thus  formed  was  filled  with 
masonry,  making  a  support  for  the  upper  wall;  this  filled-in  place  was 
over  \%  feet  thick.  The  old  wall  below  the  floor  level  is  of  very  rough 
construction  and  may  have  been  merely  a  foundation  wall  built  to  allow 
the  north  wall  to  be  started  on  a  level  with  the  others. 

West  of  Room  25  is  Room  105.  There  is  an  angle  wall  forming  a 
part  of  this  room,  which  extends  in  a  southeasterly  direction  and  passes 
under  the  south  wall  of  Room  25;  it  is  built  of  large  rough  stones  and 
chinked.  One  foot  nine  inches  south  of  the  room  surface  of  the  south  wall 
and  under  it,  is  the  south  wall  of  the  lower  room.  It  abuts  on  the  southwest 
wall  and  extends  eastward  past  the  east  wall  of  the  lower  room.  It  is 
built  of  large  uneven  stones  and  in  some  places  chinked,  but  the  chinking 
is  irregular.  The  east  under  wall  is  built  in  the  same  way.  In  the  north- 
east corner  there  is  an  opening  where  a  beam  has  rested;  it  is  4%  inches 
in  diameter  and  extends  11  inches  into  the  wall  which  is  plastered 
and  the  plaster  filled  with  pieces  of  sandstone  which  have  been 
pressed  into  it  while  moist.  This  hole  is  about  2  feet  6  inches  below  the 
floor  level.  The  east  wall  abuts  the  north  one.  The  thickness  of  the 
south  wall  is  1  foot  3  inches,  the  other  walls  could  not  be  measured. 
This  under  room  was  filled  with  stones  and  dirt  to  the  level  of  the  floor  of 
the  main  room.  The  walls  forming  the  upper  rooms  gave  the  following 
results  when  measured  for  thickness:  north  wall,  1  foot,  11  inches; 
south  wall,  2  feet,  5  inches;  east  wall,  2  feet,  6  inches;  west  wall,  2  feet, 
2  inches. 

Pottery.  In  this  room  there  were  a  great  many  potsherds,  the 
majority  of  gray  decorated  ware.  With  these  were  many  fragments  of 
corrugated  jars,  also  of  red  and  blackware.  No  perfect  pieces  of  pottery 
were  found.  One  vessel  (3042)  in  the  form  of  a  water  jar  has  the  upper 
part  and  a  portion  of  the  side  complete;  it  is  of  gray  ware  with  traces  of 
black  decorations.  The  vessel  in  its  perfect  state  must  have  been  about 
12  cms.  in  height  with  a  diameter  averaging  11  cms. 

There  were  fragments  of  dippers,  and  over  forty  dipper  handles. 
Some  of  these  had  the  broken  ends  worked  and  two  were  of  the  rattle 
variety,  having  stones  in  the  hollow  part  of  the  handle.  One  dipper  of 
redware,  with  a  black  interior,  had  been  broken  and  the  outer  edge  of  the 
bowl  ground.  Dippers  of  redware  are  not  at  all  common  in  this  region. 
The  small  forms  with  a  solid  tapering  handle  such  as  this  are  exceedingly 
uncommon. 


100         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Several  fragments  of  small  pottery  vessels  showing  realistic  modeling 
were  found.  One  is  the  upper  part  of  an  effigy  jar,  showing  a  portion  of 
an  eye  and  what  may  have  been  a  grotesque  form  of  eyebrow  for  a  mask. 
Another  fragment  of  this  figure,  with  a  similar  curved  portion,  may  have 
been  meant  for  an  eyelid. 

Another  is  a  portion  of  a  small  vessel  with  handle.  It  is  of  gray  ware, 
decorated  with  designs  in  black.  The  handle  part  is  broken,  but  it  had 
been  made  to  balance  a  long  proboscis-like  piece  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  vessel.  There  are  protuberances  at  the  sides  of  this  piece  sug- 
gesting eyes.  The  tips  of  these  are  black  and  there  is  a  circle  of  black 
paint  at  each  base.  The  nose  is  rounded;  the  mouth  has  been  formed  by 
making  a  slit  in  the  end  of  the  projection;  the  nostrils  are  deeply  in- 
dented and  the  tongue  is  represented  bj^  a  broad  black  line  in  the  central 
part  of  the  under  lip.  This  specimen  is  so  grotesque  in  form  that  it  is 
impossible  to  suggest  the  animal  that  it  was  made  to  represent. 

The  third  is  the  handle  of  a  jar  in  the  shape  of  an  animal  figure 
represented  as  looking  over  the  edge  of  the  jar. 

The  fourth  is  a  head,  shaped  like  that  of  a  deer.  It  is  well  modeled; 
the  slip  over  which  the  design  in  black  is  painted,  is  a  creamy  white  which 
forms  a  contrasting  background  for  the  design.  The  eyes  are  formed 
by  balls  of  clay  and  arc  painted  black;  the  mouth  is  a  deep  groove  and 
the  teeth  are  represented  by  eight  dots  on  the  upper  and  eight  on  the 
lower  jaw,  there  being  four  on  either  side.  The  nostrils  are  drilled  and 
there  are  remains  of  either  ears  or  antlers  directly  back  of  the  eye  pro- 
jections. 

The  fifth  is  a  bird  form  made  of  solid  pottery,  evidently  a  part  of 
some  vessel.  The  wings  are  outlined  in  black  and  black  dots  represent 
the  wing  feathers.  Two  lines  form  a  band  across  the  neck  portion,  three 
bands  cross  the  nose,  and  similar  bands  decorate  the  tail.  This  figure  is 
5  cms.  in  length  and  3  cms.  in  width  at  the  wing  portion. 

Three  fragments  of  effigy  jars  were  found. 

One  is  a  leg  and  foot  of  grayware  having  a  decoration  formed  by 
two  black  bands  and  three  wavy  lines  on  the  middle  portion  of  the  space 
between  the  foot  and  the  knee.  The  foot  is  perfectly  flat  and  the  toes  are 
represented  by  incisions  in  its  upper  part.  This  piece  is  of  solid  construc- 
tion, 10  cms.  in  length  and  1.5  cms.  in  diameter.  It  was  no  doubt  the 
leg  of  a  seated  figure  such  as  was  found  in  Room  38. 

The  second  is  a  portion  of  a  figure  showing  the  fingers  of  a  hand, 
outlined  with  black  paint. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pveblo  Bonito.  101 

In  the  last,  two  hands  are  represented  as  grasping  some  circular 
object.  The  hands  themselves  are  2%  cms.  in  width,  so  the  figure  in  its 
entirety  must  have  been  a  large  one. 

There  is  a  neck  of  a  jar  of  gray  ware  decorated  in  black.  The  vessel 
has  been  broken  and  the  lower  edge  of  the  neck  ground  smooth.  In  its 
present  condition  its  appearance  suggests  an  ordinary  napkin  ring.  This 
specimen  is  shown  in  Fig.  36b. 

One  vessel  the  neck  of  which  retained  a  wooden  stopper  was  found. 
The  neck  was  4  cms.  in  width  and  was  slightly  flattened.  The  section  of 
wood  forming  the  stopper  filled  the  opening  completely;  it  was  made 
from  a  branch  of  a  tree  and  was  perfectly  preserved. 

In  Fig.  36c  is  shown  a  fragment  of  a  dipper  handle  which  was 
mended  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  shown  in  the  steatite  pipe  from  Room 
9.  This  specimen  shows  that  the  handle  of  the  dipper  had  been  broken 
and  the  edges  ground  until  a  perfect  joint  was  obtained.  At  least  this 
seems  to  be  the  case,  judging  from  the  ground  surface  of  the  specimen 
here  shown.  A  small  twig  was  then  thrust  into  the  hole  in  the  center 
of  the  handle  and  a  section  of  split  cedar  branch  placed  on  the  upper 
and  another  on  the  lower  surface.  The  pieces  of  the  handle  were  then 
put  together,  the  central  twig  entering  the  opening  in  the  fragment  of  the 
handle  which  was  attached  to  the  dipper  bowl,  the  wooden  splints  rest- 
ing upon  its  upper  and  lower  parts.  The  splints  were  fastened  at  the 
handle  end  with  two  loosely  spun  yucca  cords  and  then  a  space  3.5  cms. 
wide  on  the  handle  end  and  at  least  3  cms.  in  width  on  the  bowl  end 
of  the  break  was  bound  with  a  two-strand  yucca  cord.  Just  why  they 
resorted  to  this  method  of  lengthening  the  life  of  this  dipper  cannot  be 
suggested,  but  it  shows  a  very  clever  way  of  mending  an  object  of  this 
nature. 

There  were  fragments  of  the  smaller  type  of  bird  vessels  made  of 
very  thin  clay,  having  a  rectangular  or  T-shaped  opening  in  the  upper 
part,  and  various  fragments  of  corrugated  jars  with  interesting  incised 
designs.  A  few  worked  potsherds  were  in  the  debris,  one  in  particular,  a 
fragment  of  red  corrugated  jar,  had  the  interior  decorated  in  black. 
There  were  also  two  pottery  handles  which  retained  yucca  carrying  cords. 

A  number  of  small  crude  objects  of  unbaked  clay  were  scattered 
through  the  debris.  These  objects  are  what  Gushing  called  seed  offer- 
ings; he  claimed  that  they  were  the  sacrificial  forms  of  pottery  from 
which  the  potters  hoped  that  larger  and  perfect  pieces  would  continue  to 
grow.  The  largest  of  these  figures  is  6  cms.  in  width  and  6  cms.  long  at 
the  point  where  the  object  is  broken;  the  smallest  measures  1.7  cms.  in 


^r 


l_/l-T 


Fig.  36.     Objects  from  Room  25:     a   (3016),  wood  carving;    b  (3042),  pottery 
ring;    c  (2933),  mended  dipper  handle;    d  (3068),  wooden  key  to  a  trap. 


T02 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  103 

width.  They  are  flat  pieces  of  clay  having  the  general  physical  char- 
acteristics either  incised  or  modeled  in  relief.  Two  of  them  have  the 
breasts  modeled  and  the  larger  of  the  two  has  the  nose  modeled.  Both 
of  these  specimens  have  the  eyes  and  mouth  formed  by  incisions  made 
with  the  finger  nail.  The  larger  one  has  the  upper  part  of  the  face 
painted  red  and  the  lower  part,  that  is,  passing  below  the  mouth  and 
ending  at  a  point  just  below  the  breast  line,  painted  black. 

Bone  and  Antler.  There  were,  comparatively  speaking,  few  animal 
bones  in  this  room,  but  among  those  taken  from  the  debris  were  frag- 
ments of  deer  antler  and  horn  and  antelope  horn  cores.  There  were  no 
unusual  forms  of  awls  or  bodkins.  Fourteen  awls  and  perforators  were  of 
deer  and  bird  bones;  only  one  of  these  was  drilled  for  suspension.  There 
were  also  the  blade  ends  of  two  of  the  large  bone  scrapers;  two  spatula- 
shaped  bones;  and  several  fragments  of  bone  implements.  Four  tines  of 
deer  antlers  had  been  made  into  bodkins;  the  points  of  three  of  them  show 
that  they  have  been  used,  but  the  opposite  ends  of  all  are  exactly  in  the 
condition  as  when  broken  from  the  antler.  Nine  bird  bone  beads,  one 
section  of  bone  from  which  a  bead  had  been  cut,  with  several  fragments  of 
beads,  were  found;  also  three  small-sized  scrapers,  made  from  the  toe 
bones  of  deer  or  elk.  One  shows  a  scraper  in  course  of  manufacture,  the 
work  of  grinding  off  the  condyle  of  the  bone  is  about  half  done;  the  other 
shows  a  complete  scraper.  The  use  of  these  small  implements  has  not 
been  definitely  determined.  They  have  been  called  scrapers,  for  con- 
venience, but  the  appearance  of  some  of  the  specimens  suggests  their 
use  as  polishers. 

There  was  a  worked  piece  of  antler  8.3  cms.  long  and  1  cm.  in  dia- 
meter at  the  larger  end,  although  this  part  is  somewhat  flattened.  It 
tapers  from  this  end  so  that  the  opposite  end  is  slightly  smaller.  This 
object  may  have  been  a  game  stick;  at  least,  it  is  similar  to  the  ivory 
sticks  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest  Coast.  A  skeleton  of  a  bird, 
fragments  of  egg  shells,  probably  those  of  the  turkey,  and  two  deer  or 
elk  toes  which  had  been  used  for  rattles  were  also  in  the  debris. 

Skin  Work.  A  number  of  very  well-preserved  pieces  of  buckskin 
were  recovered;  most  of  them,  however,  were  in  a  fragmentary  condi- 
tion and  did  not  show  the  use  to  which  they  had  been  put.  In  Fig.  37 
is  shown  a  series  of  worked  pieces  which  are  as  well  preserved  as  any 
pieces  of  similar  material  from  this  ruin.  The  upper  one  has  a  serrated 
edge;  just  above  the  notches  there  is  a  broad  line  of  red  paint.  The  edge 
opposite  the  notches  is  cut,  showing  that  it  had  been  detached  from  some 
larger  piece.    The  lower  pieces  shown  in  the  figure  are  evidently  parts  of 


Fig.  37  (3172).     Buckskin  from  Room  25. 


104 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  105 

dresses  and  show  the  manner  of  fringing  their  edges.  The  larger  piece 
still  retains  some  of  the  original  sinew  sewing.  This  piece  is  at  the 
present  time  as  soft  as  when  first  tanned.  There  are  fragments  of  bags 
such  as  were  used  for  carrying  paint  and  other  materials,  several  pieces 
show  cutting  to  good  advantage,  and  one  piece  has  a  lacing  of  buckskin 
woven  in  and  out  on  its  edges. 

Stone  Work.  In  exploring  a  room  of  this  nature  objects  such  as  are 
used  for  general  purposes  in  the  home  are  naturally  expected,  but  here 
there  were  only  two  manos  and  not  even  the  fragments  of  metates. 
There  were  several  sandstone  slabs  with  depressions  in  one  side,  for 
grinding  paint  and  other  materials.  With  them  were  grinders  made  of 
coarse  friable  sandstone;  grooved  sandstone  slabs  that  had  been  used  for 
sharpening  tools;  and  two  of  the  so-called  pitted  stones  having  depres- 
sions averaging  3.5  cms.  in  diameter  and  1  cm.  in  depth.  There  were  over 
forty  hand  hammers,  or  pecking  stones,  a  number  of  flat  pebbles,  some  of 
which  have  been  used  as  hammerstones,  others  as  smoothers;  a  few 
fragments  of  stone  such  as  are  used  for  making  stone  implements;  small 
sandstone  concretions  which  maj'-  have  been  used  as  sling  stones;  pieces 
of  red  hematite,  the  edges  of  which  had  been  ground  to  obtain  material  for 
paint;  red  ocher,  azurite,  and  malachite  used  in  making  paint;  two 
water-worn  pebbles,  one  of  which  had  one  side  painted  yellow,  the  other 
with  its  side  painted  red;  small  sandstone  tablets  used  no  doubt  for 
grinding  and  mixing  paint;  eight  stone  jar  covers,  one  of  which  had 
been  used  as  a  paint  mixer;  and  the  end  of  an  object  similar  to  a  gorget, 
one  end  of  which  is  perforated.  One  side  of  this  object  has  scratches  on 
its  surface.  There  was  a  fragment  of  a  mortar  similar  to  the  one  found 
in  Room  10.  From  the  fragment  it  would  seem  that  it  had  been  about 
the  same  size,  but  the  rim  around  the  edge  is  very  much  higher  in  this 
than  in  the  other  specimen.  The  bottom  of  this  object  was  flat  and 
retains  traces  of  red  and  yellow  paint. 

Fig.  38  shows  a  sandstone  fetich  in  a  fragmentary  condition  and  was 
evidently  discarded  owing  to  the  friable  nature  of  the  sandstone.  It  is 
7  cms.  long  and  4.5  cms.  high.  There  were  a  number  of  small  sand- 
stone implements  and  broken  pieces  of  shells  and  other  materials;  the 
blade  end  of  a  jasper  scraper;  the  end  of  a  stone  knife;  an  arrow  point 
of  chalcedony;  and  a  few  shell  and  turquoise  beads,  one  of  the  shell  beads 
having  been  made  from  an  olivella  shell.     Pinon  gum  was  also  found. 

Textiles.  Of  destructible  material  there  was  the  usual  variety  of 
knotted  pieces  of  yucca  leaves;  fragments  of  corn  tassels;  masses  of 
feather  cord;  fragments  of  woven  and  braided  sandals,  one  of  the  former 


Fig.  38  (2957).     Part  of  Carving  in  Sandstone,  Room  25.     Length,  7  em. 


Fig.  39  (3151).     Piece  of  Cotton  Cloth,  Room  25. 


106 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  107 

of  which  has  bands  in  brown  which  evidently  crossed  the  sole  when  the 
sandal  was  complete;  a  sandal  made  from  feather  cord  and  quilted  with 
a  heavy  cord  of  human  hair;  fragments  of  two  stockings  made  of  feather 
cord,  the  feathers  being  those  of  the  turkey;  a  coil  of  feather  cord  tied 
in  two  places  with  a  two  and  four-strand  yucca  cord;  the  usual  variety 
of  cords  made  from  yucca  fiber;  quids  of  corn  silk  and  yucca;  squash 
and  pumpkin  rinds;  yucca  pods;  corn  and  beans;  and  a  section  of  squash 
rind  that  had  been  cut  into  the  shape  of  the  heel  of  a  shoe.  Had  condi- 
tions been  such  in  this  pueblo  that  matting  and  similar  objects  had  all 
decayed,  we  should  still  have  had  the  record  of  the  matting,  at  least, 
for  in  this  room,  there  were  several  pieces  of  adobe  which  had  no  doubt 
formed  a  part  of  the  floor  of  some  room  upon  which  are  perfect  imprints 
of  mat  sections. 

Only  three  specimens  of  basketry  came  from  this  room ;  two  of  these 
were  fragments.  One  was  the  bottom  of  a  small  oval  basket,  7  cms. 
long  and  4  cms.  wide,  of  the  three-rod  coiled  variety;  the  other,  the 
bottom  of  a  coiled  meal  basket  of  the  same  type.  This  specimen,  how- 
ever, was  circular  in  form.  A  basket  made  of  split  yucca  leaves,  found 
in  this  room,  was  perfectly  preserved.  It  is  19  cms.  in  diameter  and  4 
cms.  in  depth.  The  design  on  the  bottom  is  in  the  form  of  a  series  of 
rectangles,  one  inside  the  other  (twilling).  Fragments  of  a  number  of 
jar  rests  were  found,  but  none  in  a  perfect  condition. 

Of  special  interest  are  some  fragments  of  cotton  cloth.  Five  pieces 
were  found  in  the  debris  in  a  fine  state  of  preservation.  One  piece  (31 39) 
is  loosely  woven,  but  the  warp  and  woof  arc  finely  spun.  The  selvedges 
of  two  pieces  have  been  sewn  together  with  yucca  cord.  This  weaving 
is  similar  to  that  seen  in  the  kilts  and  sashes  worn  by  the  Antelope  and 
Snake  priests  in  Hopi  ceremonies.  The  specimen  shown  in  Pig.  39  is 
somewhat  complex  in  weaving  and  is  in  three  colors:  white,  black,  and 
red.  Work  of  this  nature  shows  the  high  degree  of  culture  attained  by 
the  old  Pueblo  people  in  the  textile  arts.  In  order  to  produce  a  figure  of 
this  kind  careful  adjustment  and  manipulation  of  the  healds  and  heddles, 
or  warp  separators,  is  needed.  The  broad  band  running  across  the  lower 
part  of  the  fragment  is  white  and  three  narrow  bands  which  cross  the 
broad  one  are  red.  The  zigzag  effect  is  in  black  and  white.  The  old 
Pueblo  people  raised  cotton  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  and  the  weaving 
art  in  the  old  days  was  developed  to  a  high  degree,  especially  among  the 
cliff-dwellers.  In  the  ruins  in  southeastern  Utah  have  been  found  cotton 
balls  which  botanists  claim  to  be  a  new  species.  It  has  been  named  Gossy- 
pium  ahorigenevm  (Millspaugh) .     It  is  practically  certain  that  this  cotton 


108  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

plant  was  indigenous  and  the  authority  above-mentioned  claims  that  it 
may  be  the  progenitor  of  our  tropical  cotton.  Note  may  be  taken  of  a 
burden  band  made  of  cotton  and  yucca.  The  band  is  in  two  colors, 
brown  and  white.  The  fragment  measures  21  cms.  in  length  and  2.5 
cms.  in  width.  The  eye-hole  for  fastening  to  the  burden  cord  appears 
in  one  end.  Also  there  is  a  braided  cotton  strip  21  cms.  long  and  8 
cms.  in  width. 

Wooden  Objects.  Comparatively  few  wooden  objects  were  found  in 
this  room.  There  were  some  thirty  sections  of  twigs,  showing  cut  ends; 
some  had  been  used  for  cutting  buckskin,  if  we  may  judge  from  the  cuts 
on  their  sides.  Then  there  were  five  rectangular  pieces  of  cedar  with 
smoothed  edges.  There  were  two  sticks  such  as  are  now  used  for  the 
kicking  game,  one  7  cms.  long  and  4  cms.  in  diameter,  and  the  other  7 
cms.  long  and  3  cms.  in  diameter  (H-2919,  H-3004).  There  were  three 
of  the  curved  sticks  to  be  described  with  the  material  from  Room  32. 

There  were  six  wooden  dice,  made  of  half  rounded  pieces  of  twigs. 
The  rounding  portion  of  two  of  them  has  been  ground,  thereby  making 
their  surface  somewhat  flattened.  Two  small  cylinders  of  wood,  the 
ends  of  which  have  been  carefully  smoothed  may  have  been  used  for 
gaming  purposes;  one  of  these  is  2  cms.  long  and  1.3  cms.  in  diameter, 
the  other  2.5  cms.  long  and  averages  1.3  cms.  in  diameter;  this  one  is 
slightly  flattened.  An  object,  shaped  like  the  end  of  a  bow,  such  as 
occurred  in  numbers  in  Room  2,  was  found;  it  is  6.5  cms.  in  length  and 
made  from  the  same  material  as  those  from  the  other  room.  Another 
type  was  the  long  cylindrical  gaming,  or  cutting  stick.  One  of  these 
found  in  Room  25  was  17  cms.  in  length  and  1  cm.  in  diameter.  There 
were  no  marks  from  cutting  on  the  surface  of  this  specimen.  Nine  canon 
walnuts  were  uncovered  and  two  of  these  had  been  drilled  for  suspension, 
two  holes  in  the  upper  part  of  each.  Two  utilitarian  objects  were  a  brush 
made  of  twigs,  bound  with  a  split  twig,  and  the  ends  of  a  firedrill.  One  is 
a  section  of  a  branch,  the  greater  part  of  one  side  having  been  cut  away. 
Gushing  identifies  several  such  objects  as  keys  for  a  figure-four  deadfall. 
Among  ceremonial  objects  may  be  mentioned  one  of  the  long  ceremonial 
pieces  which  were  found  in  pairs  in  Room  32.  This  one  is  20  cms.  in 
length  and  5  cms.  in  diameter  and  has  a  line  encircling  it  from  end  to 
end.  A  fragment  of  one  of  the  ceremonial  sticks  with  a  curved  end,  the 
curved  portion  12  cms.  in  length,  was  found ;  also  the  end  of  a  smaller  stick, 
which  from  the  holes  in  one  side  was  evidently  used  as  a  ceremonial 
firestick;  and  three  fragments  of  heads  of  ceremonial  sticks  and  a 
beautiful  carved  object  in  hard  wood  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  36a.    This 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  109 

specimen,  4  cms.  in  length  and  a  little  over  1  cm.  in  thickness  at  its 
thickest  part,  has  a  flattened  ball  over  the  part  which  was  no  doubt  meant 
to  enter  some  other  ceremonial  stick,  above  this  there  is  a  barrel-shaped 
object  connected  to  the  flattened  ball  with  a  cylindrical  piece.  There 
is  a  hole  drilled  through  the  lower  part  and  the  tubular  top  piece  has  a 
hole  3  mms.  in  diameter  drilled  through  it.  This  specimen  is  made 
from  some  very  hard  wood,  presumably  mesquite.  The  lower  half  is 
painted  a  rich  orange,  the  upper  half,  that  is,  the  neck  portion  which 
joins  the  two  parts,  seems  to  have  been  painted  a  dull  red.  The  neck 
of  the  barrel-shaped  object  has  been  covered  with  green  paint  that  may 
have  extended  to  the  orange  area,  as  there  are  evidences  of  this  color 
over  the  red.  The  object  in  its  entirety  is  a  beautiful  piece  of  primitive 
wood  carving;  the  work  being  so  symmetrical  and  the  general  effect  with 
the  brilliant  pigments  making  a  ceremonial  object  worthy  of  any  tribe. 

Wooden  flutes  were  represented  by  two  pieces,  one  of  which  shows 
the  distal  end  with  part  of  one  of  the  note  openings.  There  were  two 
fragments  of  squash  rind  on  which  a  fine  yucca  cord  had  been  attached 
and  then  a  layer  of  thick  red  pigment  applied.  There  is  no  decoration 
on  this  red  layer. 

Of  great  interest  is  a  series  of  sections  of  reed  arrows  which  have 
been  cut;  also  several  sections  of  reeds.  In  all,  there  are  eighteen  pieces 
which  were  probably  used  in  games.  Of  these  eight  are  proximal  or 
nocked  ends;  three  are  distal  ends  which  still  retain  the  wooden  fore- 
shaft,  and  the  others  are  sections  which  retain  their  color  or  part  of  the 
wrapping,  thereby  identifying  them  as  arrows.  A  number  of  these 
pieces  still  retain  colored  bands  of  red  and  green  which  in  two  cases 
alternate, — there  being  two  bands  of  each  color.  The  colored  area  is 
6.8  cms.  in  length  on  one,  but  on  the  other  it  has  been  obliterated  to  such 
an  extent  that  no  accurate  measurements  can  be  taken.  All  of  them  re- 
tain a  portion  of  the  feather;  one  in  particular  (Fig.  40a)  shows  the  in- 
terval between  the  sinew  binding  to  be  9.2  cms.  in  length,  the  feathers 
themselves  being  11.5  cms.  long.  There  are  three  of  these  and  they  are 
placed  equidistant,  the  feathering  beginning  2  cms.  from  the  end 
of  the  arrow.  There  were  two  sections  of  reeds  averaging  3  cms.  in 
length  which  had  holes  drilled,  or  burnt,  in  the  sides. 

Feathers.  A  number  of  eagle  and  turkey  feathers  were  found  and 
one  of  the  eagle  feathers  was  bound  with  yucca  cord  for  attachment  to 
some  object.  Three  eagle  feathers  were  bound  side  by  side  by  means  of  a 
two-strand  yucca  cord  (2938).  There  is  also  a  small  bundle  of  yellow 
and  blue  feathers  tied  in  a  bunch  with  yucca  cord.     The  individual 


^ 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito  111 

colors  seem  to  have  been  grouped  into  smaller  bunches  and  their  ends 
tied  with  a  series  of  knots  similar  to  those  described  as  having  been 
found  in  Room  1. 

In  general,  this  room  contained  a  more  varied  assortment  of  material 
than  any  other  room  explored  in  Pueblo  Bonito.  Although  it  was  an 
open  room,  the  material  had  been  preserved  in  a  remarkable  way.  This 
is  no  doubt  due  to  the  fact  that  the  specimens  were  lying  in  a  mass  of 
sand  which  allowed  the  water  to  percolate  to  the  floor,  thereby  keeping 
the  specimens  in  a  completely  dry  state,  which  would  not  have  been  the 
case  had  they  been  lying  in  heavy  soil. 

Room  26. 

Buried  Kiva.  Room  26  is  really  a  mere  excavation  in  the  western 
court  in  which  a  few  specimens  were  found.  On  reaching  a  certain  depth 
the  curved  wall  of  an  old  estufa  was  found.  The  presence  of  this  wall 
showed  that  the  clearing  of  this  estufa  would  be  difficult,  but  an  arc  of 
the  wall  was  uncovered.  However,  the  following  specimens  were  re- 
moved before  the  work  was  abandoned:  twelve  awls  from  splinters  of 
deer  bone;  one  awl  from  the  leg  bone  of  a  deer;  two  awls  from  bird 
bones;  two  from  splinters  and  one  from  a  bird  bone.  The  one  made 
from  a  bird  bone  has  an  exceptionally  fine  point  and  one  of  the  splinters 
has  a  very  fine  tapering  point. 

There  was  one  scraper,  from  the  tarsal  bone  of  an  ungulate,  13.5 
cms.  in  length  and  2.5  cms.  in  width  at  the  blade  end.  This  scraper 
had  been  worn  on  the  under  part  of  the  edge  of  the  blade  as  though 
used  in  scraping  skins.  There  is  also  a  fragment  of  a  similar  scraper, 
about  the  same  size.  Two  sandstone  jar  covers,  broken;  a  spoon-shaped 
object  made  from  a  potsherd;  a  piece  of  clay  showing  the  imprint  of  a 
hand;  a  cylindrical  piece  of  sandstone  5  cms.  long  and  3  cms.  in  diameter 
at  the  larger  end;  a  shell  bead;  a  piece  of  azurite;  and  the  bowl  of  a 
pipe  complete  the  list  of  the  general  specimens  in  this  room.  The  pipe 
shown  in  Fig.  19  is  made  of  clay  and  has  an  expanding  bowl  3.5  cms.  in 
diameter  and  2  cms.  deep.  Near  the  base  of  the  bowl  there  is  a  protuber- 
ance which  may  have  been  used  in  holding  the  pipe  while  it  was  in  use. 
The  inner  part  of  the  bowl  is  blackened  and  there  is  a  deposit  which 
appears  to  be  the  remains  of  tobacco. 

In  following  out  a  portion  of  the  arc  of  the  estufa  a  support  similar 
to  those  found  in  Room  16  was  encountered.  In  the  top  of  this  support  a 
deposit  of  turquoise  matrix  and  two  olivella  shells  were  found,  but  there 
was  no  cavity  in  the  support. 


1 12         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Room  27. 

South  of  Room  17  there  is  an  open  space  formed  by  the  eastern  part 
of  an  estufa,  evidently  associated  with  Room  16  (Fig.  26).  At  the  south- 
ern edge  of  this  depression  the  series  of  rooms  which  divides  the  Pueblo 
is  continued.  In  Fig.  41  the  room  is  shown  after  the  accumulation  of  earth 
and  stones  had  been  removed.  As  shown  in  this  picture,  the  room  is  6 
feet  10  inches  long  on  the  north  side,  6  feet  8  inches  on  the  south  side,  11 
feet  10  inches  on  the  east  side,  and  11  feet  8  inches  on  the  west  side,  the 
latter  wall  being  the  long  one  at  the  back  part  of  the  picture.  The  highest 
wall  that  remained  standing  was  4  feet  above  the  floor  level. 

Altar  Sand.  This  was  evidently  another  of  the  ceremonial  rooms 
associated  with  the  estufas.  In  clearing  away  the  stones  from  the  fallen 
walls  a  mass  of  white  sandstone  was  found  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
room  and  as  it  seemed  improbable  that  this  material  had  formed  a  part 
of  a  wall  it  was  allowed  to  remain  in  place  and  the  earth  and  other  debris 
removed  from  about  it.  When  the  northeastern  part  of  the  room  had 
been  excavated  to  the  floor  level  a  stone  mortar  was  found.  There  was  a 
small  grinding  stone  with  a  rounded  surface  on  one  side,  which  fitted  the 
mortar  cavity  perfectly.  This  grinder  had  been  made  from  a  portion  of 
the  edge  of  a  large  metate;  both  of  these  objects  may  be  seen  in  place  in 
the  photograph.  It  was  quite  evident  that  the  sandstone  had  been 
brought  to  this  room  and  had  been  stored  there  and  ground  for  cere- 
monial purposes  as  needed.  It  is  the  type  of  white  sandstone  used  at  the 
present  time  in  making  sand  paintings.  The  Navajo  workmen  were  u- 
nanimous  in  saying  that  this  had  without  a  doubt  been  used  by  the  old 
people  in  making  their  dry  paintings  in  the  estufas. 

The  mortar  is  made  of  an  irregularly  shaped  piece  of  sandstone;  it 
is  42  cms.  wide  at  its  widest  part  and  14.5  cms.  thick.  The  mortar 
cavity  is  26  cms.  in  diameter  and  8  cms.  deep.  While  metates  are 
very  abundant  in  this  pueblo,  mortars  of  this  type  are  seldom  found. 

The  only  object  found  in  this  room,  aside  from  the  sandstone  blocks 
and  the  mortar  and  pestle,  was  a  fragment  of  a  large  corrugated  olla; 
hence,  it  seems  that  this  room  had  been  used  exclusively  for  grinding  white 
sandstone  as  Room  17  may  have  been  used  for  grinding  meal. 

Room  28. 
In  the  north-central  part  of  this  ruin  there  is  a  well-proportioned 
room  whose  longer  axis  stretches  east  and  west.    The  masonry  is  indica- 
tive of  an  intermediate  period  in  the  history  of  the  pueblo.    In  appear- 
ance it  differs  little  from  other  rooms;    the  upper  strata  brought  forth 


«    2 


•°     rt 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  117 

no  evidence  of  rich  deposits,  nor  was  there  anything  on  which  to  base  a 
hope  for  unusual  finds.  Before  the  spade  had  disturbed  the  mass  of 
fallen  walls  and  the  accumulated  debris,  this  particular  part  of  the  ruin 
was  a  mound  on  which  the  greasewood  thrived,  and  whose  surface  was 
covered  with  sand  that  rounded  off  the  roughness  of  the  fallen  walls. 
The  early  stages  of  the  work  were  productive  of  nothing  of  interest  until 
a  depth  of  two  feet  was  reached,  here,  bits  of  worked  turquoise  and  pieces 
in  the  matrix  were  found;  then,  a  little  deeper,  a  piece  of  hammered 
copper  was  unearthed.  This  interesting  object  was  carefully  examined, 
but  it  gave  no  evidences  of  having  been  a  part  of  another  piece.  A  foot 
deeper,  in  the  western  end  of  the  room,  there  appeared  a  stratum  of 
broken  pottery;  the  pieces  were  collected  and  marked,  and  the  work 
proceeded.  The  room  now  presented  a  very  unpromising  appearance, 
especially  at  the  west  end;  here  the  walls  were  blackened,  the  posts, 
though  in  place,  were  but  pillars  of  charcoal,  the  adobe  burned  to  a 
terra  cotta  hue,  and  the  sand  and  powdered  adobe  tinted  a  delicate  red. 
Then  fragments  of  a  jar  were  found  indicating  a  new  form,  which  upon 
examination  proved  to  be  cylindrical.  A  pitcher  was  also  found,  but 
it  too  was  broken.  A  little  prospecting  in  the  northeast  corner  of  the 
western  part,  where  these  were  found,  served  to  locate  another  piece;  this 
was  over  a  foot  and  a  half  below  the  first  ones.  This  part  of  the  room  was 
separated  from  the  eastern  section  by  a  thin  partition  wall  about  a  foot 
thick  and  four  feet  high.  The  lower  portion  of  the  western  half  was  filled 
with  sand  that  had  drifted  and  washed  in  before  the  ceiling  fell,  and  it  is 
owing  to  this  that  the  specimens  were  so  well  preserved.  The  sand  was 
cleared  away  from  the  northeast  corner  of  the  western  part,  and  a  mass  of 
bowls  and  vessels  was  found,  Fig.  42.  These  were  partly  uncovered  and  a 
photograph  taken,  after  which  the}7  were  re-covered.  From  that  time 
on,  the  work  was  confined  to  the  western  part  of  the  room,  the  sand  being- 
thrown  into  the  eastern  part  and  then  upon  the  bank. 

A  Pottery  Cache.  The  work  advanced  rapidly  toward  the  west  wall, 
but,  as  it  required  the  most  watchful  care,  it  was  not  until  a  day  had 
passed  that  another  piece  of  pottery  was  found,  but  after  it  was  cleared 
there  seemed  to  be  no  end  to  the  cylindrical  forms  that  the  trowel  and 
brush  revealed.  Pitchers  and  bowls  were  greatly  in  evidence,  but  the 
new  form  predominated,  some  on  end,  some  in  a  horizontal  position, 
and  others  presenting  all  degrees  of  angulation;  in  fact,  there  was  a 
chaotic  mass  of  pottery  where  once  had  been  a  well-laid  pile,  forced 
from  their  original  places,  and  in  many  places  crushed  by  the  weight  of 
the  debris  that  the  burning  of  the  ceiling  beams  precipitated  upon  them. 


1 18         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Two  days  were  spent  in  removing  the  rubbish  from  above  the  vessels 
and  then  came  the  delicate  task  of  preparing  the  mass  for  photographingi 
A  small  steel  stylus  and  a  number  of  various  sized  brushes  served  to 
remove  the  earth  from  about  and  over  the  vessels,  some  of  which  were  in 
twenty  pieces  and  only  held  together  by  the  equalization  of  pressure  of 
the  sand  about  them. 

When  this  mass  was  ready  for  the  camera,  it  was  carefully  covered 
with  sheepskins  as  a  precautionary  measure  against  the  possibility  of 
stones  falling  from  the  overhanging  bank  above  them,  then  the  south  side 
of  the  room  received  attention.  Here  a  small  four-handled  bowl  was 
found,  also  a  pitcher  and  one  of  the  cylindrical  jars.  Between  the  bowl 
and  the  other  two  pieces,  there  was  a  cache  of  stone  jar  covers,  these  in 
turn  were  covered,  and  the  eastern  and  northeastern  parts  again  became 
the  objective  point. 

A  portion  of  a  pitcher  was  found  near  a  post  that  rested  against  the 
eastern  wall.  From  this  point  to  the  north  wall,  there  remained  a  heap 
of  sand  3  feet  high  and  33^  feet  in  width.  When  this  was  worked  down, 
over  fifteen  pieces  of  pottery  were  added  to  those  already  found  in  this 
corner,  and  portions  of  others  could  be  seen  below  them.  These  were 
cleared  and  brushed  for  photographing,  and  then  the  first  that  were  found, 
which  were  a  part  of  this  corner  deposit,  were  fully  uncovered. 

The  room  had  now  been  thoroughly  examined,  the  specimens 
brushed,  but  still  in  their  original  places,  and  the  first  layer  made  ready  to 
be  removed.  The  first  picture  taken  at  this  stage  of  the  operations  was  with 
a  wide  angle  lense;  the  camera  was  inverted  between  boards  and  thus 
a  bird'seye  view  of  the  room  was  obtained.  This  picture  (Fig.  42) 
gives  a  fair  idea  of  the  pottery  and  its  immediate  surroundings,  also 
the  mass  of  debris  upon  which  the  western  wall  of  the  room  is  built. 
The  base  of  this  wall  is  outlined  by  a  strongly  defined  break.  It  rests 
upon  the  remains  of  what  was  once  a  part  of  an  old  structure,  whose 
material  and  workmanship  are  radically  different  from  that  of  the  upper 
part.  Its  age,  or  how  long  a  time  elapsed  from  its  demolition  to  the  day 
when  new  walls  were  built  above  its  ruins,  cannot  be  told,  but  it  is  self- 
evident  that  no  pains  were  taken  to  form  a  foundation  for  the  new  wall. 
The  pottery  occupies  the  southwestern  corner  touching  both  the  west 
and  south  walls,  and  seems  to  have  been  laid  with  cylindrical  jars 
forming  a  row  extending  east  and  west,  with  the  pitchers  and  bowls  on 
either  side. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  1 19 

The  vessels  in  the  northeast  corner  were  the  first  photographed; 
they  followed  the  north  wall  line,  and,  in  fact,  rested  against  it  in  some 
instances,  even  extending  into  the  doorway  where  three  bowls  were 
lying  upon  the  sill;  from  the  western  side  of  this  door  they  stretched  in  a 
southeast  line  to  the  post  in  the  center  of,  and  resting  against  the  east 
wall,  and  from  this  line  to  the  northeast  corner  the  space  was  completely 
filled.  This  group  (Fig.  44)  contains  twenty-one  bowls,  one  pitcher,  and 
two  cylindrical  jars;  all  of  these,  with  the  exception  of  one  of  the  jars, 
were  ornamented,  the  scroll  design  in  simple  and  conventionalized  forms, 
prevailing. 

A  second  layer  was  exposed  and  treated  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
first  one.  In  this  corner  deposit,  bowls  formed  the  great  majority,  they 
were  all  of  compact  whiteware  and  ornamented  in  the  interior  with 
designs  in  black;  handles  were  in  evidence,  but  no  exterior  designs  were 
found.  These  bowls  varied  greatly  in  size  and  capacity,  the  twenty-six 
that  this  corner  produced,  ranging  from  534  inches  to  1  foot  1  inch  in 
diameter  and  2%  inches  to  7  inches  in  depth.  A  resume  of  the  forms 
gives  us  but  three  distinct  types:  the  circular  bowl,  the  cylindrical  jar, 
and  the  cylindrical  topped  pitcher;  the  former  predominated  to  such  an 
extent  that  it  was  practically  a  bowl  deposit  of  twenty-six  pieces  with  an 
intrusion  of  two  jars  and  three  pitchers.  Thus  we  have  in  this  one  corner, 
on,  or  slightly  above  the  floor  level,  thirty-one  pieces,  making  in  all, 
with  the  jar  and  pitcher  that  were  found  just  above  the  mass,  thirty- 
three  pieces  of  pottery  from  the  northeastern  part  of  the  room,  the 
majority  being  in  perfect  condition. 

The  mass  in  the  western  part  of  the  room  occupied  a  space  that 
extended  four  feet  eastward  from  the  west  wall,  and  to  a  point  five  feet 
north  of  the  south  wall,  thus  covering  an  area  of  twenty  square  feet.  In 
the  first,  or  upper  layer,  there  were  forty-seven  pieces,  all  but  six  of 
which  were  of  the  cylindrical  type.  An  exposure  was  made  with  the 
specimens  in  situ  (Fig.  43);  not  only  the  jars  themselves  were  in  place 
but  in  most  cases  the  individual  fragments.  All  the  pottery  that  pre- 
sented even  a  portion  to  view,  was  numbered,  and  then  another  picture 
taken,  thereby  following  out  the  scheme  that  was  started  in  the  north- 
east corner  and  also  continuing  the  number  sequence.  After  the  vessels 
in  this  layer  were  numbered,  they  were  removed  and  another  layer  un- 
covered. 

This  layer  disclosed  thirty-seven  specimens;  the  cylindrical  form 
had  thirty-one  representatives,  and  there  were  two  bowls  and  four  pitch- 
ers. The  third  layer  consisted  of  thirty  pieces,  seventeen  of  which 
were  cylindrical  jars,  six  bowls,  and  seven  pitchers. 


120         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  fourth  layer  brought  us  to  the  base  of  the  western  limit  of  the 
room;  most  of  the  pieces  were  imbedded  in  the  debris  that  formed  the 
foundation  of  the  western  wall.  There  were  fourteen  vessels  in  all,  of 
which  thirteen  were  jars,  the  one  exception  being  a  pitcher.  One  of  these 
jars  (3378)  is  of  redware,  the  only  one  of  that  color  found  in  the  room. 

It  seemed  that  this  should  exhaust  the  deposit,  but  on  removing  the 
jars,  five  more  cylindrical  pieces  were  found. 

Thus  in  this  deposit  there  were  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  pieces  of 
pottery,  embracing  one  hundred  and  ten  jars,  eighteen  pitchers,  and 
eight  bowls.  There  were  also  seventy-five  stone  covers,  evidently  for  the 
jars  and  pitchers. 


Fig.  45.     Forms  of  Cylindrical  Jars,  Room  28.     a,  no  handles;    6,  with  a  bail;    r,  two  lugs 
d,  three  lugs;    e,  four  lugs. 


Cylindrical  Pottery.  In  considering  the  cylindrical  or  new  form, 
we  find  that  H-3378  is  made  of  red  material  and,  as  stated,  is  the  only 
piece  of  this  ware  that  was  found.  This  specimen  has  no  handles  nor 
even  evidences  of  such  appendages.  It  is  9%  inches  in  height  with  a 
diameter  of  6}i  inches  by  6%  inches  at  the  top,  5%  inches  at  the  middle 
part,  and  3%  inches  at  the  bottom.  It  has  no  decorations  and  no  lines 
or  markings  of  any  kind  appear  on  its  surface.  It  is  a  darker  ware  than 
the  usual  red  pottery  of  this  region,  and  there  is,  therefore,  a  possibility 
of  this  piece  having  come  from  some  other  part  of  the  country  to  serve 
as  a  model  for  the  potters  in  making  their  whiteware.  Two  of  the  white 
jars  are  similar  in  form.  The  only  embellishments  on  these  pieces  are 
four  pairs  of  holes  that  served  as  handles.  Among  these  people  handles 
were  used  to  a  great  extent,  even  the  corrugated  jars  and  ollas  being 
fitted  with  them.     The  handle  idea  was  developed.     At  all  events  the 


PLATE  2 
A  Cylindrical  Jar 
A  deposit  of  cylindrical  vessels  was  uncovered  in  Room  28,  a  type  of  vessel  not 
previously  known  in  the  area.    The  vessel  shown  here  (H-3241)  is  25.5  cm.  high  and 
9.8  cm.  in  diameter. 


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PLATE  2 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  121 

possible  evolution  of  this  cylindrical  type  is  worthy  of  note.  As 
these  jars  were  no  doubt  used  for  ceremonial  purposes  the  handles 
may  have  been  for  the  attachment  of  feathers. 

Summing  up,  we  have  one  hundred  and  fourteen  cylindrical  jars.  Of 
these  sixty-six  are  ornamented.  There  is  one  without  handles,  two  with 
sets  of  perforations  through  which  cord  handles  may  be  passed,  and  one 
with  a  handle  composed  of  a  band  of  pottery  that  arched  across  the 
mouth  of  the  jar.  Then  follows  one  with  two  handles,  twenty-three 
with  three  handles,  and  eighty  with  four  handles ;  three  had  an  irreg- 
ular arrangement  of  handles,  and  there  were  three  whose  tops  were 
missing,  making  it  impossible  to  classify  them. 

A  number  of  the  jars  were  marked,  either  on  the  bottom  or  the  rim, 
with  peculiar  lines  and  figures,  nor  was  this  confined  to  the  decorated 
pieces;  their  import,  whether  symbolical  or  decorative,  cannot  be 
determined.  Over  a  dozen  of  the  jars  presented  some  line  or  series  of 
lines,  or  some  figure  that  was  not  one  of  the  component  parts  of  the 
decorative  lines. 

The  subject  of  ornamentation  cannot  be  taken  up  in  this  paper,  but 
the  types  are  shown  in  Plates  2-7.  The  extremes  of  height  and  diameter 
are,  however,  interesting.  The  highest  jar  in  the  collection  is  1  foot  2J.-.f 
inches  high,  and  the  smallest  l}/\  inches,  the  greatest  diameter  being 
53^  inches,  and  the  smallest  3  inches.  Of  this  form  we  have  one  hundred 
and  twenty  pieces,  not  counting  the  fragmentary  ones  that  may  be  par- 
tially restored.  One  hundred  and  fourteen  are  from  Room  28,  and  the  other 
six  from  a  sealed  series  of  rooms  just  north  of  and  adjoining  Room  28. 

Before  closing  a.  few  words  may  be  added  concerning  similar  jars 
from  Central  America.  One  of  the  greatest  nations  of  that  vast  country 
was  the  Cakchiquel,  a  branch  of  the  Maya  family.  A  large  collection, 
showing  the  culture  of  this  people,  was  collected  by  one  Alvarado,  the 
collection  being  bought  by  Dr.  Eduard  Seler,  and  a  portion  re-sold  to  the 
Duke  de  Loubat,  who  presented  it  to  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History.  There  is  a  cylindrical  form  of  pottery  in  this  collection  that  is 
strikingly  similar  in  form  to  the  ones  under  consideration  which  was 
found  at  "Finca  Pompeya",  a  ranch  near  Antigua,  Guatemala.  They 
vary  in  form  as  do  the  ones  in  the  Hyde  Collection,  some  being  uniform 
throughout  their  length,  others  small  at  the  bottom  and  wide  mouthed; 
one  has  a  somewhat  flaring  top.  Thejr  range  from  5  to  11  inches  in 
height,  and  from  3  to  5  inches  in  diameter.  One  is  of  a  light  buff  color 
and  would  readily  pass  as  a  specimen  from  Bonito,  so  nearly  does  it 
approach  some  of  the  specimens  from  Room  28.    The  ornamentation  of 


122         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.      [Vol.  XXVII, 

this  piece  is  confined  to  a  band  of  decorative  lines  near  the  rim;  in  fact, 
almost  all  of  the  decorations  are  confined  to  this  part,  some  have  painted 
bands  of  solid  color,  some  incised  lines  and  figures,  some  raised  lines 
Most  of  the  pieces  are  dark,  either  a  dark  red  or  a  dull  black,  no  handles 
are  in  evidence,  but  on  one  of  the  jars  there  are  three  knobs  that  are 
placed  in  the  same  relative  positions  as  the  handles  on  the  three-handled 
specimens  from  Bonito. 

The  mass  of  pottery,  found  at  a  depth  of  2  feet  below  the  surface, 
was  composed  mostly  of  fragments  of  large  cylindrical  jars.  There  were 
fragments  of  large  pitchers,  also  of  a  large  decorated  olla  and  a  number  of 
fragments  of  bowls,  dippers,  and  corrugated  jars;  there  were  a  few  red- 
ware  potsherds.  Parts  of  eight  jars  of  the  cylindrical  type  were  as- 
sembled, but  yet  these  show  no  unusual  forms  in  the  way  of  ornamenta- 
tion or  the  adjustment  or  styles  of  the  handles.  None  of  them  were 
decorated  on  the  bottom  part  nor  were  there  unusual  lines  on  the  rim, 
such  as  were  noted  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  pieces  from  the  jar  deposit 
of  the  lower  room. 

An  unbroken  vessel  in  the  shape  of  a  squash  is  shown  in  Fig.  47. 
A  small  portion  of  a  bowl  with  peculiar  decorations  on  the  interior  was 
also  recovered.  The  decorations  are  in  black  on  a  gray  surface  and 
represent  animals,  probably  deer  or  sheep  (Fig.  46).  The  drawing  of  the 
figures  is  rather  crude,  but  the  specimen  is  interesting,  owing  to  the  fact 
that  animal  forms  of  this  kind  are  seldom  used  in  ornamenting  pottery 
vessels,  at  least  in  the  Chaco  Region. 

Miscellaneous  Objects.  In  considering  the  specimens  found  in  the 
upper  layer  of  the  room,  a  piece  of  copper  first  claims  attention.  It  is  a 
hammered  piece  of  what  seems  to  be  native  copper,  25  cms.  long,  2  cms. 
wide,  and  averages  1  mm.  in  thickness,  evidently  hammered  into  its 
present  shape  and  one  side  has  scratches  in  the  form  of  cross  hatchings. 
The  edges  are  irregular  and  there  are  cracks  in  the  edge  such  as  would 
naturally  result  from  hammering. 

A  weather-worn  shell  bracelet  and  a  fragment  of  a  stone  slab ;  eleven 
sandstone  jar  covers;  several  pieces  of  turquoise  matrix  showing  veins  of 
this  material  enclosed  in  trachyte  and  a  number  of  small  pieces  of  tur- 
quoise which  had  been  broken  from  the  matrix,  were  the  only  objects 
found  with  the  potsherds  in  the  upper  deposit. 

Scattered  through  the  sand  near  the  floor  level  of  the  lower  room  and 
intermingled  with  the  pottery  were  seventy-eight  sandstone  jar  covers; 
some  of  these  may  be  seen  in  Fig.  42.  They  range  from  the  crudest  forms 
imaginable  to  carefully  rounded  and  smoothed  pieces,  the  majority  of 


PLATE  3 

A  Cylindrical  Jar 
Height,  23.2  cm.;  diameter,  9.2  cm.  (H-3236). 


'V 


'  IB  VVII 

■ 
■ 

idles 
,  are 

• 
face, 

.  r  of 
few  red- 

rim, 

■  ■ 

tl  • 

E  3T/J 

..--!! S.G^a^hV^S.C-M^H 

; 

- 

■ 

i  its 
f  cross  hatchings 

. 

tones)  ' 

fcur- 

: 


PLATE  3 


Fig.  46.    Decorated  Potsherd,  a  Shell  Trumpet,  and  Worked  Antler:    a  (4093),  Room  28; 
6  (2621),  Room  17;    c  (4738),  Room  22. 


123 


Fig.  47.     Pottery  Forms:    a  (3581),    Room  32;    6  (3564),  Room  28;    c  (3583),  Room  32. 


Fig.  48  ab  (3589,  3591).     Pottery  from  Room  32. 


PLATE  4 

A  Cylindrical  Jar 

Height,  24  cm.;  diameter,  9.9  (H-3262). 


i   STAvM 

haI  JAOiaaraJYO  A 

.(S0S8-H)  6.6  tistecaaib  ;.mo  £S  Jd&sB 


PLATE  4 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  125 

them,  however,  very  crude.  Of  the  one  hundred  and  twenty-one  covers, 
sixty-eight  were  found  in  the  sand,  on,  and  slightly  above  the  floor  level; 
and  six  were  found  in  a  cache.  These  covers  were  evidently  made  to  be 
used  in  connection  with  the  cylindrical  jars  and  pitchers  with  which  they 
were  found. 

Among  the  other  objects  of  stone  found  in  the  room  was  a  large 
sandstone  slab,  broken  into  fragments,  but  upon  which  there  still  re- 
main traces  of  red  paint.  There  is  also  a  peculiar  globular  concretion 
evidently  of  limonite,  and,  from  the  indications  of  the  lower  surface,  used 
as  a  pestle.  An  obsidian  arrow  point;  a  small  red  jasper  pebble,  evi- 
dently used  as  a  pottery  smoother;  and  a  circular  piece  of  jet  were  found. 
The  jet  piece  is  4  cms.  in  diameter  at  its  widest  part  and  flattened  on  one 
side;  the  under  part  is  irregular  in  shape;  the  thickest  part  being  6 
mms.  The  edges  are  beveled  and  the  under  part  is  covered  with  a  layer 
of  gum,  probably  pifion  gum ;  the  upper  surface  is  smoothed  and  polished. 
It  no  doubt  formed  an  inlay  for  some  object.  Scattered  through  the 
debris  in  the  room  were  calcined  fragments  of  chalcedony,  many  of  them 
cracked  into  small  bits;  masses  of  sand  which  have  been  vitrified  and 
formed  into  a  slag  were  also  found.  Then  too  there  were  seven  small 
fossil  shells,  and  a  small  shark's  tooth;  three  fragments  of  crinoid  stems; 
two  chalcedony  arrow  points,  one  of  obsidian  and  one  of  chert;  the  point 
of  a  stone  knife;  a  large  calcite  crystal;  a  small  transparent  quartz 
crystal;  a  piece  of  native  sulphur;  pieces  of  red  and  yellow  ocher;  a 
piece  of  silica  of  iron;  and  several  thin  laminae  of  mica. 

Scattered  among  the  bowls  and  jars  on  the  floor  there  were  ninety- 
three  turquoise  beads  of  the  flat  circular  form ;  twelve  turquoise  pen- 
dants and  a  number  of  broken  beads;  turquoise  inlays  and  pieces  of 
turquoise  matrix.  Scattered  through  the  general  debris  above  the 
pottery  were  sixteen  small  circular  turquoise  beads.  Among  the  shell 
objects  found  in  the  general  debris  were  a  number  of  fragments  of  murex 
most  of  which  had  been  blackened  by  fire,  and,  on  the  floor  level  and 
scattered  among  the  pottery  vessels  were  sixty-nine  of  the  figure-eight 
shaped  beads;  forty-three  beads  made  from  olivella  shells;  sections  of 
shells;  and  nine  fragments  of  shell  bracelets,  two  of  which  are  perforated 
for  suspension  of  ornaments.  Associated  directly  with  the  pottery  vessels 
were  four  hundred  shell  beads,  of  these  one  hundred  and  five  were  olivella 
shells,  one  hundred  and  thirty  were  of  the  figure-eight  form,  and  the 
balance  were  sections  of  olivella  shells,  flat  circular  beads  and  a  few  of 
irregular  shape. 


126         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

There  were  very  few  bone  objects  in  the  room,  two  bone  awls  made 
from  fragments  of  deer  bone  being  the  only  implements  found,  but  there 
were  fifteen  fragments  of  deer  antler,  cut  into  lengths  averaging  7  cms. 
Most  of  them  had  rounding  ends  and  one  of  them  has  grooves  in  the  side 
made  by  some  cutting  implement.  These  objects  were  so  calcined  by  fire 
that  pieces  had  scaled  from  the  surface,  therefore,  it  would  be  impossible 
to  determine  their  original  forms.  A  human  tooth;  a  few  fragments  of 
wooden  implements;  a  piece  of  knotted  yucca  cord,  found  in  the 
upper  levels;  and  a  flat  piece  of  wood  6  cms.  square  and  8  mms.  thick 
having  a  perforation  in  the  center  were  the  only  objects  of  a  really  perish- 
able nature,  found  at  the  floor  level.  This  was  covered  with  sand 
and  had  in  some  way  escaped  the  fire  which  had  carbonized  so  many 
objects.  The  remaining  specimens  from  this  room  were  found  in  the 
vessels;  a  shell  bracelet  with  a  perforation  through  the  valve  of  the  shell 
was  found  in  a  bowl  in  the  northeast  corner  of  the  room.  A  small  circular 
turquoise  bead  was  found  in  a  bowl  in  the  same  corner;  in  another  bowl 
there  were  two  of  the  figure-eight-shaped  beads  and  a  small  olivella  shell 
bead;  in  a  bowl  four  of  the  figure-eight -shaped  beads,  a  flat  circular  bead 
of  shell,  a  turquoise  bead  of  the  same  shape,  and  a  carved  olivella  shell 
bead  were  found.  This  carved  bead  has  a  series  of  elongated  circles 
forming  a  band  around  the  central  part.  There  are  five  of  these  and 
each  one  has  a  dot  in  the  center.  Another  bowl  contained  two  shell 
beads,  one  of  the  figure-eight  form,  the  other  of  an  olivella  shell,  and 
another  a  small  flat  circular  bead  of  turquoise. 

Room  28a.  This  was  a  continuation  to  the  eastward  of  Room  28 
and  separated  from  it  by  a  wall  of  plastered  stone  1  foot  thick.  This 
wall  extended  to  the  ceiling  of  the  lower  room  which  was  8}/2  feet  from 
the  floor  at  this  end.  The  base  on  which  the  wall  rested  was  composed  of 
large  stones.  The  room  was  floored  at  this  depth  (8^  feet)  and  had 
been  filled  in,  and  another  floor  put  down  at  the  bottom  of  the  dividing 
wall  or  at  a  depth  of  6  feet  from  the  ceiling.  The  dividing  wall  was  the 
only  one  on  which  the  plaster  remained;  it  was  not  very  thick,  but  in 
good  condition.  The  other-  walls  of  the  lower  room  were  roughly  made, 
composed  of  large  stones  carelessly  laid.  There  was  a  wall  about  a  third 
of  the  way  up  on  the  southern  side  of  the  room,  a  foot  wider  than  the 
balance  of  the  wall  and  forming  a  bench  extending  from  the  east  to  the 
west  wall.  A  little  east  of  the  center  of  the  lower  jutting  wall  a  large 
ceiling  beam  had  rested.  From  the  size  of  the  opening  it  must  have  been 
at  least  10  inches  in  diameter.  The  northern  and  eastern  walls  of  this 
room  were  roughly  laid  and  the  south  wall  had  large  stones  projecting 


PLATE  5 

A  Cylindrical  Jar 

Height,  18.5  cm.;  diameter,  10  cm.  (H-3237). 


I 


e 

■ 

jiaL  jAoiiianuYO  A 
.(TSS8-I-I)  -.mo  01  xv,.iQiiu;iU  ;  .mo  0.81  Mm& 


PLATE  5 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pveblo  Bonito.  127 

from  the  surface,  particularly  at  the  ceiling  level.  The  walls  of  the  lower 
part  were  in  fact  very  crude  as  compared  with  the  work  shown  by  those 
of  the  upper  room  which  had  been  laid  with  extreme  care  with  selected 
faced  stones  that  were  in  good  condition  when  uncovered.  In  the  eastern 
wall  there  was  a  sealed  doorway  of  the  usual  type  that  led  into  Room  45 ; 
it  had  been  damaged  by  fire,  especially  at  the  upper  part  where  it 
bulged  to  a  considerable  extent. 

The  walls  of  the  upper  room  showed  no  evidence  of  plaster.  The 
stones  of  the  southern  wall  are  like  those  shown  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
wall  in  Room  28.  The  two  parts  which,  for  convenience,  have  been 
divided  in  the  notes,  really  formed  one  room  which  extended  the  length 
of  Rooms  28  and  28a;  therefore,  in  studying  the  room  the  doorways  and 
peculiarities  of  the  upper  walls  must  be  considered  as  forming  a  part  of 
one  room  only.  There  is  a  doorway  of  the  old  "T"  shape  in  the  western 
part  of  the  south  wall,  one  part  of  it  is  directly  over  the  partition  wall 
which  separated  the  two  lower  rooms.  This  doorway  led  into  Room  40. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  it  was  not  cleared  until  this  room  was  excavated, 
the  measurements  will  not  be  given  until  that  room  is  described.  There 
was  a  doorway  in  the  northern  wall  of  the  lower  room,  situated  a  little 
to  the  east  of  the  center;  it  was  very  rough  and  higher  than  most  rec- 
tangular doorways  (2  feet  2  inches  wide  and  3  feet  6  inches  high,  the 
upper  part  beins-  2  feet  6  inches  below  the  ceiling  beams;  its  exact  posi- 
tion was  7  feet  8  inches  from  the  west  wall).  There  was  a  place  in  the 
north  wall,  both  at  the  west  and  east  end,  where  a  beam  had  been  built 
into  the  wall,  possibly  for  use  as  a  support,  but  there  were  no  correspond- 
ing depressions  in  the  south  wall.  The  one  near  the  west  end  is  2  feet  2 
inches  from  the  partition  wall,  5  feet  high  and  63^  inches  wide  having  a 
depth  at  the  center  of  3  inches.  The  one  at  the  eastern  end  is  4  feet  2 
inches  high,  6J-f>  inches  wide  and  2  inches  deep.  The  concavity  is  such  as 
might  be  formed  by  pressing  a  circular  beam  half  its  thickness  into  soft 
plaster.  There  were  evidences  of  posts  having  stood  on  the  south  side 
of  the  room  opposite  these  depressions,  but  fire  had  destroyed  them. 
From  the  mass  of  vitrified  sand  at  the  end  of  this  room  one  would  be  led 
to  believe, that  it  had  been  used  as  a  storeroom  for  grain  or  other  materials 
that  would  generate  an  intense  heat  as  the  timbers  in  the  room  would 
hardly  cause  enough  heat  to  vitrify  the  surrounding  material. 

This  room  was  13  feet  long,  north  and  south,  sides  7  feet  10  inches 
wide  on  the  east  and  8  feet  2  inches  at  the  west  end.  At  the  eastern  part 
of  the  room  the  walls  stood  to  a  height  of  over  19  feet  above  the  lowest 
floor  level.    The  upper  room  in  its  entirety  is  25  feet  7  inches  long  on  the 


128         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

north  side,  25  feet  long  on  the  south  side,  7  feet  8  inches  at  the  west 
end,  and  7  feet  10  inches  at  the  eastern  end. 

One  of  the  strongest  evidences  of  the  extreme  heat  generated  in  this 
room  is  the  condition  of  the  specimens.  There  were  five  stone  slabs  all 
of  which  had  suffered  greatly  from  fire,  some  had  been  burnt  to  a  dull 
red,  whereas  others  had  been  blackened  by  smoke;  four  of  these  had  been 
carefully  smoothed  and  used  as  grinding  stones;  two,  in  particular,  had 
been  used  as  metates.  With  them  were  found  five  sandstone  manos 
of  the  heavy  type  used  for  coarse  work,  and  one,  that  had  been  used  for 
the  finishing  process,  of  fine-grainecl  sandstone,  one  surface  of  which  shows 
considerable  wear  A  small  block  of  sandstone  9.5  cms.  long,  5  cms.  wide, 
and  3  cms.  thick,  had  all  of  its  surfaces  carefully  smoothed  and  one  side 
covered  with  red  pigment;  it  had  evidently  been  used  as  a  grinder.  There 
was  also  a  sandstone  disk,  8.5  cms.  in  diameter  and  2.8  cms.  in  thickness, 
plano-convex  in  form  and  the  flat  surface  smoothed  to  such  an  extent 
that  its  use  as  a  grinder  seems  probable.  It  had  been  cracked  by  fire  to 
such  an  extent,  that  the  flat  surface  has  the  appearance  of  pottery.  A 
fragment  of  chalcedony;  a  very  heavy  handle,  evidently  of  a  large  pot- 
tery bowl;  two  natural  pebbles;  fragments  of  the  bowl  of  a  clay  pipe; 
and  a  sandstone  jar  cover  of  the  usual  form  were  also  found.  All  of  these 
specimens  came  from  the  lower  room,  on,  or  near  the  floor. 

Room  29. 
Boom  29  was  a  small  room  west  of  Room  19.  Its  southern  wall 
abutted  the  northern  retaining  wall  of  the  estufa  known  as  Room  16. 
Its  walls  were  not  well-preserved  and  comparatively  few  specimens  were 
found  in  it.  The  specimens  were  mixed  through  the  debris  near  the  floor 
level.  There  was  a  flat  slab  of  compact  sandstone,  measuring  34  cms.  in 
length,  averaging  15.5  cms.  in  width  and  1  cm.  in  thickness;  one  side  of 
this  slab  had  been  smoothed  and  the  central  portion  shows  considerable 
wear. 

A  sandstone  jar  cover  had  one  surface  polished  and  had  evidently 
been  made  from  a  fragment  of  a  grinding  stone.  In  Fig.  17  a  grooved 
hammerstone  is  shown,  it  is  10  cms.  in  length  and  4  cms.  in  width  at  its 
broadest  part;  it  is  slightly  flattened  and  one  end  tapers  to  a  point,  a 
form  which  is  rather  unusual  in  this  pueblo.  Among  other  objects  of 
stone,  were  a  piece  of  galena,  a  number  of  large  flakes  of  obsidian,  and  a 
fragment  of  chalcedony.  There  were  three  bone  awls,  two  made  from 
splinters  of  deer  bone,  and  one  from  the  leg  bone  of  a  turkey.  There  were 


. 

R           iiMiiiffl-*Mt"^'SIM°:     ' 

1 

. 

PLATE  6 

A  Cylindrical  Jar 

Height,  25.3  cm.;  diameter,  14.8  cm.  (H-3260). 

'%<■.  :*,:■* 

* 

||:;;^' 

m  !*T#1  *  I  ^T*C'':' 

..■:;■'•■      ',/:.■'   '■' 

■"            •    •;  ■  • 

• 

'  '■  m  1  **  1  m  1  *  | ,'- 

• 
,     ■        '     ;   -v     "'     ■■■■:      {       ■■■■■        t   :,/'■■■:■■            '"-      ■      '  '    ...    '  v^.<' 

. 
..■   is.    The 

o  a  dull 
■ 
lh< 

a  bi 

:,         alt  of 
over*  .  ;  '  as  a  grim 

ace 

d  by  fire  to 
that  the  flai  ■         A 

i     .  .  of  a 

|  : 

8    ffTt  Tcr 

. .  . 

haL  JAOiaaviij-fO  A 
.(08SS-H)  .mo  %M  tieie£asib  ;.rao  8.SS  .jrfgisH 

,m  2  of  ] 

Room  16. 

•    '  -  .   '■ 

oor 

rhere  wa  .  ,  measu 

in  thick 

ved 

it  is  sli  ...   ..  J 

td  ;i 

d 


PLATE  6 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  129 

also  pieces  of  feather  cord,  two-strand  yucca  cord,  two  sections  of  reed 
arrows,  the  end  of  a  large  wooden  ceremonial  stick,  and  a  piece  of  pot- 
tery in  the  shape  of  an  animal's  paw. 

Rooms  30  and  31. 

Rooms  30  and  31  were  merely  shallow  excavations  in  the  eastern 
court  of  the  building,  started  at  the  time  Room  28  was  nearing  comple- 
tion. The  rinding  of  a  closed  doorway  in  the  north  wall  of  Room  28  led 
to  such  a  mass  of  material  in  Rooms  32  and  33,  that  it  was  deemed  advis- 
able to  discontinue  the  excavations  in  other  parts  of  the  ruin  and  to 
devote  the  few  weeks  that  remained  to  the  careful  study  of  the  positions 
of  specimens  in  the  two  rooms  just  mentioned. 

Only  two  specimens  were  found  in  Room  30,  one  a  fragment  of  a 
bone  implement  with  two  holes  drilled  in  the  end,  and  an  arrow  point  of 
chalcedony.  In  the  excavation  known  as  Room  31,  one  bone  awl  was 
found. 

Room  32. 

With  the  removal  of  the  stones  with  which  the  doorway  in  the  north 
wall  of  Room  28  was  closed,  a  wall  of  drifted  sand  was  encountered. 
Owing  to  the  presence  of  an  opening  west  of,  and  a  little  above  this  door- 
way, it  had  been  possible  to  ascertain  that  there  was  an  open  space 
between  the  ceiling  beams  and  the  sand,  in  the  western  part  of  the  room. 
To  reach  this  open  space  a  tunnel  was  cut  through  the  sand.  When  the 
surface  of  the  drifted  sand  was  reached,  a  candle  made  it  possible  to 
examine  the  room.  The  drift  had  been  from  the  eastward  and  the  sand 
was  piled  almost  to  the  roof  at  that  end,  but  directly  opposite  the  door- 
way in  the  northwest  corner,  was  a  mass  of  ceremonial  sticks,  many  of 
which  protruded  over  a  foot  above  the  surface.  The  sand  was  covered 
with  various  objects,  carried  in  by  pack  rats,  the  most  noticeable  of  which 
were  spines  from  cactus  plants. 

In  the  western  wall  there  was  a  doorway,  almost  rilled  by  the  sand. 
The  ceiling  beams  had  been  crushed  by  the  mass  of  debris  above  them, 
and  in  the  central  portion  of  the  ceiling,  following  a  line  running  east 
and  west,  the  beams  were  cracked  and  splintered.  There  were  supporting 
beams  and  posts  in  the  northern  side  of  the  room. 

As  this  room  had  been  used  for  ceremonial  purposes,  each  object  as 
found,  was  located  by  measurements. 

Pottery.  The  mug  (Fig.  47a)  is  of  grayware  with  black  decorations 
in  the  form  of  bands,  four  of  which  encircle  the  vessel.  These  bands  of 
black  enclose  cloud-terrace  figures  in  white.    Above  the  bands  and  near 


130         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

the  rim  is  a  series  of  lines  and  dots,  and  at  the  base  of  the  vessel  is  a 
series  of  five  narrow  lines  similar  to  those  above  the  banded  area.  The 
handle  is  decorated  with  a  design  in  black,  with  diamond  figures  in  the 
center.  This  mug  is  11.5  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  base,  6  cms.  in  diameter 
at  the  mouth,  and  11  cms.  high. 

Fig.  47c  (3583)  is  a  grayware  mug  decorated  with  black  designs, 
found  near  the  doorway.  This  specimen  is  slightly  larger  than  the  others, 
measuring  13  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  bottom,  8.5  cms.  at  the  top,  and 
having  a  height  of  12.2  cms.  The  design  is  in  the  form  of  a  meander  which 
starts  in  the  central  part  of  the  mug  near  the  handle,  extends  around  to 
the  opposite  side,  then  passes  to  the  lower  part  of  the  vessel,  following  the 
lower  edge  in  a  straight  line  to  the  handle  again,  then  to  the  upper  part 
of  the  vessel  where  the  meander  is  resumed  and  circles  the  upper  rim 
ending  at  the  handle.  The  handle  has  a  simple  decoration  of  lines,  some 
enclosed  in  rectangles,  the  effect  being  in  keeping  with  the  general 
decoration  of  the  object.  This  is  a  pleasing  decoration  quite  in  keeping 
with  the  general  decorative  work  of  Pueblo  Bonito.  A  little  to  the  east 
and  2  inches  north  of  the  mug  just  described,  a  pitcher  was  found  (3585); 
it  was  of  grayware  with  black  decorations  which  formed  two  bands,  one 
extending  around  the  lower  part  of  the  vessel,  the  other  starting  at  one 
side  of  the  handle  and  extending  around  the  neck  of  the  pitcher  to  the 
opposite  side  of  the  handle.  These  two  bands  are  separated  by  a  broad 
black  line  which  encircles  the  vessel,  but  does  not  cross  the  part  spanned 
by  the  handle.  The  handle  which  is  composed  of  four  half  round  pieces 
of  clay  joined  together,  evidently  represents  individual  willow  roots, 
which  were  employed  in  this  manner  in  making  handles  for  basket  jars. 
The  handle  is  decorated  with  lines  which  have  small  dots  along  the  edge. 
There  is  a  black  line  around  the  rim  of  the  vessel,  but  it  is  not  completed, 
there  being  an  opening  at  the  point  directly  above  the  handle.  This 
pitcher  is  one  in  which  the  neck  and  the  lower  portion  are  joined,  in  such 
a  way  that  there  is  a  gentle  curve  at  the  point  of  juncture.  The  pitcher  is 
18  cms.  in  height  and  17  cms.  in  diameter. 

Before  leaving  the  group  found  at  the  doorway,  mention  must  be 
made  of  a  whiteware  jar  decorated  in  black.  It  was  lying  upon  its  side 
and  rested  near  the  south  wall  of  the  room;  it  is  of  the  cylindrical  form, 
such  as  was  found  in  Room  28.  The  slip  on  the  surface  is  extremely 
white  as  compared  with  some  of  the  other  specimens;  the  design  is  in 
the  form  of  two  bands,  one  at  the  lower  part  of  the  jar,  the  other  on  the 
level  of  the  handle.  There  are  four  handles.  The  jar  is  11.5  cms.  in 
diameter  at  the  bottom  and  10  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  rim,  and  the  height 
is  19.5  cms. 


PLATE  7 

Two  Pitchers  prom  Room  28 

Height  of  the  larger  17.8  cm.,  diameter  of  the  top  6.7  cm.  (H-3277,  H-3270). 


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1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  131 

Two  bowls  were  found  6  inches  west  of  the  doorway  and  9  inches 
north  of  the  south  wall  (3590  and  3587) .  These  bowls  were  nested  and 
rested  against  the  western  side  of  the  basket.  The  former  is  of  dull  red- 
ware,  undecorated,  with  a  black  polished  interior.  The  diameter  of  the 
rim  is  13.8  cms.,  and  it  had  a  depth  of  6  cms.  This  bowl  rested  inside  of 
the  second  bowl  and  contained  remains  of  some  material,  probably  food. 
It  is  of  dull  grayware,  decorated  on  the  interior  with  a  band  composed  of 
a  series  of  interlocking  frets,  and  has  ten  dots  on  the  edge  of  the  rim. 
The  bowl  is  14.5  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  rim  and  5.5  cms.  deep. 

The  next  object  encountered,  was  one  of  unusual  shape  for  this 
region;  it  was  found  8  inches  west  of  the  doorway  in  the  south  wall, 
one  end  resting  against  this  wall.  The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  48a  is  of 
dull  redware,  with  a  black  interior;  it  is  undecorated  and  the  rim  has 
crumbled,  evidently  from  age.  In  form  it  is  rectangular  with  rounding 
corners;  only  a  very  small  portion  of  the  original  rim  remains,  but  it  is 
enough  to  show  that  this  portion  of  the  vessel,  as  well  as  a  part  of  the 
outer  edge,  had  been  covered  with  a  black  slip;  it  is  25  cms.  long,  14.5 
cms.  wide,  and  9  cms.  deep. 

After  the  last  object  was  removed,  the  work  near  the  doorway  was 
carried  eastward.  At  a  point  6  inches  east  of  the  doorway,  and  1  foot 
1  inch  north  of  the  wall,  a  grayware  bowl  was  found  (Fig.  49)  with  an 
elaborate  design  in  black,  forming  a  band  which  covers  the  greater  part 
of  ths  vessel.  A  small  area  at  the  bottom  has  been  left  undecorated, 
save  the  center,  which  has  a  design  in  the  form  of  a  maltese  cross.  The 
central  part,  however,  is  in  the  form  of  a  square  and  the  arms  of  the  cross 
are  attached  to  its  corners,  the  arms  themselves,  being  pyramidal,  with  a 
series  of  short  lines  radiating  from  the  base  of  each.  This  cross  is  similar 
to  the  one  on  a  bowl  from  Room  24,  Fig.  35.  There  were  no  decorations 
on  the  exterior  of  the  bowl.  This  vessel  which  is  of  the  type  ordinarily 
used  for  general  household  purposes,  is  27.5  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  rim 
and  13  cms.  deep. 

One  foot  east  of  the  doorway  and  resting  against  the  southern  wall, 
was  found  a  water  jar  of  the  form  common  in  the  cliff -dwellings  of 
Colorado  and  Utah.  This  vessel,  as  shown  in  Fig.  48b,  is  of  grayware, 
extremely  fine  in  texture,  and  the  outer  surface  has  been  smoothed  to 
such  an  extent,  that  there  are  practically  no  irregularities.  The  contour 
of  the  water  jar  is  almost  perfect,  it  tapers  from  the  base  to  the 
point  where  the  rim  of  an  ordinary  bowl  would  be,  and  from  this 
point  it  is  incurved  toward  the  top,  the  opening  left  averaging  7  cms.  in 
diameter.    Two  and  one-half  cms.  from  this  opening,  there  is  a  raised 


132         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

band  which  rises  on  an  average,  7  cms.  above  the  surface  of  the  vessel, 
and  with  a  width  at  its  top  of  5  cms.  This  raised  portion  surrounds  the 
opening.  The  opening  itself  has  a  broad  band  of  black  paint  on  its 
outer  rim  and  then  follow  three  smaller  bands  between  the  one  just  men- 
tioned and  the  raised  portion  which  is  also  painted  black.  Directly  below 
this  part  of  the  jar  there  is  a  band  composed  of  five  curious  figures. 
This  vessel  is  20.5  cms.  in  diameter  at  its  broadest  part  and  12  cms.  deep. 


Fig.  49  (3575).     Bowl  of  Grayware,  Room  32. 


Directly  east  of  and  resting  against  the  water  jar  just  described, 
was  a  bowl  of  redware  with  a  black  interior  (3588) .  This  bowl  is  of  the 
usual  type  and  was  in  a  fragmentary  condition  when  found;  it  is  20 
cms.  in  diameter  and  6.4  cms.  deep. 

Returning  to  the  work  in  the  western  part  of  the  room,  that  is,  just 
west  of  the  doorway,  three  bowls  were  found,  the  lowermost  of  which 
almost  touched  the  end  of  the  rectangular  bowl.  These  (H-3580,  3575, 
3579)  were  nested,  and  are  all  of  grayware.  A  sandstone  metate  of  the 
ordinary  form  was  found  10  inches  north  of  the  eastern  side  of  the  door- 
way adjoining  the  level  at  the  lower  part. 


PLATE  8 
A  Painted  Board 

This  board,  found  in  Room  32,  bears  an  elaborate  design  upon  its  surfaces.  The 
reverse  side  is  shown  in  Fig.  65,  p.  156.  The  face  of  the  board  measures  16.5  cm.  by 
17.5  cm.  and  1.7  cm.  thick  (H-4500). 


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PLATE  8 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  133 

After  finding  the  metate,  a  number  of  objects  were  encountered  west 
of  the  doorway.  The  first  (3576)  was  a  pitcher  of  grayware  with  a 
design  in  black  in  the  form  of  interlocking  frets  on  the  upper  part  and  two 
black  bands  on  the  lower  part.  The  handle  was  of  the  usual  form  and 
was  decorated  with  zigzag  lines  and  there  were  black  dots  on  the  edge 
of  the  rim.  This  specimen  was  16  cms.  high  and  11  cms.  in  diameter  at 
its  widest  part.  The  specimen  was  found  1  foot  6  inches  west  of  the 
doorway  in  the  south  wall,  lying  in  a  slanting  position  on  the  floor, 
the  mouth  almost  touching  the  south  wall. 

Three  inches  west  of  this  pitcher  and  1  foot  5  inches  from  the  south 
wall,  a  corrugated  vessel  of  redware  with  polished  black  interior  was 
found  resting  on  the  floor.  This  shallow  bowl  (H-3647)  is  very  irregular 
in  form,  the  corrugations  are  rough  and  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  is 
indented  in  a  number  of  places.  The  ends  are  rounded  and  there  is  a 
smooth  rim,  averaging  1  cm.  in  width  around  the  oval  edge.  It  is  18 
cms.  long  and  13.8  cms.  wide  at  its  widest  part.  The  sides  are  not  uni- 
form, one  being  comparatively  straight,  the  other,  quite  slanting.  It 
averages  5.5  cms.  in  depth.  A  jar  (3577)  was  found  1  foot  11  inches  west 
of  the  doorway,  and  9  inches  north  of  the  south  wall,  lying  upon  its  side 
upon  the  floor.  This  jar  is  of  grayware  with  black  designs  and  is  of  the 
tall  cylindrical  type;  it  was  in  a  fragmentary  condition  when  found.  It 
is  26.5  cms.  high  and  averages  6  cms.  in  diameter.  There  were  originally 
four  handles  of  the  horizontal  loop  pattern,  one  of  them  has  been  broken 
and  the  fourth  evidently  broke  while  the  jar  was  in  use,  or  possibly  before 
it  was  decorated;  certainly  before  the  present  decorations  was  applied. 
There  are  two  slight  projections  showing  the  place  where  the  handle  has 
been,  but  these  have  been  ground  almost  to  the  level  of  the  jar  surface, 
and  over  them  the  white  slip  has  been  applied  and  then  upon  that  the 
design  has  been  drawn.  The  design  is  in  the  form  of  squares  which  are 
divided  with  a  line  running  from  corner  to  corner,  one  half  of  the  spaces 
of  each  square  being  filled  in  with  lines.  This  effect  is  carried  out  on  all 
parts  of  the  surface,  with  the  exception  of  one  side  where  the  entire  square 
is  filled  in  with  lines  and  directly  below  it  another  square  has  been  divided 
into  four  parts,  the  opposite  angles  only  being  filled  in  hachure  effect. 

Continuing  westward  along  the  wall,  a  pitcher  was  found  (3584).  It 
was  2  feet  6  inches  west  of  the  doorway  and  lay  bottom  upward.  This 
part  rested  against  the  south  wall  with  the  mouth  slightly  above  the 
level  of  the  door  in  the  south  wall.  It  is  almost  a  duplicate  of  pitcher 
3585,  the  design,  the  manner  of  forming  the  handle,  and  the  general 
appearance  of  the  vessel  being  the  same.    The  life  line  on  the  rim  of  the 


134        Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

vessel,  which  is  somewhat  flaring,  is  open,  as  was  the  case  with  the  other 
pitcher,  and  it  is  quite  probable  that  both  pitchers  were  made  by  the 
same  potter.    It  is  13  cms.  high  and  1 1  cms.  in  diameter  at  its  widest  part. 

The  next  object  found  was  another  cylindrical  jar  of  gray  ware.  It 
was  2  feet  1  inch  west  of  the  doorway  and  1  foot  3  inches  north  of  the 
south  wall.  This  vessel  was  standing  in  an  upright  position  and  in  it 
were  nine  flat  circular  turquoise  beads  and  two  shell  beads  of  the  figure- 
eight  form.  The  decoration  on  this  jar  was  a  series  of  narrow  lines 
forming  three  broad  bands  which  encircle  the  jar,  all  of  them  being  be- 
low the  handles.  The  handles  were  of  the  rope  form  and  slanted  upward. 
There  were  four  in  all,  and  they  were  placed  on  an  average  3  cms.  below 
the  rim.    The  jar  is  23  cms.  high  and  averages  9.5  cms.  in  diameter. 

After  the  removal  of  3646  the  work  was  carried  northward  in  a 
small  area  west  of  the  doorway.-  One  foot  west  of  this  point  and  9  inches 
north  of  the  south  wall,  two  sandstone  jar  covers  were  found,  (3603  and 
3600),  about  2  inches  below  the  door  level.  The}"  were  of  the  usual  form, 
but  3603  was  more  carefully  finished  than  the  average  jar  covers  from 
this  pueblo,  the  edge  being  ground  until  it  was  at  right  angles  with  the 
sides. 

Ornament  of  Hematite.  While  working  in  the  southwest  corner,  a 
number  of  human  ribs  were  found.  They  were  1  foot  6  inches  north  of  the 
southern  wall  and  1  foot  west  of  the  doorway.  They  were  mixed  with 
fragments  of  wooden  implements  and  other  objects  buried  with  the 
body.  A  little  west  of  the  ribs  and  3  feet  from  the  south  wall,  the  right 
clavicle  was  found;  a  little  west  of  this  at  a  distance  of  2  feet  9  inches 
from  the  southern  wall,  the  left  femur  was  located ;  and  a  few  inches  north 
of  this  a  scapula.  Near  the  femur  mentioned,  the  main  portion  of  the 
vertebral  column  was  located. 

In  clearing  away  the  debris  in  front  of  the  human  remains,  that  is, 
to  the  east  of  them,  a  bird  form  made  of  hematite  was  found.  It  was 
1  foot  10  inches  north  of  the  south  wall  and  1  foot  9  inches  east  of  the 
west  wall,  and  was  lying  at  a  point  4  inches  above  the  level  of  the  south- 
ern doorway.  This  bird  form  is  shown  in  Fig.  50.  It  measures  5.8  cms. 
from  the  tip  of  the  bill  to  the  tail,  2.7  cms.  in  width  at  the  middle  section 
of  the  wings  and  1.6  cms.  in  thickness  at  the  thickest  part,  which  is 
directly  back  of  the  neck  portion.  The  back  is  divided  into  two  parts  by 
bands  of  turquoise  which  have  been  sunk  to  the  level  of  the  surface. 
They  start  from  either  side  of  the  neck,  extend  across  the  back,  and  end 
at  either  side  of  the  tail.  These  divisions  serve  to  accentuate  the  wings 
which  are  over  1  mm.  higher  than  the  general  surface.    In  each  wing  three 


PLATE  9 
Pointed  Implements  of  Rough  and  Ordinary  Finish 

Fig.  1  (H-10095) .    Awl  or  pointed  implement  made  from  distal  end  of  metapodial 
of  deer.    From  Room  162.    Representative  of  ten  specimens. 

Fig.  2  (H-6146).    Awl  made  from  split  half  of  distal  end  of  metapodial  of  deer. 
From  Room  67.    Representative  of  thirty-nine  specimens. 

Fig.  3  (H-6143) .    Awl  made  from  split  quarter  of  proximal  end  of  metapodial  of 
deer.    From  Room  67.    Representative  of  forty-two  specimens. 

Fig.  4  (12137).    Awl  made  from  hollow  leg  bone,  possibly  of  the  coyote.    From 
Room  162.    Representative  of  twenty-three  specimens  of  the  general  type. 

Fig.  5  (H-11756).    Pointed  implement  improvised  from  the  ulna  or  oleocranon 
bone  of  deer.  -Pueblo  Penasco  Blanco.    Representative  of  ten  specimens. 

Fig.  6  (H-12136)..    Awl  made  from  the  ulna  of  a  caraivor.    From  Room  162. 
Representative  of  four  specimens,  including  Fig.  9. 

Fig.  7  (H-11392)..    Pointed  implement  from  ulna  of  small  mammal.    From  debris 
Outside  the  ruin.    Representative  of  ten  specimens. 

Fig.  8  (H-2399) .    Finely  pointed  implement  improvised  from  broken  section  of 
small  mammal  bone.    Uncertain  location.    Representative  of  twenty  specimens. 

Fig.  9  (H-8632) .    Awl  made  from  ulna  of  a  carnivor.    From  Room  109. 

Fig.  10  (H-8630).    Pointed  implement  made  from  long  slender  fibula  of  an  un- 
identified mammal.    From  Room  109.    Representative  of  twelve  specimens. 

Fig.  1 1  (H-10686) .    Awl  made  from  radius  of  coyote  or  fox.    From  Room  171 . 

Fig-  12  (H-2892).    Awl  improvised  from  splinter  of  mammal  bone.    From  Room 
26.    Representative  of  135  more  or  less  similar  specimens. 

Fig.  13  (H--10227).     Awl  improvised  from  fragment  of  large  hollow  bird  bone, 
probably  wild  turkey.    From  Room  163. 

Fig.  14  (H-9574).    Awl  made  from  curved  and  hollow  wing  bone.     Uncertain 
location. 

Fig.  15  (H-5984).    Awl  made  from  leg  bone,  probably  wild  turkey.    From  Room 
64. 

Fig.  16  (H-10103).    Awl  made  from  leg  bone  of  a  hawk.    From  Room  161. 

Fig.  17  (H-11396).     Awl  made  from  slender  hollow  bird  bone.     From  debris 
outside  of  ruin.    Figs.  13-17  are  representative  of  eighteen  specimens. 

Fig.  18  (H-10018).    Awl  made  from  split  section  of  bird  bone,  delicately  pointed. 
From  Room  160.    Representative  of  thirty-one  specimens. 


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■ 
1 

I 


PLATE  9 


1920.] 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


135 


deep  grooves  have  been  cut  and  into  these  turquoise  pieces  have  been 
inlaid.  The  turquoise  lines  extend  to  within  5  cms.  of  the  edge  and  from 
this  point  a  piece  of  shell  extends  to  the  edge.  The  tail  is  1.5  cms.  broad 
and  a  piece  of  shell  5  cms.  wide  has  been  attached  to  the  end,  the  hematite 
having  been  cut  away  so  that  the  shell  would  rest  on  the  level  of  the 
stone.  On  the  extreme  edge  of  the  shell  three  turquoise  pieces  were  in- 
laid, but  only  one  of  them  remains  at  the  present  time,  as  shown  in  the 
illustration.  The  head  has  been  carefully  rounded  and  the  front  part 
pointed  to  form  the  beak.  A  groove  encircles  the  neck  and  in  this  a 
series  of  turquoise  sets  have  been  inlaid.  The  eyes  are  3  mms.  in  diameter 
and  are  made  of  half  round  pieces  of  turquoise  which  have  been  glued  into 


Fig.  50  (10416). 


A  Bird  of  Hematite,  Inlaid  with  Turquoise,  Room  32. 
See  Frontispiece,  Plate  1. 


holes  drilled  for  the  purpose.  The  under  part  is  plain,  with  the  exception 
of  two  holes  which  have  been  drilled  through  the  breast.  The  manner  of 
drilling  these  holes  and  a  peculiar  concavity  between  them  is  shown  in  the 
drawing.  This  figure  evidently  represents  a  water  bird  at  rest  on  the 
surface  of  a  pond  or  stream.  The  wings  are  folded  over  the  back  and  the 
head  is  thrown  forward  as  though  the  bird  were  swimming. 

From  the  position  of  the  holes  drilled  in  the  breast,  it  would  seem 
that  this  object  has  been  suspended  in  some  way,  and  may  have  been 
used  as  a  neck  ornament  in  certain  ceremonies.  Its  position  in  the  room 
suggests  that  it  had  been  buried  with  the  body  which  was  found  directly 
west  of  and  a  little  above  it. 

Miscellaneous  Objects.  The  next  object  that  was  removed  (3596) 
was  a  small  mug;  it  was  found  2  feet  6  inches  north  of  the  south  wall  and 
2  feet  5  inches  east  of  the  west  wall,  standing  in  a  natural  position  6 


136        Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History .      [Vol.  XXVII, 

inches  above  the  level  of  the  sill  of  the  door  in  the  south  wall.  It  is  of 
grayware  decorated  with  black  designs,  7  cms.  high  and  8.5  cms.  in 
diameter  at  the  bottom.  The  design  is  dim  and  almost  obliterated  in 
parts.  The  handle  is  extremely  large  for  a  jar  of  this  type,  and  as  in 
similar  specimens,  it  extends  from  the  rim  to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel. 
One  inch  north  of  the  mug  just  described  and  2  feet  8  inches  east  of 
the  west  wall,  the  bowl  of  a  coarsely  made  dipper  was  found.  It  is  of 
rather  peculiar  shape,  the  handle  was  evidently  of  solid  construction, 
generally  cylindrical  in  form  and  attached  to  the  bowl  1.5  cms.  below  its 
rim.  It  is  10.5  cms.  wide  at  its  widest  part  and  3.17  cms.  deep.  It  is 
of  graj^ware,  but  is  discolored  as  though  it  had  been  through  fire. 

Three  feet  two  inches  north  of  the  south  wall  and  7 
inches  from  the  west  wall  a  bowl  (3598)  was  found. 
It  was  about  6  inches  above  the  floor  level  and  rested 
in  a  natural  position  on  a  large  flat  stone.  It  is  of  gray- 
ware,  decorated  with  black  on  the  interior,  having  large 
black  dots  on  the  rim;  it  has  two  drilled  handles.  They 
are  placed  opposite  each  other  and  are  1  cm.  below  the 
rim  of  the  vessel. 

There  was  a  mass  of  cloth,  matted  and  partly 
decayed,  in  this  part  of  the  room,  evidently  part  of 

of  Lignite.      the  wrapping  of  the  body.    Water  had  poured  into  the 

room  from  the  upper  levels  and  had  swirled  about  in  this 
corner  scattering  the  lighter  specimens  and  the  bones. 
A  large  flat  stone  was  found  2  feet  1  inch  below  the  lintel  poles  of 
the  doorway  in  the  west  wall.     The  debris  below  the  stone  had  been 
caked  from  having  been  wet  repeatedly. 

Just  below  this  stone,  a  pitcher  was  found;  it  was  2  feet  from  the 
south  wall  and  1  foot  4  inches  from  the  west  wall.  It  was  lying  on  its 
side.  It  is  of  grayware  with  black  decorations  in  the  form  of  interlocking 
frets  and  half  cloud  terraces.  The  handle  is  also  decorated  and  there  is  a 
series  of  dots  around  the  edge  of  the  rim.  This  specimen  (3594)  is  16.5 
cms.  high  and  11.5  cms.  in  diameter  at  its  widest  part.  On  one  side, 
near  the  rim,  and  on  the  opposite  side,  near  the  base,  are  areas  that  were 
blackened  from  fire. 

Two  feet  five  inches  from  the  south  wall  and  1  foot  6  inches  from  the 
west  wall  and  at  a  depth  of  11  inches  below  the  level  of  the  large  flat 
stone  mentioned,  fragments  of  a  grayware  bowl  with  black  decorations 
and  of  a  cooking  vessel  with  a  heavy  corrugated  handle  were  found; 
near  them  a  human  tooth,  a  number  of  vertebrae,  and  a  fish  bone  were 
found. 


PLATE  10 

Pointed  Bone  Implements  op  More  of  Less  Special  Form  and  Finish 

Fig.  1  (H-2720).  Awl  or  bodkin  of  roughly  split  mammal  bone,  small  perfora- 
tion near  butt.    From  Room  20. 

Fig.  2  (H-8392).  Bodkin  of  split  mammal  bone,  original  point  missing.  From 
Room  107. 

Fig.  3  (H-8634) .  Bodkin  made  from  split  half  of  metapodial  of  deer,  proximal 
end.  Longitudinal  perforation  (not  visible)  through  butt,  above  the  visible  trans- 
verse perforation.    From  Room  109. 

Fig.  4  (H-8814).  Bodkin  made  from  split  metapodial  of  some  ungulate.  From 
Room  60. 

Fig.  5  (H-8237).  Bodkin  made  from  split  half  of  metapodial  of  deer,  distal  end. 
From  Room  105. 

Fig.  6  (H-7383).  Bodkin,  rather  small,  made  from  split  metapodial.  From  Room 
86. 

Fig.  7  (H-12835).  Bodkin  made  from  thick  mammal  bone,  oval  in  cross-section, 
incised  ornamentation.    From  Room  170. 

Figs.  1-7  are  representative  of  twelve  specimens. 

Fig.  8  (H-10799).  Pointed  implement  of  mammal  bone;  long,  slender,  roundish 
section.  From  Room  173.  Representative  of  twenty-six  specimens,  including 
Figs.  13,  14,  19,  and  20. 

Fig.  9  (H-977).  Pointed  implement  or  pin  of  bone,  slender,  longitudinally  curved, 
rectangular  cross-section,  expanded  round  butt.  From  Room  10.  Representative  of 
two  specimens. 

Fig.  10  (H-2547).  Pointed  bone  implement,  very  slender,  slightly  curved  point, 
round  cross-section.  From  Room  12.  Representative  of  two  specimens,  the  other 
being  Fig.  18. 

Fig.  11  (H-5934).  Pointed  bone  implement,  slender,  longitudinally  curved, 
rectangular  cross-section,  squared  butt.  From  Room  62.  Representative  of  three 
specimens,  including  Fig.  17. 

Fig.  12  (H-11244).  Double-pointed  bone  implement,  possibly  an  arrow  fore- 
shaft,  though  asymmetrical.  Uncertain  Chaco  ruin.  Representative  of  two  speci- 
mens. 

Fig.  13  (H-10011).  Pointed  bone  implement,  resembling  a  skewer;  slender, 
nearly  symmetrical,  round  cross-section.    From  Room  160. 

Fig.  14  (H-6673).   Pointed  implement,  of  split  mammal  bone.   From  Room  78. 

Fig.  15  (H-5641).  Awl  of  split  mammal  bone,  stout,  well  finished.  From  Room 
54,    Representative  of  fifty  specimens,  including  Figs.  21  and  22, 

Fig.  16  (H-10695).  Double  pointed  bone  implement,  very  slender  and  delicately 
pointed.    From  Room  171.  mJH 

Fig.  17  (H-12834).  Pointed  implement  of  split  bone,  slender,  longitudinally 
curved,  rectangular  cross-section.    From  Room  169. 

Fig.  18  (H-10270) .  Pointed  bone  implement,  slender,  curved;  possibly  the  point 
end  of  a  longer  specimen.    From  Room  163. 

Fig.  19  (H-7686).  Pointed  bone  implement,  slightly  curved,  oval  cross-section, 
rounded  butt.    From  Room  92. 

Fig.  20  (H-10459).  Pointed  bone  implement,  nearly  straight,  oval  section, 
squared  butt.    From  Room  169. 

Fig.  21  (H-10458).  Pointed  bone  implement,  slightly  curved,  rectangular  sec- 
tion, squared  butt.    From  Room  169. 

Fig.  22  (H-10166).  Awl  of  split  mammal  bone,  squared  butt,  ivory-like  polish. 
From  Room  161. 


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PLATE  10 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  137 

Two  stone  jar  covers  were  the  next  objects  found,  one  of  them  on  the 
same  level  as  the  large  flat  stone,  and  the  other  6  inches  below  it.  They 
are  both  made  of  sandstone  and  the  sides  of  the  objects  have  been  ground 
and  smoothed. 

During  the  progress  of  the  work  a  sketch  was  made  showing  the 
general  stratification  of  the  irregular  layers  at  this  part  of  the  room. 
The  measurements  were  made  at  a  point  1  foot  west  of  the  southern  door 
and  3  inches  north  of  the  south  wall.  The  inflow  of  sand  was  from  the 
east;  hence,  the  sand  layers  increase  in  thickness  from  this  point  to  the 
eastern  wall  of  the  room,  which  was  no  doubt  carried  into  the  room  at  the 
time  that  the  burial  was  made  and  when  the  objects  in  the  room  were 
put  in  position.  This  gives  a  general  idea  of  the  character  of  the  layers 
that  were  encountered,  but  it  must  be  understood  that  there  was  no 
regular  stratification,  save  in  restricted  areas  where  the  water  had  not 
disturbed  it  to  any  great  extent. 

Layer  A,  sand  3  inches  thick 

Layer  B,  soil,  charcoal,  etc.  5  inches  thick 

Layer  C,  sand  Yi  mcn  thick 

Layer  D,  black  soil  1  inch  thick 

Layer  E,  sand  33^  inches  thick 
Layer  F,  soil 

A  little  below  the  western  door  level,  3  feet  4  inches  from  the  south 
wall  and  3  feet  9  inches  from  the  west  wall,  small  balls  of  red  and  yellow 
paint  (4176)  were  found.  From  their  form,  which  is  rounding,  it  would 
seem  that  they  had  been  retained  in  pouches,  probably  of  buckskin. 
The  yellow  seems  to  be  an  ordinary  ocher,  but  the  red  has  a  crystalline 
structure. 

A  circular  object  of  jet,  probably  used  as  an  ornament,  was  4  feet 
2  inches  from  the  south  wall  and  2  feet  8  inches  from  the  west  wall  and 
was  found  on  the  level  of  the  lower  part  of  the  doorway  of  the  west  wall. 

Just  east  of  the  mass  of  ceremonial  sticks  and  near  the  north  wall, 
several  specimens  were  found.  A  sandstone  jar  cover  was  7  inches  from 
the  north  wall  and  3  feet  3  inches  from  the  west  wall  and  was  lying  on  the 
level  of  the  large  flat  stone. 

Three  feet  from  the  western  wall  and  resting  against  the  north  wall, 
a  broken  bowl  was  found.  There  is  a  doorway  in  the  north  wall  at  this 
point  and  the  fragments  were  directly  in  front  of  its  western  side,  but  6 
inches  below  the  level  of  the  sill. 


138         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Two  sandstone  balls  were  found  1  foot  below  the  level  of  the  north- 
ern doorwa3T;  they  were  1  foot  9  inches  from  the  north  wall  and  3  feet 
10  inches  from  the  west  wall. 

A  Burial.     The  human  backbone  and  pelvis  which  were  found  in  the 
southwest  corner  (p.  134)  were  the  next  objects  to  receive  attention. 
They  were  intact  and  were  tying  northwest  by  southeast,  the  pelvis  being 
toward  the  northern  point  and  6  inches  above  the  level  of  the  western 
doorway.    The  vertebrae  were  lying  in  an  almost  horizontal  position, 
ten  of  them  were  intact  and  in  position,  as  were  also  the  sacrum  and  the 
pelvic  bones.    Three  vertebrae  fell  in  removing  the  surface  dirt,  but  they 
had  probably  been  in  place  when  the  body  was  found.    There  were  eight 
sticks  in  the  sand  at  the  right  side  of  the  body.    From  their  appearance, 
it  seems  that  they  had  been  stuck  into  the  soil  of  the  sand  at  short  inter- 
vals.    One  end  of  each  is  pointed  and  the  opposite  end  is  burned,  as 
though  they  have  been  used  as  torches.    The  material  is  evidently  Cot- 
tonwood.    They  average  9.5  cms.  in  length  and  1.3  cms.  in  diameter, 
although  one  of  each  is  charred.    There  is  no  evidence  of  the  action  of 
fire  on  any  other  parts  of  the  sticks.    Scattered  about  in  the  sand  were  six 
pieces  of  similar  size,  but  with  squared  ends;  these,  with  two  others  with 
pointed  ends,  had  the  upper  part  charred  in  the  same  manner  as  those 
just  described.    With  these  was  one  which  was  larger  than  any  of  the 
others  that  have  been  mentioned,  but  owing  to  the  fact  that  one  end  was 
missing,  it  cannot  be  determined  whether  it  had  been  burned  or  not. 
What  the  office  of  these  maj^  have  been  is  hard  to  say,  but  they  may  have  . 
been  deposited  with  the  body  at  the  time  of  burial,  and  the  ends  burned 
for  some  special  purpose.    Wrapped  about  the  bones  and  extending  into 
the  western  doorway,  there  is  a  mass  of  burnt  cloth,  the  greater  part  of 
which  was  simply  woven  textiles  of  finely  spun  yucca  cord.    The  greater 
part  of  it  was  undecorated  and  shows  no  complex  weaving,  but  there  was 
one  specimen,  with  a  design  forming  broad  bands  and  squares,  seeming- 
ly stamped  upon  the  cloth.    In  the  center  of  each  square,  there  is  a  raised 
portion  caused  by  a  deft  manipulation  of  the  threads  during  weaving. 
These  small  elevations  have  been  dyed  with  the  same  dark  color  as  that 
forming  the  bands  and  the  squares. 

Pottery.  South  of  the  body,  a  distance  of  2}4,  inches  from  the  west 
wall  and  1  foot  3  inches  from  the  south  wall,  a  pitcher  was  found.  It 
was  resting  on  its  side  with  its  base  a  trifle  higher  than  its  mouth,  the 
base  being  on  the  level  with  the  lower  part  of  the  western  doorway.  This 
pitcher  (3953)  is  of  the  usual  grayware  with  black  decorations.  It  is  16 
cms.  deep  and  8  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  mouth.     The  handle  and  the 


PLATE   11 

Scrapers  and  Chisels 

Fig.  1  (H-6169).  Scraper  or  fleshing  tool  made  from  humerus  of  deer  or  elk. 
Apparently  for  use  in  the  left  hand.  From  Room  67.  Representative  of  six  speci- 
mens. 

Fig.  2  (H-12106).  Scraper  or  fiesher  of  deer  or  elk  humerus,  apparently  for  the 
right  hand.    From  Room  173.    Representative  of  five  specimens. 

Fig.  3  (H-5116).  Scraper  or  flesher  of  deer  or  elk  humerus  with  condyle  cut 
squarely  off.  From  Room  38.  Representative  of  two  specimens.  In  addition  there 
are  eleven  fragmentary  specimens  of  the  Figs.  1-3  type  of  implement. 

Fig.  4  (H-2779) .  Scraper  or  chisel-pointed  implement  made  from  a  phalangeal 
bone  of  deer.    From  a  refuse  heap.    Representative  of  four  specimens. 

Fig.  5  (H-7517).  Common  scraper  (both  ends  used)  adapted  from  some  angulate 
rib.    From  R,oom  85.    Representative  of  five  specimens. 

Fig.  6  (H-7830).  Fragmentary  tool  of  the  chisel -pointed  variety.  From  Cn'aco 
Canon.    Representative  of  six  or  seven  specimens. 

Fig.  7  (H-7075) .  Combination  awl  and  scraper  split  mammal  bone.  From  Room 
83.     Representative  of  three  specimens. 


-      is    .  : 

fj         ■       .'  |       .  :       ■     ■:  |  ' 

m  i  ■■  ■  ■  .-.  i 

i  .    i  ;  ... 

■.■■•..  i 

u  i)  nouiij) 

■ 


PLATE  11 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  139 

edge  of  the  rim  are  decorated,  the  former  with  a  design  similar  to  that 
shown  on  the  upper  part  of  the  vessel,  as  in  Plate  7  and  the  rim  with 
a  series  of  dots.  One  and  a  half  inches  east  of  the  pitcher  just  described, 
with  its  base  about  the  same  distance  from  the  south  wall,  a  jar  (3595) 
was  encountered.  It  was  lying  on  its  side  with  the  mouth  pointing 
toward  the  southeast  and  was  on  the  same  level  as  the  pitcher  described 
above.  This  jar  is  of  grayware  with  three  bands  of  lines  encircling  it, 
two  below  and  one  above  the  handles  which  are  of  the  loop  form  and 
placed  perpendicularly.  This  specimen  is  21.5  cms.  deep  and  9.5  cms.  in 
diameter  at  the  rim.  The  edge  of  the  rim  is  decorated  with  a  line  of 
black  paint,  but  there  are  no  decorations  on  the  bottom. 

Another  pitcher  was  found  resting  against  the  south  wall,  10  inches 
from  the  west  wall  and  1  foot  higher  than  the  jar  (3595).  It  is  of  gray- 
ware  decorated  in  black.  It  is  16  cms.  deep  and  averages  8  cms.  in 
diameter  at  the  mouth  which  has  been  somewhat  flattened,  owing  to  the 
careless  handling  during  the  firing  process.  The  handle  is  decorated,  as  is 
also  the  edge  of  the  rim.  The  line  forming  the  decoration  is  open  at  the 
point  just  above  the  handle. 

The  three  specimens  just  described  were  grouped  about  a  post,  5 
inches  in  diameter,  which  was  5  inches  from  the  west  wall  and  5  3^  inches 
from  the  south  wall;  most  of  these  specimens  were  within  4  inches  of 
this  post. 

Another  specimen  (3609),  a  jar  cover  of  sandstone  was  10  inches 
north  of  the  post  and  8  inches  from  the  west  wall,  causing  it  to  lie  very 
close  to  the  pitcher  (3593),  but  it  was  2  inches  lower  than  this  specimen. 

Another  jar  cover  made  of  sandstone  (3608)  was  found  3  inches  under 
pitcher  3593  and  the  third  3607,  was  found  4  inches  below  pitcher  3592. 

A  small  bowl  of  grayware  decorated  on  the  interior  with  interlocking 
designs  in  black  was  found  1  foot  1  inch  from  the  north  wall  and  4  feet 
10  inches  from  the  west  wall.  It  was  lying  in  a  natural  position  on  the 
level  of  the  sill  of  the  doorway  in  the  north  wall  and  contained  evidences 
of  having  been  filled  with  some  material,  probably  food.  This  bowl  has 
had  four  handles  near  the  rim,  ranging  in  such  a  way,  that  they  were 
equidistant;  one  of  these,  however,  is  missing.  This  bowl  (3636),  like 
many  of  the  other  specimens  found  in  this  room,  has  a  series  of  dots  on 
the  edge  of  the  rim.    It  is  9.5  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  rim  and  4  cms.  deep. 

The  next  object  found  was  also  a  grayware  bowl  (3626);  it  was  5 
feet  8  inches  from  the  west  wall  and  was  resting  against  the  north  wall. 
It  was  lying  in  a  natural  position  on  a  level  with  the  bottom  of  the  north- 
ern doorway.    This  bowl  is  the  largest  that  was  found  in  Room  32,  it 


140  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

averages  29.5  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  rim  and  is  13.8  cms.  deep.  There 
are  no  decorations  on  the  exterior.  On  the  edge  of  the  rim  there  are  six 
sets  of  dots,  there  being  four  in  each  set.  The  design  on  the  interior  is 
composed  of  elaborate  interlocking  frets  and  bands  of  hachure  work. 

Just  south  of  the  bowl  (3626)  and  touching  it  was  a  small  pitcher 
(3633).  It  was  9  inches  from  the  north  wall,  and  6  feet  1  inch  from  the 
west  wall,  lying  on  its  side  and  was  a  trifle  lower  than  bowl  3626.  This 
specimen  is  of  grayware  decorated  with  irregular  designs  in  black.  The 
handle  is  composed  of  two  cylindrical  pieces  of  clay  joined  together  and 
their  ends  formed  into  one  piece,  where  they  join  the  vessel.  This  speci- 
men is  10  cms.  in  diameter  at  its  widest  part  and  has  a  depth  of  12.2  cms. 

In  uncovering  the  specimens  that  have  just  been  described  an  excep- 
tionally large  cylindrical  jar  was  found.  It  was  4  inches  from  the  north 
wall  and  6  feet  7  inches  from  the  west  wall.  It  was  lying  on  its  side,  the 
mouth  pointing  toward  the  northeast  and  was  on  the  level  of  the  base  of 
the  northern  doorway.  This  jar  is  of  grayware,  covered  with  a  very  fine 
white  slip  that  had  been  applied  to  the  interior  as  well  as  the  exterior  of 
the  vessel.  The  smoothing  on  the  exterior  has  been  carried  to  such  an 
extent  that  the  fine  finish,  in  some  places,  has  caused  the  vessel  to  look 
as  though  it  was  polished  and  is  quite  noticeable.  The  vessel  is  absolutely 
devoid  of  ornamentation,  the  only  embellishments  being  three  heavy 
knob-like  handles  which  are  placed  on  an  average  of  1.8  cms.  below  the 
rim.  These  handles  are  perforated,  the  holes  being  punched  through 
from  the  base  upwards.  This  vessel  (3638)  measures  16.8  cms.  in  diam- 
eter at  the  rim,  which  is  slightly  irregular,  there  being  a  flattening  on 
one  side,  and  28.6  cms.  in  depth. 

Four  jar  covers  were  found  1  foot  6  inches  from  the  north  wall  and 
7  feet  8  inches  from  the  west  wall  on  the  level  of  the  base  of  the  northern 
doorway.  These  covers  are  of  the  usual  form  and  size  and  are  made  of 
fine-grained  sandstone. 

A  bowl  of  grayware  (3643)  found  near  the  jar  covers  just  mentioned 
was  1  foot  6  inches  from  the  north  wall  and  8  feet  from  the  west  wall  and 
4  inches  above  the  level  of  the  base  of  the  northern  doorway. 

A  natural  pebble  of  quartzite,  which  may  have  been  worked  a  little 
on  the  edges,  so  that  it  could  be  hafted  was  found  in  the  center  of  the 
rim,  3  feet  below  the  level  of  the  doorway  in  the  north  wall.  It  resembles 
slightly  the  head  of  an  animal  and  may  have  been  used  as  a  fetich 
(3648). 

Ceremonial  Slicks.  When  the  mass  of  ceremonial  sticks  in  the  north- 
west corner  of  the  room  was  reached,  it  was  found  that  most  of  the  sticks 
had  decayed,  except  in  parts  that  extended  above  the  surface  of  the  sand. 


PLATE   12 

Miscellaneous  Fokms 

Fig.  1  (H-6696) .  Fragmentary  pendant  of  turtle  shell,  perforation  in  upper  right 
hand  corner.    From  Room  78. 

Fig.  2  (H-10241).  Fragmentary  bracelet  of  thinly  worked  bone,  perforated. 
From  Room  163. 

Fig.  3  (H-4173).    Fragmentary  bracelet  of  thinly  worked  bone.    From  Room  30. 

Fig.  4  (H-8599).    Thin  oval  disk  of  bone,  purpose  uncertain.    From  Room  109. 

Fig.  5  (H-12814).  Oval  disk  of  bone,  with  simple  incised  decoration,  purpose 
uncertain.    From  Room  171. 

Fig,  6  (H-6193) .    Miniature  circular  disk  or  button  of  bone.    From  Room  71. 

Fig.  7  (H-6838).  Condyle  portion  of  metapodial  of  deer,  showing  clean-cut  scar 
by  which  it  was  removed.    From  Room  80.    Representative  of  three  specimens. 

Fig.  8  (H-2783).    Whistle  of  bird  bone.    From  refuse  heap. 

Fig.  9  (H-12057).  Scraper,  or  longitudinally  worn  femur  of  small  mammal. 
From  Room  168. 

Fig.  10  (H-11286).  Bead,  or  cut  and  semi-polished  section  of  hollow  bird  bone. 
From  Chaco  Canon. 

Fig.  11  (H-6837).  Bird  bone  with  one  condyle  removed  and  a  small  bead  in 
process  of  being  cut  off.    From  Room  80. 

Fig.  12  (H-6188) .    Bead  or  cut  section  of  bird  bone.    From  Room  67. 

Figs.  10-12  are  representative  of  forty-three  specimens. 


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I  : 

■ 
- 


PLATE  12 


Fig.  53.  Ceremonial  Sticks,  Type  1:  a  (4212),  Room  32;  b  (42211,  Room  32;  c  (4235),  Room 
32;  d  (4199),  Room  32;  e  (4187),  Room  32;  /  (4232),  Room  32;  g  (4413),  Room  32;  h  (4412); 
i  (4522),  Room  33. 


142 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  143 

In  Fig.  52  the  deposit  is  shown  when  the  work  of  removal  had  begun. 
The  work  was  slow  and  tedious,  as  many  of  the  specimens  were  quite 
soft,  evidently  from  recent  rains.  The  crossing  and  interlocking  of  the 
sticks,  and  the  necessity  of  bracing  the  ceiling  beams  added  new  ob- 
stacles. It  was,  therefore,  impossible  to  remove  many  of  the  sticks  in  a 
perfect  condition,  but  it  was  possible  to  mend  a  goodly  portion  of  them 
after  they  reached  the  Museum. 

Over  three  hundred  were  taken  from  this  corner,  but  it  is  impossible 
to  say  how  many  of  them  had  been  lying  beneath  the  surface  and  had 
decomposed  to  such  an  extent  that  it  was  impossible  to  remove  them; 
but  from  the  fragments  that  were  found  in  the  sand,  it  would  seem  that 
there  must  have  been  three  hundred  and  seventy-five  in  all. 

One  end  of  each  ceremonial  stick  is  finished  in  some  special  manner 
so  they  can  be  divided  into  four  definite  classes,  with  certain  subdivisions  :- 

1.  The  first  has  a  carved  end  characterized  by  two  knobs;  the  upper  knob  in 
one  style  being  plain,  whereas  another  of  the  same  form,  has  an  opening  in  this  knob. 

2.  The  second  form  has  the  end  carved  in  the  shape  of  a  bear  claw. 

3.  The  third  form  has  the  end  flattened  in  the  shape  of  a  broad  spatula. 

4.  The  fourth  form  has  a  wedge-shaped  end;  some  of  the  specimens  are  bound 
with  buckskin  and  cord. 

Type  1 .  A  series  of  specimens  showing  the  type  of  form  1  is  shown  in 
Fig.  53.  It  may  be  seen  that  the  main  characteristic  of  this  form  is  the 
carved  end,  formed  of  an  irregular  piece  at  the  extremity  of  the  stick  and 
a  circular  band  raised  above  the  surface  at  a  point  averaging  10  cms. 
below  the  end  of  the  stick.  There  is  great  variation  in  the  manner  of 
carving  the  ends  of  these  sticks,  but  all  of  them  follow  a  general  form. 
The  intervening  space  between  the  raised  portions  is,  in  some  specimens, 
almost  uniform  in  diameter,  while  in  others  it  increases  in  size  from  the 
end  to  the  central  portion,  decreasing  again  to  the  raised  band,  thereby 
forming  a  spindle-shaped  piece.  The  general  form  of  the  ends  can  be 
seen  to  good  advantage  in  the  figure  mentioned.  Some  of  them  are 
rounding,  others  flare  on  the  sides  and  come  to  a  point  at  the  end;  but 
all  of  them  are  flattened  and  in  no  instance  has  one  been  found,  whose 
end  is  perfectly  rounded.  In  only  one  specimen  of  this  t}rpe  has  a  hole 
been  found  in  the  carved  piece  at  the  end.  This  peculiarity  belongs  to  a 
subdivision  of  this  type,  the  difference  in  the  two  forms  being  in  the 
formation  of  the  raised  band.  In  this  type  the  surface  of  the  band  is 
perfectly  flat,  whereas  in  the  subdivision,  there  is  a  slight  groove  in  its 
surface.  The  stick  mentioned  as  having  a  hole  drilled  through  the  upper 
part  may  have  been  grooved  slightly  when  it  was  new,  but  it  is  well- 
preserved  and  it  hardly  seems  that  this  could  be  possible.    These  sticks 


144 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


are  of  cottonwood  and  range  from  1  cm.  to  1.7  cms.  in  diameter.  None 
of  these  specimens  is  intact,  the  lower  end  of  each  having  been  broken 
off.    The  longest,  however,  measures  1.1  m.  in  length. 

Six  of  these  sticks  have  the  remains  of  cords  tied  at  the  upper  end, 
all  seemingly  of  yucca  fiber;  four  of  them  are  tied  between  the  knobs, 
two  just  above  the  lower  knob,  that  of  the  third  directly  below  the  knob 
at  the  end  of  the  stick,  and  the  fourth  had  cord  tied  j  list  above  the  middle 
portion.  One  of  these  is  knotted  at  the  end,  in  a  similar  fashion  to  that 
found  about  the  quills  of  feathers,  showing  that  these  cords  were  no  doubt 


Fig.  54a-/  (4375,  4371,  4379,  4378,  4185,  4433).     Ceremonial  Sticks,  Type  1,  Room  32. 


used  to  fasten  feathers  to  the  ends  of  these  staves.  The  other  two  sticks 
had  the  cord  bound  directly  below  the  carved  band.  These  specimens  are 
shown  in  Fig.  54.  There  are  three  specimens  of  exceptional  size  which  are 
shown  in  Fig.  53b,  c,  h.  In  the  first  two  specimens,  the  band  at  the  end 
of  the  carved  space  is  2.8  cms.  in  diameter,  whereas  in  all  the  other  speci- 
mens, the  average  is  greatly  below  this  figure.  The  other  specimen  shown 
is  rather  roughly  finished  and  the  slope  of  the  central  portion  has  been 
strongly  accentuated. 

With  this  group  were  found  three  sticks  with  two  slender  ceremonial 
sticks  fastened  to  their  sides,  directly  below  the  carved  end.  These 
sticks  may  be  seen  in  Fig.  53.  In  one  of  these  the  sticks  are  bound 
with  a  loose  two-strand  yucca  cord,  the  pieces  being  bound  side  by  side 
and  running  parallel  with  the  main  sticks.  There  is  also  evidence  of  a 
cord  fastened  directly  below  the  carved  end  which  is  perforated,  this 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  145 

being  the  specimen  mentioned  as  being  the  exception  in  this  type.  The 
second  stick  having  the  smaller  sticks  bound  to  its  surface  has  a  yucca 
cord  tied  loosely  below  the  carved  band.  Its  end  has  been  knotted  and 
still  retains  a  portion  of  the  quill  of  a  feather.  The  third  stick  had  the 
binding  cord  in  place  when  the  specimen  was  uncovered,  but  it  had  de- 
cayed to  such  an  extent  that  it  could  not  be  retained.  The  specimens 
are,,  however,  tied  to  the  stick  in  the  same  position  as  when  they  were 
found.  This  stick  has  the  remains  of  a  cord  directly  below  the  carved 
end  and  another  just  above  the  carved  band,  this  being  the  only  instance 
noted  in  which  two  cords  were  found  on  the  same  specimen. 

The  use  of  these  small  sticks  which  have  been  found  in  a  number  of 
rooms  in  Pueblo  Bonito,  as  already  noted,  cannot  be  definitely  deter- 
mined, save  that  they  are  used  in  a  ceremonial  way  and  are  no  doubt 
similar  to  the  prayer  sticks  used  by  the  Pueblo  Indians  at  the  present 
time.  They  are  found  in  many  of  the  rooms  of  the  pueblo,  but  this  is  the 
first  instance  in  which  they  have  been  found  associated  with  ceremonial 
sticks.  Gushing  claimed  that  they  were  scalp  stretchers  and  that  their 
ceremonial  use  was  secondary.  They  are  generally  found  in  pairs  and 
are  almost  always  curved,  but  it  would  hardly  seem  from  their  form,  that 
it  would  have  been  possible  to  utilize  them  for  stretching  human  scalps. 

There  were  fifty-seven  sticks  of  Type  1  that  could  be  removed, 
although  a  number  of  them  are  represented  merely  by  the  carved  head 
piece;  but  in  each  instance  a  part  of  the  head  piece  has  been  preserved  to 
show  conclusively  that  it  belonged  to  this  particular  form.  The  ends  of 
four  of  these  sticks  are  burned,  but  as  there  was  no  evidence  of  a  fire  in 
this  room,  it  may  be  that  the  sticks  were  burnt  before  they  were  put  in 
place.  Two  of  the  burnt  sticks  are  the  ones  having  the  small  ceremonial 
sticks  attached  to  their  sides. 

The  subdivision  of  this  type,  as  already  noted,  differs  from  the  others 
in  having  a  hole  drilled  through  the  end  and  having  the  lower  raised  band 
grooved;  there  are  however,  eighteen  exceptions.  These  pieces  have  the 
groove  around  the  lower  band,  but  no  hole  drilled  through  the  upper  part. 
Save  for  the  difference  noted,  these  specimens  are  the  same  as  the  form 
alreadjr  described.  Fourteen  of  them  had  the  cord  attached  to  their 
upper  parts  and  one  has  a  band  of  cotton  cord  tied  at  a  point  10.5  cms. 
below  the  grooved  band.  One  of  these  had  the  cord  passed  through  the 
hole  in  the  end,  as  shown  in  Fig.  54. 

Type  2.  This  type  is  represented  by  fifty-four  pieces.  This  form 
has  a  curved  end,  carved  to  represent  the  claw  of  an  animal;  its  appear- 
ance suggests  the  claw  of  a  bear.    In  Fig.  55  a  series  of  these  sticks  is 


146        Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.      [Vol.  XXVII, 

shown ;  it  may  be  seen  that  thejr  vary  considerably  in  the  size  of  what,  in 
an  animal  claw,  would  be  the  basal  part.  In  some,  there  is  a  very  slight 
enlargement  at  the  end  of  the  stick;  the  other  extreme  is  a  very  broad 
heavy  piece  from  one  side  of  which  the  claw-like  projection  starts.  The 
widest  is  3.7  cms.  broad  and  the  narrowest,  1.5  cms.  The  claw  part  in 
some  is  flattened  on  the  inside  and  rounded  on  the  outer  surface;  on  others 
it  is  rounded  throughout  its  length.  In  size  and  material  these  sticks  are 
similar  in  form  to  Type  1. 

If  these  sticks  had  cords  for  the  attachment  of  feathers  there  is  no 
evidence  of  them  at  the  present  time.  The  only  one  showing  remains  of  a 
cord,  had  the  band  in  such  a  position  that  it  seems  to  indicate  that  a 
small  ceremonial  stick  rather  than  a  feather  had  been  fastened  to  it. 

Type  3.  Type  3  differs  radically  from  those  already  described. 
Types  1  and  2  were  cylindrical  throughout  the  greater  part  of  their 
length,  some  of  them  tapering  toward  the  plain  end.  All  of  the  speci- 
mens in  Type  3  are  half  rounded;  some  of  these  taper  slightly  toward  the 
end,  but  they  preserve  a  uniform  plano-convex  form  throughout  their 
length. 

There  were  fifty-four  specimens  of  this  type,  representative  forms 
of  which  are  shown  in  Fig.  58.  The  end  corresponding  to  the  carved  end 
in  the  other  specimens,  is  flattened  in  this  type.  In  the  widest  blade,  the 
stick  measures  2  cms.  in  width,  on  the  flat  side,  and  tapers  generally  to  a 
width  of  3.4  cms.  at  the  end  of  the  blade.  The  blade  averages  8  cms.  in 
length.  The  sticks  average  1.2  cms.  in  thickness  and  decrease  to  3  mms. 
at  the  end  of  the  blade.  Some  specimens,  however,  are  almost  twice 
this  thickness  at  the  end,  whereas  others  taper  to  a  very  thin  edge. 

Three  of  these  sticks  show  evidence  of  attachment  of  feathers,  two 
have  yucca  cords  attached,  and  one  has  a  cord  made  of  cotton;  these 
cords  are  placed  near  the  blade  end  of  the  stick.  Another  stick  shows 
evidences  of  having  been  bound  at  the  blade  end  with  a  cord,  probably 
of  buckskin;  the  area  that  was  bound  extends  from  the  point  where  the 
blade  begins,  6  cms.  toward  the  end  of  the  blade  itself.  Two  of  the 
specimens  have  been  found  with  strips  of  buckskin  over  a  centimeter  in 
width  (Fig.  58) ;  one  of  the  specimens  has  the  yucca  cord  for  the  attach- 
ment of  a  feather.  Both  of  these  sticks  are  split  at  the  point  where  the 
wrapping  was  adjusted  and  it  was  evidently  for  some  such  defect  in  the 
stick  that  the  wrapping  was  applied;  but  if  used  in  certain  games,  as  the 
consideration  of  other  specimens  found  with  them  would  tend  to  show, 
it  may  have  been  applied  in  order  that  a  firm  grip  might  be  obtained  in 
handling  the  stick.     Few  of  these  sticks  have  been  preserved  in  their 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  147 

entirety,  the  end  opposite  the  handle  being  missing  in  most  cases;  how- 
ever, some  specimens  show  this  portion,  which  might  be  called  the  distal 
end.  These  give  a  good  idea  of  the  taper  of  this  end  of  the  stick;  one 
of  them  is  almost  a  counterpart  of  the  small  gaming  sticks  found  in 
Room  2  and  it  may  have  been  from  sticks  of  this  kind  that  the  small  dice- 
like pieces,  were  cut  (p.  35).  Most  of  the  pieces  were  in  a  fair  state  of 
preservation. 

One  of  these  sticks  has  an  object  carved  on  the  fiat  side  at  a  point  30 
cms.  below  the  blade  end.  This  is  in  the  form  of  a  raised  figure,  3.7  cms. 
long,  1.1  cms.  broad  at  the  end  toward  the  blade,  and  tapering  to  5  mms. 
at  the  opposite  ends.  This  end  is  raised  3  mms.  above  the  surface  of  the 
stick.  It  is  evidently  made  to  represent  the  rattle  of  a  rattlesnake.  The 
stick  is  perfectly  straight  below  this  figure,  but  directly  above,  it  curves 
backward,  the  curvings  being  evidently  intentional. 

In  the  Zuni  ceremonials,  there  is  a  game  played  with  sticks  that 
might  be  called  an  Indian  golf  game.  The  clan  of  the  south  meets  the 
clan  of  the  north  and  the  game  is  waged  with  all  the  ardor  of  a  battle. 
Before  the  game,  both  sides  pray  to  the  ceremonial  representatives  of 
their  sticks  and  carry  miniature  sticks  with  them.  The  game  is  to  decide 
the  fate  of  the  year.  Should  the  south  win,  it  would  rain,  but  should  the 
north  be  victorious,  there  would  be  a  windy  season.  In  deciding  the  out- 
come of  a  battle,  a  band  of  braves  is  selected  to  represent  the  enemy; 
an  equal  number  oppose  them,  then  a  battle  royal  ensues.  Should  those 
who  represent  the  enemy  be  vanquished,  the  braves  will  go  forth  to  the 
conquest  with  light  hearts,  for  they  have  won  the  spirit  battle,  which 
assures  success  in  a  physical  one;  thus,  bjr  divination,  according  to 
dishing,  many  great  events  were  decided. 

Another  ceremonial  stick  that  belongs  to  Type  3,  is  shown  in  Fig. 
58a.  This  stick  has  the  half  round  form  of  the  others,  but  the  end  has 
been  finished  in  a  unique  way.  The  rounded  portion  of  the  end  of  the 
stick  was  cut  away  to  allow  a  broad  spatulate  piece  to  be  lashed  to  it. 
This  piece  is  15  cms.  long,  6.5  cms.  wide  at  the  blade  end,  and  4  cms. 
thick.  It  tapers  gently  towards  the  point  where  it  is  bound  to  the  stick. 
At  this  end  there  is  a  projection  which  fits  into  a  groove  and  over  it  a 
band  of  sinew  1.4  cms.  in  width  has  been  wrapped.  At  the  extreme  end 
of  the  main  stick,  a  groove  has  been  cut  and  directly  below  it,  two  holes 
have  been  drilled  into  the  flat  portion.  By  means  of  these  holes  and  the 
groove,  the  pieces  have  been  joined  together  with  sinew,  making  a  neat, 
and  at  the  same  time,  a  very  substantial  finish.  This  is  the  only  in- 
stance in  which  two  pieces  were  employed  in  making  one  of  these  cere- 
monial staves. 


148         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Type  4-  Type  4  is  represented  by  twenty-two  pieces;  they  are 
cylindrical  sticks,  but  are  as  a  rule  greater  in  diameter  than  those  in 
types  1  and  2.  They  are  rougher  in  finish  than  those  in  the  types  just 
mentioned;  some  of  them  have  knots  projecting  from  their  surface  and 
others  are  veiy  irregular  in  form.  The  care  shown  in  the  selection  of  the 
other  pieces  has  not  been  carried  out  in  selecting  this  material.  The  larg- 
est of  these  specimens  measures  over  2  cms.  in  diameter;  two  of  the 
perfect  ones  measure  1 .135  m.  and  1.11m.,  respectively.  The  ends  of  the 
sticks  corresponding  to  the  worked  end  of  the  other  pieces  show  a  flatten- 
ing on  one  side  of  the  stick  which  divides  it  in  half  at  the  end  and  tapers 
back  until  the  general  level  of  the  stick  is  reached.  The  worked  area 
averages  14  cms.  in  length;  in  some  however,  it  extends  backward  over 
20  cms.  Fig.  58  shows  a  series  of  the  more  perfect  of  these  sticks  and  gives 
a  good  idea  of  their  form . 

A  variant  or  subtype  of  this  form  is  shown  in  Fig.  60.  There  were 
ten  of  this  form  and  they  differ  from  the  others  inasmuch  as  they  have 
bindings  of  sinew  at  the  end  of  the  blades  and,  in  two  instances,  at  the 
point  where  the  ground  surface  begins.  On  one  of  these  specimens  there 
is  a  broad  binding  of  sinew  which  originally  covered  a  space  4.5  cms. 
broad.  A  part  of  the  sinew  has  disappeared,  showing  that  the  portion 
toward  the  blade  end,  over  a  distance  of  1  cm.,  was  painted  black.  The 
remaining  portion  to  within  5  cms.  of  the  end  of  the  binding  was  painted 
a  bright  orange  color,  all  of  the  colored  area  having  been  covered  with  the 
thick  binding  of  sinew.  There  was  evidently  a  defective  space  in  the 
middle  portion  of  this  stick  as  it  had  been  bound  with  a  strip  of  buckskin 
which  was  over  1.5  cms.  in  width.  The  specimens  were  similar  to  those 
already  described,  the  only  difference  being  in  the  handling  of  the  blade 
end ;  they  had  been  bound  at  the  tip  with  sinew,  as  in  the  specimens  just 
described,  evidently  to  strengthen  this  point.  Over  the  entire  blade  a 
grillwork  of  rawhide  strands  was  adjusted.  The  technique  of  this  work 
is  rather  interesting  and  is  shown  in  Fig.  60.  It  may  be  noted  that  in  all 
of  the  specimens  but  one,  the  rawhide  covers  the  entire  worked  space, 
with  the  exception  of  a  narrow  place  averaging  5  cms.  at  the  point  and 
extending  beyond  the  worked  area  on  the  face  of  the  stick.  In  the  third, 
a  similar  technique  was  found;  in  place  of  the  buckskin,  a  finely  spun 
cord  was  employed.  There  were  ten  of  these  specimens,  three  of  which 
are  shown  in  Fig.  58.  In  two  of  these  a  finely  spun  yucca  cord  was  used 
which  covered  the  blade  in  the  same  manner  as  did  the  buckskin,  the 
only  difference  being  that  the  cord  does  not  extend  to  the  plain  surface 
of  the  stick  and  does  not  completely  cover  the  blade  end.    The  third 


Fig.  55.     Ceremonial  Sticks,  Type  2:  abc  (4504,  4438,  4437),  Room  32;  d  (4539),  Room  33;  e-p;(4332, 
4331,  4358,  4384,  4367,  4342,  4360,  4385,  4386,  4428,  4355,  4363),  Room  32. 


149 


Fig.  56.     Ceremonial  Sticks,  Type  2:   a  (4348) ;    &  (4428). 


Fig.  57.     Ceremonial  Sticks,  Variants  of  Type  2:   a  (4539),  Room  33;    be  (4332,  4358),  Room  32. 


150 


i* 


Fig.  59.     Ceremonial  Sticks,  Type  3:   a-c  (4327,  4301,  4397j, 


Room  32. 


Kg.  60.     Ceremonial  Sticks,  Type  4:   a  (4514;, 


Room  33;   b  (4301),  Room  32. 


152 


Fig.  61  a-h   (4477,  447S,  4480,  4490,  4488,  4489,  4481,  4493).  Curved  Sticks,  Room  32. 


Fig.  62.     Curved  Sticks:   a  (4488),  Room  32;    b  (4551),  Room  33. 


Fig.  63  (4368).     End  of  Ceremonial  Stick,  inlaid  with  Turquoise,  Room  32 


Fig.  64.     Curved  Sticks:   a&  (8795),  Room  55;   c  (4618),  Room  33;   d-f  (4507,  4506,  4440),  Room  32. 


Fig.  65  (4500) .     Design  on  a  Painted  Board,  Room  32. 
See  Plate  8. 


156 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  157 

specimen  was  covered  with  cotton  cord,  bound  with  buckskin  at  the 
point  where  the  blade  begins  and  reinforced  3.5  cms.  from  the  end  with  a 
band  of  sinew.  The  knotting  of  the  cord  on  the  edges  of  the  stick  is  the 
same  as  that  shown  in  the  rawhide  covered  pieces  already  noted. 

Associated  with  the  game  sticks  were  a  number  of  .branches  of  grease- 
wood  and  other  sticks  which,  because  they  had  not  been  finished,  could 
not  be  classed  as  game  sticks;  two  of  them  had  evidently  been  used  for 
stirring  fires,  as  their  ends  were  burnt.  There  were  other  sticks,  of  the 
curved  form  shown  in  Fig.  64,  many  of  them  in  a  fragmentary  condition 
when  found.  The  use  to  which  these  sticks  were  applied  cannot  be  sug- 
gested, but  evidently  they  had  some  connection  with  the  game  sticks. 
In  the  illustration  (f)  appears  a  stick  with  worked  ends.  It  is  55  cms. 
long  and  3.2  cms.  in  diameter.  Its  appearance  suggests  that  it  might 
have  been  used  as  the  rung  of  a  ladder,  but  there  is  no  evidence  of  wear 
to  show  that  it  had  been  used  for  this  purpose. 

In  Fig.  55a-c  (4504,  4437-4438),  two  carefully  finished  sticks  of 
cottonwood  and  one  of  deer  antler  are  shown.  All  of  these  objects  taper 
at  one  end;  in  the  case  of  the  antler  piece,  the  opposite  end  is  slightly 
tapered.  The  cottonwood  pieces  are  79.5  cms.  and  77.5  cms.  in  length, 
respectively,  and  average  1.2  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  butt  end.  The 
piece  of  deer  antler  has  been  ground  and  is  57.5  cms.  in  length  and  1  cm. 
in  width  at  its  widest  part.  There  are  no  markings  upon  the  surface  of 
these  sticks  to  indicate  their  use.  Associated  with  the  game  staves  were 
twenty-three  complete  sticks,  such  as  were  found  attached  in  pairs  to 
the  larger  staves,  and  fifty-six  fragments  of  these  slender  curved  pieces. 
There  was  found  with  the  large  game  sticks,  a  series  of  curved  sticks, 
more  or  less  elaborate,  which  may  have  been  tossed  by  means  of  the  large 
sticks.  InFig.  61  a  series  of  these  specimens  is  shown.  Fig.  61b  is  13.5  cms. 
long  and  the  knobs  at  the  ends,  which  are  irregular  in  shape,  have  an 
average  diameter  of  3  cms.  The  band  which  separates  the  ends  is  2.6 
cms.  broad  and  1.3  cms.  thick.  It  is  made  of  cottonwood.  Fig.  61a 
is  18  cms.  long  and  is  flattened  on  the  under  side.  The  three  cone-shaped 
pieces  on  either  side  of  the  flat  central  part  average  2  cms.  in  width. 
Fig.  61b  and  61c  show  a  simple  form  of  Fig.  61a;  they  are  about  the 
same  size  and  average  13.5  cms.  from  end  to  end.  This  form  reminds  one 
of  the  bags  filled  with  sand  and  tied  together  with  a  piece  of  buckskin,  as 
used  by  Indians  in  a  game.  There  were  three  other  specimens  of  the  type 
just  described.  In  Fig.  61g  a  variant  of  this  form  is  shown;  it  is  12  cms. 
from  end  to  end  and  the  balls  on  either  end  measure  1.5  cms.  in  length, 
whereas  the  others  average  nearly  6  cms.  in  length.    There  was  one  other 


158         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

specimen  of  this  form.  Fig.  61d  is  of  the  dumb-bell  form;  it  is  14  cms. 
long  with  a  flat  band  connecting  the  balls  which  average  2.7  cms.  in 
diameter.  Fig.  61e  is  a  cylindrical  stick,  1.2  cms.  in  diameter,  and  14.5 
cms.  from  end  to  end.  It  is  curved,  but  there  has  been  no  carving  on  the 
surface.  Figs.  61e  and  62a  show  another  stick,  angular  in  shape,  which 
is  also  simple  in  form.  There  was  another  specimen  of  this  form,  but 
it  was  in  a  fragmentary  condition.  Figs.  61f,  h,  and  62b  are 
elaborations  of  the  angular  type,  with  the  arms  carved  in  a  manner 
similar  to  that  seen  on  some  of  the  larger  ceremonial  sticks.  There  was 
one  other  fragment  of  this  carved  angular  type.  Fig.  61  shows  those 
with  a  ball  on  either  end  and  a  raised  portion  from  which  the  narrow 
separating  band  started.  This  type  seemed  to  be  the  most  common,  as 
there  were  nine  in  a  fragmentary  condition,  both  ends  of  which  were 
found.  One  of  these  was  decorated  with  cross-hatching  which  covered 
the  entire  surface.  There  was  one  fragmentary  piece  with  three  cones  on 
either  side  of  the  central  portion.  There  were  also  fourteen  ends,  the 
opposite  portions  of  which  could  not  be  found;  most  of  them  were 
similar  to  those  that  have  been  described,  although  there  were  a  few 
showing  slight  variations.1 

Finally,  note  should  be  taken  of  the  fragment  shown  in  Fig.  63. 
This  is  the  knobbed  end  of  a  wooden  stick,  inlaid  with  small  pieces  of 
turquoise. 

Design  Board.  Among  the  ceremonial  sticks  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  room,  a  slab  was  found  which,  from  its  weight,  was  evidently 
of  wood;  it  was  completely  covered  with  plant  mould  and  no  special 
attention  was  given  to  the  object  until  it  reached  the  Museum;  it  had 
been  dried  to  some  extent  and  faint  outlines  of  designs  could  be  seen  upon 
the  flat  surfaces.  It  was  subjected  to  a  careful  brushing  and  washing, 
with  the  result  that  elaborate  designs  were  found  to  cover  both  sides  and 
one  edge  of  the  slab. 

The  slab  itself  measures  16.5  cm.  in  width  and  17.5  cm.  in  height. 
It  averages  1.7  cm.  in  thickness  at  the  decorated  edge  and  widens  to  2.5 
cm.  at  the  opposite  edge.  The  decorated  edge  has  been  carefully 
smoothed,  but  the  opposite  one  is  somewhat  irregular;   the  upper  and 


'Some  of  these  sticks  resemble  the  wooden  bars  used  by  the  Zufii  belt  weaver  to  hold  the  warp  series 
to  her  belt.  Quite  similar  objects  have  been  found  in  ruins  in  northern  Chile  and  Argentine  [See, 
Ambrosetti,  Juan  B.,  "  Exploracion6s  Arqueologicas  en  la  Ciudad  Prehistorica  de  '  La  Paya '  ( Valle 
Calchaqui-Provincia  de  Salta),  "  Segunda  Parte,  Descripcion  del  Material  Arqueologico  (Buenos  Aires, 
1908),  465-466],  which  from  the  signs  of  wear  upon  their  surfaces  must  have  been  used  as  rings  or  toggles. 
Curiously  enough,  both  the  angular  or  elbow  type  shown  above  and  the  more  extended  curved  forms 
are  found  in  Chile.  The  suggestion,  therefore,  is  that  originally  these  objects  from  Bonito  were  practical 
instead  of  ceremonial. — Ed. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  159 

lower  edges  have  been  rounded.  This  object  was  no  doubt  meant  for 
suspension,  and  may  have  been  an  altar  slab.  In  the  corner,  at  one  end 
of  the  decorated  edge,  a  hole  has  been  drilled  through  the  face  of  the  slab, 
thence  upward  to  the  center  of  the  upper  edge,  thereby  leaving  one  side 
free  from  defects. 

The  designs  on  the  sides  of  the  slab  differ.  On  one  side,  as  may  be 
seen  in  Plate  8,  there  is  an  interlocking  fret  design,  the  major  portion  of 
the  lines  which  form  it  being  serrated.  These  lines  are  in  black  and 
green  on  a  red  background,  the  designs  themselves  being  edged  with  a 
narrow  line  of  orange.  The  opposite  side  of  the  slab  which  is  shown  in 
Fig.  65  has  the  same  red  background,  and  the  design  in  general  is  similar 
to  that  shown  on  the  obverse,  but  on  this  side  the  lines  are  straight  and 
none  of  them  have  the  edge  serrated.  The  colors  of  the  bands  forming 
the  designs  on  this  side  of  the  slab  are  black  and  a  deep  carmine  or  plum 
color.  The  latter  are  outlined  with  orange  as  were  those  on  the  other 
side.  The  design  on  the  edge  is  a  continuation  of  that  on  the  side  just 
described  and  it  seems  to  be  carried  to  the  edge  on  the  side  opposite. 

There  still  remains  enough  of  the  designs  to  give  a  general  idea  of 
their  former  appearance,  but  in  order  to  develop  them  to  the  extent  shown 
in  the  accompanying  illustrations,  it  was  necessary  to  keep  this  surface 
wet  during  the  greater  part  of  the  time  that  the  artist  was  at  work.  The 
figures  are  the  usual  geometric  elaborations  found  in  this  pueblo. 

Arrows.  Standing  upright  and  resting  against  the  walls  in  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  room,  a  quiver  of  arrows  was  found.  Thirty- 
two  of  these  became  detached  from  the  main  mass  when  the  quiver  was 
uncovered,  but  over  half  of  the  arrows  were  removed  in  the  condition 
in  which  they  were  found,  and  may  now  be  seen  in  the  Museum,  where 
they  are  on  exhibition.  It  seems  that  the  arrows  were  divided  into 
groups  which  were  tied  with  heavy  two-strand  yucca  cord.  One  of  these 
cords  is  still  in  position,  the  others  had  decayed  to  such  an  extent, 
that  they  could  not  be  preserved.  In  the  mass  that  was  removed  intact, 
there  were  forty-nine  arrows  that  can  be  counted,  that  is  there  are  forty- 
nine  points  which  project  to  such  an  extent  that  they  can  be  seen,  others 
may  be  imbedded  deeper  in  the  mass;  but,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
opposite  ends  of  the  arrows  are  in  such  a  poor  state  of  preservation,  it  is 
impossible  to  check  up  the  count  from  that  end.  The  actual  number  of 
arrows  therefore,  cannot  be  decided  upon,  but  with  the  ones  that  were 
detached,  there  are  eighty-one  arrows,  the  points  of  which  could  be 
examined. 


160        Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.      [Vol.  XXVII, 

These  arrows  are  of  the  compound  form,  made  of  reeds  with  a  wood- 
en foreshaft;  they  average  77  cms.  in  length,  including  the  foreshaft 
and  point.  The  foreshafts  are  made  of  some  hard  wood  which  has  the 
appearance  of  greasewood,  although  it  may  possibly  be  mountain  maho- 
gany; they  average  18  cms.  in  length  from  the  point  where  they  enter 
the  reed  to  the  end  where  the  stone  point  is  attached,  8  mms.  in 
diameter  at  the  base,  and  taper  gently  toward  the  point.  They  are 
fastened  to  the  main  shaft,  that  is,  to  the  reed,  with  bindings  of  sinew, 
and  the  points  are  attached  with  substantial  bindings  of  the  same 
material.  The  points  are  mostly  of  transparent  chalcedony  and  are  of 
the  tapering  variety,  a  number  of  them  have  double  notches  on  the  side, 
as  may  be  seen  in  Fig.  40d. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  room  has  contained  so  much  water  at 
times,  the  feathering  of  the  arrows  was  not  preserved.  Still  adhering 
to  some  of  them,  there  are  fragments  of  the  quills,  which  show  the 
manner  of  feathering;  they  have  a  line  of  black  paint  on  the  notched  end; 
but  aside  from  this,  no  painting,  such  as  has  been  noted  on  some  of  the 
arrows  from  other  rooms  in  Pueblo  Bonito,  was  in  evidence.  Most  of 
the  arrows  retained  the  notch,  in  fact  the  greater  number  were  complete, 
the  only  blemish  being  the  loss  of  the  feathers,  and  a  partial  decomposi- 
tion of  the  surfaces,  which  rested  upon  the  ground. 

In  studying  the  workmanship  on  these  arrows,  there  is  one  point 
that  is  quite  apparent,  that  is  the  manner  of  straightening  the  solid  wooden 
foreshafts;  although  they  have  been  ground  and  smoothed  after  the 
straightening  process  was  complete,  the  marks  of  the  teeth  may  still  be 
seen  on  the  surface.  Indians  may  be  seen  at  the  present  time  in  the 
Southwest  straightening  sticks  which  are  to  be  used  for  arrows  in  this 
manner.  The  work  is  accomplished  by  grasping  the  ends  of  the  stick 
firmly  with  either  hand,  bending  it,  and  biting  the  surface  at  the  same 
time.  On  some  of  the  foreshafts  from  the  ruins,  indentations  which  are 
quite  deep,  may  be  seen. 

The  rinding  of  arrows  in  the  ancient  pueblos,  is  not  uncommon,  but 
seldom,  if  ever  before,  has  a  complete  quiver  been  encountered.  A  great 
many  fragments  of  arrows  of  similar  form  to  those  just  described  were 
found  in  the  ruin;  but  strange  as  it  may  seem,  no  perfect  bow,  nor  even 
a  large  fragment  of  one  was  found. 

Three  foreshafts  of  wood  and  a  fourth  with  a  section  of  the  reed 
arrow  attached,  were  found  (Fig.  40).  These  foreshafts  are  of  the  usual 
form,  with  the  exception  of  the  end  which  is  carried  to  a  point.  These  are 
what  Gushing  called  "self  foreshafts,"  meaning  that  they  were  complete 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  161 

and  were  not  intended  to  hold  a  stone  point.  These  specimens  were 
found  among  the  ceremonial  sticks,  but  not  near  or  associated  with  the 
quiver  of  arrows.  It  is  rather  interesting  to  find  this  type  of  foreshaft 
in  the  room,  as  all  those  in  the  quiver  that  could  be  examined  had  been 
fashioned  for  the  attachment  of  a  stone  point.  They  measure  27.3  cm. 
in  length,  the  part  that  enters  the  reed  shaft  being  on  an  average  2.7  cms. 
long. 

Miscellaneous  Objects.  Directly  behind  the  mass  of  ceremonial 
sticks  in  the  northwest  corner  and  resting  against  the  north  wall  was  a 
club  of  elk  antler  lying  with  the  butt  end  toward  the  north.  This  speci- 
men is  48  cms.  long  and  has  a  hole  drilled  through  the  small  end  for  the 
attachment  of  a  thong.  Very  little  work  has  been  done  upon  the  antler, 
with  the  exception  of  the  grinding  off  of  a  prong  directly  above  the  handle 
and  a  general  grinding  away  of  the  base  of  the  antler.  The  surface  has 
been  smoothed  to  some  extent,  but  there  are  no  decorations. 


Fig.  66  (4181).     A  Cloth-Covered  Object,  Room  32. 

Another  object  of  interest  found  under  the  body  in  the  southwest 
corner  of  the  room  is  shown  in  Fig.  66.  It  is  a  piece  of  what  seems  to  be  a 
section  of  a  cactus  stalk.  In  its  present  fragmentary  condition  it  is  8.5 
cms.  long,  5  cms.  broad,  and  3  cms.  thick.  The  lower  part  is  intact,  but 
part  of  the  upper  end  is  missing;  the  upper  part  has  been  bound  with 
yucca  cord,  the  remaining  part  of  which  is  over  1  cm.  in  width.  This 
binding  circled  the  upper  part  of  the  object  and  from  a  layer  of  cloth 
which  covers  the  greater  part  of  one  side  at  the  present  time  it  would 
seem  that  the  whole  object  had  been  enclosed  in  a  similar  layer.  Owing 
to  the  fact  that  the  specimen  is  not  complete,  it  is  impossible  to  say  what 
its  use  had  been,  but  it  may  have  been  used  as  a  badge  of  office  such  as  is 
carried  by  priests  at  the  present  time  among  the  Hopi  and  Zuni  and  used 
also  on  ceremonial  altars. 


162         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Two  wooden  slabs  were  found  in  the  general  debris  in  the  western 
part  of  the  room.  Both  are  of  cottonwood;  one  is  20.6  cms.  long,  8.5 
cms.  in  width,  and  2.5  cms.  in  thickness,  the  sides  and  ends  are  rounded. 
Boards  of  this  nature  were  used,  according  to  Cushing,  for  stretching  the 
skins  of  animal  heads  that  were  to  be  used  for  ceremonial  purposes.  The 
other  slab  is  27  cms.  long,  9  cms.  wide,  and  averages  1.5  cms.  in  the 
center,  it  tapers,  however,  toward  either  side.  Two  holes  have  been 
drilled  at  the  upper  edge  near  one  of  the  corners,  and  one  of  these  has 
been  closed  with  a  wooden  plug.  There  are  also  two  holes  near  the 
lower  edge  of  the  piece,  but  there  is  nothing  either  in  form  or  in  the  posi- 
tions of  the  holes  to  indicate  their  use.  One  of  the  ordinary  kicking  sticks 
was  found  in  the  northwest  corner.  It  is  13  cms.  long,  and  averages  4. 
cms.  in  diameter;  it  is  of  the  usual  form,  but  slightly  larger  than  the 
average  stick  of  this  nature. 

A  small  section  of  reed  was  found  in  the  western  part  of  the  room. 
It  is  4.7  cms.  in  length  and  has  the  ends  cut  at  right  angles  with  the  reed. 
It  may  have  been  used  either  as  a  die  or  as  a  drinking  tube. 

Among  the  fragments  of  ceremonial  sticks  from  the  northwestern 
corner  was  one  painted  black  and  orange,  similar  to  that  noted  in  one  of 
the  perfect  sticks.  In  this  case  as  in  the  other  one  mentioned,  the  orange 
occupies  the  major  portion  of  the  band,  but  both  colors  had  been  perfectly 
preserved. 

Among  the  other  objects  found  in  the  western  part  of  the  room,  were 
three  sandals  of  the  braided  variety,  the  material  used  being  narrow 
strips  of  yucca  leaf.  There  were  also  fragments  of  finely  woven  sandals 
made  of  yucca  fiber.  Fragments  of  a  number  of  small  and  at  least  one 
very  large  basket  were  also  found.  These  objects,  with  a  large  piece  of 
galena,  a  piece  of  calcined  gypsum,  an  irregular  mass  of  pinon  gum,  a 
chalcedony  flake  with  a  very  sharp  cutting  edge,  a  number  of  pieces  of 
squash  rind  and  squash  and  pumpkin  stems,  a  piece  of  squash  or  pump- 
kin rind  cut  into  a  circular  form,  drilled  in  the  center,  the  remains 
of  a  fiber  cord  with  which  it  was  no  doubt  attached  to  some  object  still 
in  place  in  the  hole,  and  a  number  of  pieces  of  reeds  finish  the  list  of 
objects. 

Room  32  proved  to  be  8  feet  11  inches  long  on  the  north  side,  8 
feet  8  inches  long  on  the  south  side,  4  feet  7  inches  wide  at  the  east  end, 
and  7  feet  3  inches  wide  at  the  west  end.  There  were  doorways  in  three 
of  the  walls  and  all  of  the  walls  were  plastered.  These  doorways  were  of 
the  usual  form  and  had  poles  foi  lintels.  The  one  in  the  north  wall  was 
1  foot  9  inches  wide  and  1  foot  9  inches  high;  it  was  open  and  led  into  a 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  163 

room  which,  upon  investigation,  proved  to  be  another  of  the  burial  series. 
This  doorway  was  3  feet  from  the  west  wall.  The  southern  doorway  was  1 
foot  10  inches  wide  and  2  feet  10  inches  high;  it  was  4  feet  2  inches 
from  the  west  wall.  The  western  doorway  was  2  feet  from  the  southern 
wall.  It  was  1  foot  9  inches  wide  and  2  feet  9  inches  high.  The  floor 
was  about  1  foot  below  the  level  of  the  doorways,  which  were  about  an 
equal  distance  above  it.  The  distance  from  the  ceiling  beams,  in  their 
present  condition,  to  the  door  sills  averaged  4  feet. 

Room  33. 

Room  33  is  directly  west  of  and  connected  with  Room  32.  When  the 
latter  was  first  entered,  it  was  found  that  the  sand  had  almost  filled  the 
western  doorway,  but  there  was  enough  space  remaining  to  allow  passage 
through  it,  and  into  Room  33.  Entrance  was  gained  by  the  writer,  and, 
with  the  aid  of  a  candle,  certain  objects  were  seen  which  were  in  keeping 
with  the  ceremonial  sticks  that  protruded  from  the  sand  in  the  room 
already  examined.  The  room  proved  to  be  somewhat  smaller  than 
Room  32;  but  the  sand  had  not  filled  it  so  deeply  as  the  other  room.  A 
full  account  of  its  contents  has  been  published  in  "The  Exploration  of  a 
Burial  Room  in  Pueblo  Bonito,  New  Mexico."1  The  unique  feature  of 
the  room  is  that  it  was  a  burial  place  and  with  the  bodies  were  deposited 
very  interesting  objects  fully  described  in  our  earlier  publication. 

The  room  under  consideration  is  very  small  compared  with  the 
rooms  in  the  northern  part  of  the  building.  It  is  situated  in  a  section 
where  there  evidently  was  a  great  deal  of  reconstruction  work,  to  which 
fact,  no  doubt,  may  be  attributed  the  presence  of  so  many  small  rooms 
grouped  about  Room  33.  The  length  of  the  northern  wall  of  the  room  is 
6  feet,  of  the  southern  wall  6  feet  3  inches,  of  the  eastern  wall  5  feet  10 
inches,  and  of  the  western  wall  6  feet  10  inches;  that  is,  the  room  is 
almost  square.  The  doorway  in  the  eastern  wall  is  2  feet  3  inches  from 
the  southern  wall.  It  is  of  the  ordinary  rectangular  type, — 1  foot  10 
inches  high  and  2  feet  3  inches  wide, — provided  with  poles  for  a  lintel. 
This  is  the  only  entrance  to  the  room.  The  sides  of  the  doorway  are 
plastered,  as  are  all  of  the  walls.  There  are  no  decorations  on  the  walls, 
nor  are  there  evidences  of  the  room  having  been  made  for  a  burial 
chamber.  In  the  southwestern  corner  is  a  post  that  was  placed  under  the 
crossbeams,  which  extend  north  and  south,  as  a  precautionary  measure. 
These  beams  enter  the  northern  and  southern  walls;  but,  in  adding  new 

1Putnam  Anniversary  Volume  (New  York,  1909),  196-252. 


164         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

rooms  above  this  series,  the  builders  evidently  thought  it  advisable  to 
strengthen  the  floors  with  posts.  The  top  of  the  post  mentioned  had 
fallen  against  the  western  wall.  Its  base  stands  about  a  foot  from  both 
the  western  and  the  southern  wall.  The  largest  post  in  the  room  was 
found  under  the  beam  in  the  northwestern  corner.  Its  distance  from  the 
walls  is  about  the  same  as  in  the  case  of  the  post  in  the  southwestern 
corner.  In  the  northeastern  corner  are  two  posts,  one  of  which  supports 
the  ceiling  beam,  standing  5  inches  from  the  eastern  wall  and  a  foot  from 
the  northern  wall;  the  other  post  is  four  inches  west  of  the  one  just  men- 
tioned, about  the  same  distance  from  the  northern  wall,  and  extending 
through  the  ceiling  into  the  room  above.  A  post  in  the  southeastern 
corner  at  the  base  is  six  inches  from  each  wall,  but  has  fallen  against  the 
eastern  wall.  The  ceiling  is  composed  of  thirteen  beams,  of  various  sizes, 
over  which  is  a  layer  of  cedarbark.  In  the  southwestern  corner,  at  a 
distance  of  1  foot  6  inches  from  the  ceiling  beams,  were  five  willow  sticks 
protruding  from  the  wall,  and  forming  a  sort  of  rack;  but  nothing  was 
found  in  it.  The  room  in  its  entirety  is  in  a  very  good  state  of  preserva- 
tion, the  only  defect  being  a  slight  bulge  in  the  ceiling. 

Though  the  specimens  found  have  been  adequately  described  else- 
where1 some  of  the  more  important  may  be  noted  here.  Among  these 
are  six  flageolets  shown  in  Fig.  67.  One  of  these  was  highly  decorated, 
Fig.  68.  The  types  of  pottery  found  are  shown  in  Figs.  69-70.  Orna- 
ments of  turquoise  and  shell  were  abundant.  One  of  the  most  striking 
was  a  basket  covered  with  a  turquoise  mosaic  (Fig.  71).  It  is  described 
as  follows:  At  first,  in  clearing  away  the  surrounding  sand,  the  small 
turquoise  pieces  seemed  to  be  in  place;  subsequently,  as  the  sand  was 
brushed  from  about  them,  many  fell  from  their  original  position.  It 
required  several  hours  to  determine  the  shape  of  the  object  covered  by 
these  turquoise  pieces;  but,  owing  to  the  fact  that  fragments  of  the 
material  on  which  the  turquoise  had  been  fastened  still  remained,  it  was 
possible  to  ascertain  that  the  object  had  been  a  cylindrical  basket,  3 
inches  in  diameter  and  6  inches  in  length.  The  basket  work  had  de- 
cayed; but  the  fragments  showed  conclusively  that  it  had  been  made  of 
very  slender  splints  over  which  a  layer  of  some  material,  probably  pinon 
gum,  had  been  placed,  this  being  the  medium  that  held  the  turquoise 
pieces  in  position.  A  restoration  of  this  specimen  is  shown  in  Fig.  71, 
the  individual  pieces  being  represented  as  adjusted  in  the  manner  noted 
by  the  writer  in  uncovering  the  specimen.    The  cylinder  was  practically 

1ibid.,  Putnam  Anniversary  Volume. 


CO    TJ 


Tt-    « 


1HP 


ooo 


ooc 


Fig.  68  (4563).     Painted  Flute  from  Room  33. 


166 


Fig.  69  a-l   (3610,  3617,  3627,  3618,  3624,  3675,  8628,  3656,  3645,  3635,  3630,  3612).  Mortuary 
Pottery  from  Room  33. 


167 


wmam 

■  *  j  ,v  - 

:  ■%■"■■■:■ 


;■<:., 


Fig.  70  a-k  (3637,  3621,  3676,  3620,  3616,  3623,  3619,   3622,  3616,  3614,  367S).   Mortuary  Pottery 
from  Room  33. 


16S 


Fig.  72.     Large  Turquoise  Pendants,  Room  33. 


170 


Fig.  73.     Examples  of  Turquoise  Beads,  Pendants,  and  Inlays  found  with  Skeletons  in  Room  33. 


Fijr.  74.     Large  Turquoise  Pendants  found  in  Various  Parts  of  Room  33. 


172 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  173 

filled  with  sand,  and  was  also  covered  by  the  same  material,  which  had 
drifted  over  it.  Thus,  though  the  basket  work  had  decayed,  the  several 
inlays  were  held  in  place  by  an  equalization  of  pressure.  This  condition 
made  it  possible  to  determine,  not  only  the  general  form  of  the  object, 
but  also  the  irregular  arrangement  of  the  various  pieces  of  turquoise. 
In  his  legends  concerning  the  Navajo  Indians,  Dr.  Washington  Matthews 
shows  that  several  references  to  "turquoise  jewel-baskets"  are  made  by 
them.  But  whether  their  traditional  knowledge  of  the  subject  is  of  mythi- 
cal origin,  or  whether  their  ancestors  saw  such  baskets  in  use  by  the 
Pueblo  Indians  in  the  early  days,  cannot  now  be  stated  with  certainty; 
but  the  Navajo  legend  is  none  the  less  interesting  on  this  account. 

There  were  1214  pieces  of  turquoise  forming  the  mosaic  which  cov- 
ered the  cylinder,  and  so  closely  were  these  placed,  that  hardly  an 
opening  was  left  in  the  whole  surface.  Partially  filling  the  cylinder,  and 
lying  directly  below  its  mouth,  was  a  mass  of  turquoise  and  shell  beads 
and  pendants.  In  this  deposit  there  were  2150  disk-shaped  turquoise 
beads.  With  these  were  152  small  turquoise  pendants,  of  various  forms, 
and  twenty-two  large  pendants  of  the  same  material,  the  largest  of  which 
measured  3.6  cms.  in  length,  2.7  cms.  in  width,  and  3  mms.  in  thickness. 
One  of  these  (3769)  is  of  irregular  form,  having  the  edges  on  all  sides 
notched.  Another  (9250)  is  carved  so  as  to  give  the  appearance  of  a 
bird  with  a  crest.  A  third  pendant  is  crescent-shaped;  this  was  made 
from  a  fragment  of  a  disk-shaped  bead.  Still  another  (3852)  is  in  the 
form  of  a  bird,  the  head  and  bill  being  outlined  by  a  deep  incision ;  there 
is  also  an  incised  line  about  the  neck. 

Associated  with  the  turquoise  beads  and  pendants  were  3317  shell 
beads  and  small  pendants.  Among  these  were  a  few  beads  made  from 
olivella  shell,  but  most  of  them  were  disk-shaped.  There  were  aiso 
seventy  shell  beads  of  cylindrical  form,  and  eight  specimens  of  the  same 
kind  having  holes  drilled  in  the  sides,  in  which  turquoise  sets  no  doubt 
had  been  inlaid.  Still  other  objects  unearthed  were  sixty-eight  large 
shell  pendants  of  irregular  shape,  most  of  them  of  the  flat  form;  nine- 
teen of  these  have  holes  drilled  in  the  sides  for  the  reception  of  turquoise 
inlays.  This  fact  might  be  deemed  purely  conjectural,  were  it  not  that  a 
pendant  of  similar  form  still  retains  one  of  the  turquoise  sets  in  place. 
Two  of  the  shell  pendants  found  in  this  deposit  are  in  the  shape  of  moc- 
casins; these  are  drilled  for  suspension.  Three  cylindrical  beads  of  shell, 
averaging  3  cms.  in  length  and  8  mms.  in  diameter,  were  found.  These1 
beads  are  similar  to  specimens  discovered  in  the  same  room,  each 
provided  with  a  bird  bone  passing  through  the  central  opening.     The 


174  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

deposit  contained  also  four  shell  pendants  representing  bird  forms: 
one  of  these  specimens  still  retains  a  piece  of  turquoise  inlaid  in  the 
side.  A  fifth  specimen  is  of  the  ordinary  form  of  pendants  drilled  for  the 
reception  of  an  inlay,  and  still  retains  a  piece  of  turquoise  in  a  groove 
cut  just  below  the  drilled  portion. 

In  the  center  of  the  mass  of  shell  and  turquoise  ornaments,  below  the 
turquoise  mosaic  cylinder,  an  object  having  an  animal  form  was  found. 
This  figure  (Plate  1,  3657)  is  made  of  soft  but  very  compact  stone.  The 
greater  part  is  of  a  light  pink  color;  but  there  is  an  area  of  chalky  white 
on  the  under  side,  extending  through  to  the  tail.  This  latter  part  is  so 
much  disintegrated  that  the  material  rubs  off  at  the  slightest  touch. 
The  object  in  its  entirety  is  8.7  cms.  in  length,  and  3.3  cms.  in  width  at 
the  widest  part,  that  is,  across  the  shoulders.  It  is  1.6  cms.  in  thickness 
at  the  shoulder,  tapering  from  this  point  to  the  nose,  also  to  the  wedge- 
shaped  tail.  The  general  form  of  the  object  is  shown  in  Fig.  76c.  The 
body  is  marked  off  from  the  head  by  a  deep  groove  on  each  side.  The 
head  is  carefully  carved.  One  feature  is  a  shovel-like  projection,  evi- 
dently made  to  represent  a  flat  nose.  There  are  pits  forming  eyes,  which 
evidently  were  once  inlaid  with  pieces  of  turquoise.  A  band  of  the  same 
material  passes  across  the  neck.  This  object  was  obviously  made  to  be 
used  as  a  pendant.  To  prevent  the  cord  from  wearing  away  the  very 
soft  material,  the  makers  inserted  a  bird  bone  in  a  hole  drilled  just  above 
the  neck;  the  opening  on  each  side  was  countersunk,  and  the  space  was 
filled  with  gum.  Over  each  end  a  large  turquoise  bead  was  placed,  one 
being  in  position  when  the  object  was  found.  These  completely  covered 
the  ends  of  the  bone,  which  otherwise  would  have  detracted  from  the 
finish  of  the  figure.  Whether  this  object  was  made  to  represent  a  real  or  a 
mythical  animal  is  not  determined. 

Near  skeleton  No.  14,  but  not  associated  with  the  deposit  just 
described,  were  the  remains  of  another  object  made  of  turquoise  and 
shell  mosaic  inserted  on  basket  work.  Owing  to  the  fact  that 
the  basket  work  had  been  woven  over  a  wooden  body,  or  at  least  over  a 
form  of  fibrous  material  (as  a  piece  of  cactus  stalk),  several  fragments  of 
the  object  still  retained  their  form,  and  could  be  removed.  From  the 
contour  of  the  largest  fragment,  the  object  must  have  been  4  cms.  in 
diameter  and  more  than  6  cms.  in  length,  although  the  length  of  the 
portion  found  is  but  3  cms.  Unlike  the  mosaic  cylinder  above  described, 
this  specimen  is  made  of  turquoise  beads  and  ovoidal  thin  pieces  of  shell. 
The  beads  were  strung  on  a  cord  and  placed  on  edge  against  the  body  of 
the  cylinder,  in  parallel  rows  separated  by  two  rows  of  the  thin  shell 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  175 

pieces  which  overlapped  like  shingles.  The  number  of  beads  in  each 
transverse  row  was  from  six  to  seven,  according  to  the  thickness  of  the 
pieces.  There  are  the  remains  of  three  of  these  rows  of  beads,  and  of 
three  of  the  alternating  rows  of  shell  which  occupy  more  than  half  the 
diameter  of  the  object.  With  this  specimen  were  a  number  of  beads 
very  much  larger  than  the  ones  which  remained  in  place,  the  former 
averaging  6  mms  in  diameter,  while  the  latter  are  under  4  mms.  Sec- 
tions of  the  larger  beads  were  found,  showing  that  they  had  been  strung 


§    • 


jm         «**;  H     ^m      m 


Fig.  75.     Turquoise  Frogs  and  Tadpoles,  Room  3.3. 


in  the  same  manner  as  the  smaller  ones.  How  they  were  applied  is,  of 
course,  conjectural:  possibly  Wiey  formed  a  row  at  each  end  of  the  speci- 
men. There  were  discovered  more  than  five  hundred  loose  beads  that 
had  formed  a  part  of  this  interesting  object,  which  was  no  doubt  used 
ceremonially. 

In  addition  there  were  many  turquoise  pendants  and  ornaments, 
types  of  which  are  shown  in  the  illustrations.  A  detailed  description 
will  be  found  in  a  former  publication. 


Fig.  76.  Specimens  from  Room  33:  a  (12794),  Jet  ornament,  natural  size; 
b  (12787),  Mouthpiece  for  a  shell  trumpet,  Fig.  77,  natural  size;  c  (10418),  Encrusted 
stone  ornament,  length,  8.7  cm.;  d  (3673),  Object  made  of  reeds,  length,  9.4  cm.; 
e  (10420),  Hematite  cylinder  inlaid  with  turquoise,  length,  5.4  cm. 


Fig.  77.     a  (3653),  Shell  Trumpet  found  with  Skeleton  14,  Room  33;   b  Ceremonial  Sticks  found 
between  Ceiling  Beams  in  Southwestern  Corner  of  Room  33. 


177 


178         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Fig.  78  (3682) .     Bead  of  Shell  with  Section  of 
a  Bird  Bone  Inserted,  Room  33.    Length,  3  cm. 


Room  34. 
Directly  south  of  Room  27  and  the  series  of  rooms  separating  the 
main  courts  in  the  pueblo  was  Room  34.  This  was  rectangular  in  form, 
6  feet  7  inches  wide  at  the  north  end,  6  feet  6  inches  wide  at  the  south  end, 
and  with  a  length  of  17  feet  7  inches  on  the  east  side  and  18  feet  on  the 
west  side.  The  eastern  wall  had  been  almost  completely  destroyed,  but 
the  other  walls  were  still  standing  to  a  height  of  7  feet.  Two  small  wall 
pockets  were  found  in  the  west  wall;  the  fireplace  in  the  floor  also  had 
two  circular  depressions  near  it.    This  fireplace  was  8  inches  from  the 

west  wall ;  almost  circular,  the  longer 
axis,  north  and  south,  measuring  2 
feet  3  inches,  and  the  shorter  one,  2 
feet  1  inch,  its  depth  being  6  inches. 
The  floor  was  carefully  smoothed 
adobe.  The  circular  places  near  the 
fireplace  were  made  of  adobe;  they 
average  10  inches  in  diameter  on  the 
outside  and  4  inches  in  diameter 
on  the  inside.  These  depressions, 
appearing  as  they  do,  in  a  room  of 
a  series  which  connects  estufas,  are 
rather  interesting.  No  specimens 
were  found  in  this  room. 

Room  35. 
Room  35  was  one  of  a  series  ex- 
tending east  and  west  as  may  be 
seen  in  the  plan,  Fig.  155.     It  is 
rectangular  in  form  and  shows  the 
following  measurements:  the  east  wall,    12   feet  3   inches;    the  west 
wall,  12  feet  5  inches;  the  south  wall,   11  feet  11  inches;   the  north 
wall,  12  feet. 

The  upper  walls  are  of  poor  construction,  but  the  lower  ones  seem  to 
have  been  made  with  greater  care.  There  is  a  doorway  in  the  western 
part  of  the  north  wall  of  the  usual  rectangular  form.  In  the  south  wall, 
there  are  two  large  ceiling  beams  projecting  from  the  surface.  When  the 
debris  was  cleared  from  this  room,  it  was  found  to  be  the  remains  of 
two  rooms.  The  lower  one  measured  6  feet  2  inches  from  the  floor  to  the 
ceiling  and  the  upper  one  was  not  complete,  but  the  distance  from  the 
lower  floor  to  the  top  of  the  wall  in  the  northwest  corner  was  12  feet. 
The  floor  of  this  room,  that  is,  the  upper  one,  was  composed  of  sticks 


Fig.  79.    Turquoise  Pendant  and  Set  Showing 
Inlays  of  the  Same  Material,  Room  33. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  179 

ranging  from  two  to  four  inches  in  diameter.  These  ran  east  and  west 
and  were  supported  by  four  beams  which  ran  in  the  opposite  direction. 
They  were  in  pairs,  each  pair  touching  and  being  2^2  feet  from  the  east 
and  west  sides  of  the  room.  These  logs  were  5  inches  in  diameter  and 
were  well  imbedded  in  the  masonry.  Above  the  sticks  a  layer  of  brush 
had  been  placed  and  over  this  adobe  which  formed  the  floor  of  the 
room.  The  floor  had  caved  in  from  the  extreme  weight  that  had  rested 
upon  it,  and  the  lower  room  was  rilled  with  debris.  The  floor  beams  were 
broken  and  most  of  them  were  badly  decayed. 

The  walls  of  this  room  were  composed  of  large  stones  set  in  mortar, 
but  none  of  the  interstices  were  chinked  with  smaller  stones.  It  had 
originally  been  plastered,  but  the  only  place  which  retained  the  plaster 
was  a  portion  of  the  south  wall;  here  it  was  quite  thick,  the  surface  being 
very  irregular  and  showing  finger  marks  over  the  greater  part  of  its  area. 

The  lower  room  was  a  trifle  smaller  than  the  upper  one.  The  walls 
were  composed  of  smaller  stones  and  all  but  the  west  one  retained  the 
greater  part  of  the  original  plaster.  In  the  northeast  corner  the  plaster 
was  very  thick  and  filled  with  finger  marks. 

The  east  and  west  walls  were  not  joined  to  the  north  and  south  walls, 
they  simply  rested  against  them.  They  were  really  partitions  that  had 
been  built  at  the  convenience  of  the  owners  after  the  long  hall-like  place 
had  been  completed.  In  this  way  they  could  divide  it  into  the  sizes 
desired  and  change  it  without  damaging  the  north  and  south  walls. 

Directly  below  the  place  where  the  two  beams  protruded  from  the 
south  wall,  near  the  east  side,  there  was  a  small  wall  pocket,  half  a  foot 
square  and  running  back  into  the  wall  about  the  same  distance.  This 
pocket  was  1  foot  below  the  ceiling  beams.  In  the  western  wall  of  the 
upper  room,  4  feet  from  the  south  wall  and  resting  upon  the  floor  timbers, 
are  two  layers  of  stone  marking  a  well-defined  place,  a  foot  and  a  half  on 
the  bottom  and  about  6  inches  wider  on  either  side  of  the  top  where  the 
wall  is  broken.  This  was  probably  one  of  the  old  T-shaped  doorways. 
The  room  contained  a  few  specimens  scattered  about  in  the  debris. 
It  was  completely  cleared  and  the  excavations  carried  to  a  distance  of  3 
feet  below  the  lower  floor.  The  specimens  from  the  debris  were  the  fol- 
lowing: three  bone  awls  made  from  fragments  of  deer  bone,  two  frag- 
ments of  ceremonial  sticks,  one  with  the  end  shaped  like  a  bear  claw,  a 
number  of  turkey  quills,  fragments  of  shell,  red  ocher,  obsidian,  and 
turquoise;  also  a  turquoise  bead  and  pendant  and  a  shell  bead,  a  stone 
arrow  point,  fragments  of  a  charred  basket  and  corncobs,  a  ball  of  clay, 
pieces  of  yucca  cord,  three  hammerstones,  and  two  smoothing  stones. 


180         A  nthrojolog'lcal  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII 

Room  36. 

Room  36,  just  west  of  Room  35  and  south  of  Room  2,  was  almost 
square.  It  measures  1 1  feet  9  inches  on  the  north,  12  feet  10  inches  on  the 
south,  12  feet  4  inches  on  the  east,  and  12  feet  1  inch  on  the  west.  There 
were  two  stories,  as  in  Room  35,  the  lower  room  being  7  feet  high.  The 
walls  of  both  rooms  were  plastered.  There  was  a  doorway  in  the  north 
wall,  2  feet  below  the  ceiling  beams  and  4  feet  from  the  west  wall;  it 
was  2  feet  6  inches  wide,  and  the  top  and  bottom  were  rounded  with 
mortar,  the  upper  part  covering  the  wooden  lintels.  There  were  also  the 
remains  of  a  small  doorway  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  same  wall. 

In  Fig.  80,  the  northern  and  eastern  part  of  this  room  is  shown,  giv- 
ing a  general  idea  of  the  masonry  and  the  floor  beams.  The  north  wall 
was  rough  as  compared  with  the  other  walls  of  the  room,  the  east  and 
west  walls  being  merely  partitions. 

In  the  south  wall,  there  was  a  pocket  4  inches  below  the  ceiling  and 
11  inches  square.  There  was  also  a  corner  doorway  in  the  southeast 
corner  of  the  lower  room.  It  was  flush  with  the  east  wall  and  1  foot  6 
inches  below  the  ceiling;  it  was  1  foot  4  inches  wide  and  2  feet  high.  The 
wall  of  the  upper  room  on  the  south  side  was  blackened  by  smoke  and 
many  of  the  stones  had  been  calcined  from  heat. 

The  specimens  found  in  this  room,  were  in  the  debris,  on,  or  slightly 
above  the  floor  level.  They  are  as  follows:  a  lapstone  37  cms.  long,  20 
cms.  wide,  3.5  cms.  thick  (its  use  as  a  lapstone  was  evidently  secondary, 
as  there  are  evidences  that  it  had  been  used  as  a  baking  stone) ;  a  small 
metate  and  mano  found  together,  the  metate  is  44  cms.  long  and  25  cms. 
wide  at  the  widest  part,  made  of  fine-grained  sandstone,  as  is  also  the 
mano;  the  mano  is  14.5  cms.  broad  and  is  of  the  short  type,  such  as  are 
used  with  the  small  metates:  two  rectangular  grinding  stones;  a  mano 
that  had  been  used  to  such  an  extent  that  only  a  small  portion  of  it 
remained;  a  small  sandstone  slab,  probably  used  as  a  lapstone;  two 
sandstone  jar  covers;  pieces  of  shell  that  had  probably  been  used  in 
making  ornaments;  fossil  shells;  pieces  of  gypsum;  a  portion  of  the 
jaw  of  a  beaver,  with  a  tooth  in  place,  which  has  been  worked  and  had 
probably  been  used  as  an  implement;  pieces  of  azurite  and  malachite: 
turquoise  matrix;  a  fragment  of  a  turquoise  pendant;  shell  beads;  and 
three  bone  awls. 

There  was  a  pointed  stick,  evidently  a  fire  stick,  also  one  of  the 
cylindrical  sticks  of  the  long  type  as  described  under  Room  2. 

There  was  the  stem  of  a  clay  pipe  which  was  roughly  made,  the 
clay  being  of  the  micaceous  type  used  in  making  the  cooking  vessels. 


!  ■    ,*  :  ■■■  u     "    "■ 


■fliSfS 


H      3 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  183 

Another  pipe,  similar  to  Fig.  20c,  is  also  of  clay,  but  of  the  ordinary  gray- 
ware.  A  portion  of  the  stem  of  a  steatite  pipe  was  also  found.  Great 
care  had  been  taken  in  fashioning  this  piece,  the  surface  still  retaining  a 
high  polish. 

Among  the  pottery  pieces  found  were  fragments  of  two  small  gray- 
ware  mugs  which  averaged  7  cms.  in  height.  They  are  extremely  small 
for  this  region  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  two  specimens  of  this  size  from 
one  room.  There  was  also  a  portion  of  the  rim  of  a  corrugated  gray  ware 
bowl  of  flat  form  almost  a  duplicate  of  one  described  from  Room  12  and 
a  fragmentary  bowl  of  peculiar  from,  somewhat  in  the  shape  of  a 
broad-mouthed  crucible. 

Room  37. 

Room  37  was  west  of  Room  36  and  south  of  Room 4.  It  was  11  feet 
9  inches  long  on  the  north  side,  12  feet  10  inches  on  the  south,  12  feet  4 
inches  on  the  east,  and  12  feet  1  inch  on  the  west.  The  general- style  of 
masonry  in  this  room  is  shown  in  Fig.  81. 

The  north  wall  of  the  lower  room  had  been  heavily  plastered.  In 
this  there  was  a  doorway,  made  circular  hy  the  abundance  of  plaster 
applied.  The  lintel  of  the  doorway  was  made  of  flat  stones;  it  was  4 
feet  1  inch  from  the  east  wall  and  2  feet  below  the  ceiling  beams,  and 
measured  2  feet  in  height  and  1  foot  10  inches  in  width.  The  east  wall 
was  very  crudely  built,  but  had  been  covered  with  a  thick  layer  of  plaster. 
The  south  wall  was  also  rough  and  bulged  in  places.  The  west  wall  was 
built  of  selected  stones,  carefully  laid,  but  there  was  a  slight  bulge  near 
the  southwest  corner.  There  is  a  doorway  of  the  rectangular  type,  in 
the  western  wall,  6  feet  4  inches  from  the  north  wall  and  1  foot  6  inches 
below  the  ceiling  beams;  it  was  2  feet  in  height  and  1  foot  9  inches  in 
width.  The  wall  at  the  north  end  of  the  room  was  standing  to  a  height  of 
13  feet  above  the  lower  floor.  The  specimens  found  in  this  room  were 
scattered  through  the  debris. 

There  was  one  large  sandstone  metate  and  twenty-five  sandstone  jar 
covers,  most  of  which  had  been  carefully  smoothed.  There  were  also  a 
number  of  fragments  of  jar  covers;  two  of  the  perfect  specimens  are  plano- 
convex, a  rather  unusual  form,  and  made  of  a  very  compact  sandstone. 
There  was  one  stone  slab  probably  used  as  a  lapstone;  also  two  large 
slabs  used  both  as  lapstones  and  for  grinding;  a  small  metate;  a  mano; 
and  a  lapstone  formed  of  a  large  irregularly  shaped  water-worn  pebble, 
such  as  are  found  in  the  cliff-houses.  There  were  two  sandstone  grinders 
and  a  fragment  of  a  sandstone  implement,  6  cms.  wide  and  3.5  cms.  thick 


184         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

at  the  small  end,  gradually  increasing  in  width  up  to  the  point  where  it  is 
broken,  the  fragment  measuring  25  cms.  in  length.  All  surfaces  of  this 
fragment  are  perfectly  smooth  and  in  some  places  the  smoothing  has  been 
carried  to  such  an  extent  that  it  has  almost  become  a  polish.  What  the 
use  of  this  object  (5101)  may  have  been,  cannot  be  stated.  There  was  one 
large  natural  pebble  that  had  probably  been  used  for  polishing  purposes 
and  a  great  many  small  pebbles  and  fossil  shells.  With  them  were  chal- 
cedony concretions,  fragments  of  chalcedony,  a  mass  of  fragments  of 
murex  and  strombus  shells,  three  fossil  shells  of  unusual  form  which  still 
retain  evidences  of  red  paint,  a  small  pebble,  one  surface  of  which  had 
been  worn  smooth  from  use,  a  piece  of  galena,  a  large  fragment  of  murex 
shell  which  had  been  drilled,  a  small  irregular  shaped  ball  of  pumice 
stone,  a  stone  cylinder  made  from  a  natural  concretion,  evidently  used  as 
a  bead,  and  two  bone  awls,  one  made  from  a  deer  bone,  the  other  from  a 
turkey  wing  bone.  There  were  also  three  pink  stone  inlays,  pieces  of 
azurite,  pieces  of  turquoise  matrix,  a  stone  bead  of  cylindrical  form  made 
from  jasper,  a  mouthpiece  made  of  gum  which  had  been  Used  on  one  of 
the  shell  trumpets,  and  two  fragments  of  designs  in  blue  and  black 
painted  on  red  pigment  which  had  been  spread  over  some  stick  foundation. 

There  were  two  objects,  one  chipped  from  petrified  wood,  the  other 
from  chalcedony.  They  are  roughly  chipped,  and  as  shown  in  Fig.  15, 
measure  9  cms.  in  length  with  a  general  thickness  of  2  cms.  Their  shape 
and  size  suggest  that  they  may  have  been  carried  in  the  hands  during 
races. 

There  were  four  small  billets  of  wood  measuring  6  cms.  in  length 
and  2.5  cms.  in  diameter,  which  may  have  been  used  for  the  same  purpose 
as  the  stones  mentioned  above;  the  sticks  however,  may  have  been  used 
in  playing  some  game.  With  these  billets  were  several  fragments  of 
ceremonial  sticks,  also  one  of  the  so-called  gambling  sticks,  shaped  like 
the  end  of  a  bow,  such  as  were  found  in  numbers  in  Room  2.  The  skull 
of  a  dog  was  also  found  in  the  debris. 

Room  38. 
After  finishing  Room  37.  the  scene  of  operations  was  transferred  to 
the  room  just  east  of  Room  35  and  south  of  Rooms  8,  9,  and  10.  In 
shape,  this  room  appears  to  be  rectangular,  but  closer  inspection  shows 
that  the  longer  walls,  those  on  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  room,  are 
rounded,  the  curve  following  the  regular  contour  of  the  outer  wall  of  the 
pueblo.    It  measures  32  feet  2  inches  in  length  on  the  north  side,  27  feet 

8  inches  on  the  south  side,  10  feet  2  inches  on  the  east  side,  and  13  feet 

9  inches  on  the  west  side. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  185 

The  walls  had  been  well  plastered;  on  the  lower  portions,  especially 
in  the  northwest  corner,  finger  marks  are  in  evidence.  The  southern  wall 
is  plain,  there  being  no  doorways  or  other  openings  in  its  surface.  Near 
the  western  end  of  this  wall,  at  a  distance  of  5  feet  5  inches  from  the 
west  wall,  a  projection  jutted  into  the  room.  It  was  made  of  stone  and 
had  a  plastered  surface.  It  averaged  6  inches  in  thickness  and  extended 
1  foot  1  inch  into  the  room,  and  was  angulated  toward  the  northwest, 
instead  of  being  at  right  angles  with  the  south  wall.  This  extension 
evidently  served  as  an  anchorage  for  a  beam  which  formed  a  support  for 
a  platform.  As  though  to  verify  this  supposition,  there  was  found,  partly 
imbedded  in  the  plaster  of  the  south  wall  at  this  point,  a  portion  of  a 
heavy  beam  which  extends  from  the  anchorage  to  the  west  wall.  This 
beam  was  2  feet  below  the  ceiling  beams  of  the  room.  The  south  wall  was 
not  well  preserved,  no  doubt  due  to  the  fact  that  it  was  comparatively 
thin.  The  mortar  was  cracked  and  in  patches  as  though  the  ends  of  the 
sandstone  slabs  had  been  but  slightly  covered. 

The  west  wall  was  rough  and  irregular,  but  the  plaster  was  intact 
when  the  room  was  cleared  of  debris.  It  presented  an  unbroken  surface, 
and,  as  in  the  case  of  the  south  wall,  there  were  no  doorways  leading  into 
the  adjoining  room. 

The  north  wall  was  rough  and  unsymmetrical  as  though  it  had 
suffered  from  some  severe  shock.  A  large  block  of  sandstone  protruded 
from  the  surface,  which  was  bulged  and  unsightly,  as  compared  with  the 
walls  of  most  of  the  rooms  examined.  Near  the  west  wall,  was  a  slight 
protuberance  in  the  form  of  a  slender  pillar  projecting  a  few  inches  from 
the  wall.  It  was  opposite  the  angle  wall  on  the  south  side  of  the  room, 
and  formed  the  northern  rest  for  the  supporting,  or  easternmost  beam  of 
the  bench  before-mentioned.  The  rounded  side  of  a  doorway  extended  to 
the  point  where  the  pillar  begins.  This  doorway  is  built  in  such  a  manner 
that  the  opening  is  some  inches  from  the  general  surface  of  the  wall. 
The  sides  were  heavily  plastered  and  rounded  from  the  opening  outward, 
forming  an  ovoid  niche  in  the  wall.  It  was  2  feet  4  inches  below  the 
ceiling  beams,  1  foot  6  inches  wide,  and  2  feet  high.  This  doorway  was 
open  and  connected  the  room  with  Room  9,  which  is  directly  north  of  it. 
In  the  eastern  end  of  the  north  wall,  at  a  point  5  feet  2  inches  from  the 
east  wall,  there  is  another  doorway  of  the  regular  rectangular  type,  with 
straight  sides  and  a  wooden  lintel.  It  was  in  a  part  of  the  wall  that  had 
suffered  to  a  great  extent,  and  was  closed  with  masonry,  but  owing  to  the 
sagging  of  the  wall  at  this  point,  the  sides  of  the  doorway  are  somewhat 
irregular  and  the  stones  misplaced.  It  was  1  foot  10  inches  below  the 
ceiling  beams,  2  feet  2  inches  wide,  and  2  feet  2  inches  high. 


186         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  east  wall  presented  a  more  uniform  surface  than  the  north  wall, 
although  the  plaster  was  cracked  like  that  of  the  west  wall;  it  is  of  the 
division  type,  extending  nearly  from  the  surface  of  the  north  wall  to  the 
south  wall.  There  is  a  doorway  in  the  lower  part  near  the  south  end, 
the  distance  from  the  south  wall  being  3  feet  2  inches.  This  doorway  is 
rectangular  in  form,  and  has  lintels  for  poles.  It  was  1  foot  10  inches 
below  the  ceiling  beams,  2  feet  2  inches  wide,  and  3  feet  high. 

The  north  wall  is  intact  to  a  height  of  4  feet  in  some  places,  above  the 
ceiling  of  the  lower  room;  the  average  height  of  the  lower  room  walls  is 
6  feet.  The  east  wall  extended  about  the  same  height  above  the  ceiling 
beams;  the  south  wall  was  about  a  foot  lower,  and  the  west  wall  was 
4^2  feet  above  the  ceiling  beams,  at  its  highest  point. 

The  platform  at  the  western  end  of  the  room  may  have  been 
separated  from  the  main  room,  but  there  were  no  evidences  of  a  partition 
wall,  nor  were  there  any  marks  of  a  post  in  the  room  at  this  point.  From 
the  position  of  the  partly  decayed  beams  it  seems  that  there  had  been  an 
ordinary  platform,  the  space  beneath  which  was  open. 

Turquoise  Ornaments.  The  eastern  end  of  the  room  was  excavated 
to  a  depth  of  several  feet  and  the  work  was  then  carried  westward. 
Nothing  of  particular  interest  was  found  in  the  upper  layers,  but  the 
removal  of  the  stones  and  the  fallen  beams  was  still  in  progress  when  a 
platform  was  uncovered.  The  first  evidence  of  this  structure  was  a 
peculiar  projecting  wall,  6  inches  thick  and  extending  in  a  northwesterly 
direction.  It  was  attached  to  the  south  wall  and  had  been  used  as  a 
support  for  a  beam  that  entered  the  north  wall  at  a  point  opposite.  The 
western  support  of  the  platform  was  upheld  by  posts,  but  these  and  the 
poles  that  had  formed  its  upper  surface  were  no  longer  in  position;  they 
had  been  crushed  by  the  weight  of  the  debris  and,  when  uncovered, 
were  greatly  decaj'ed.  Other  unusual  objects  soon  came  to  light:  a 
frog  of  jet,  inlaid  with  turquoise;  a  jet  tablet  and  a  buckle:  turquoise 
birds  and  many  pendants  and  beads.  These  have  been  fully  described 
and  illustrated  in  a  former  paper.1    (Frontispiece.) 

Miscellaneous  Objects.  The  general  material  other  than  that  which 
has  been  described  as  having  been  found  on  the  platform,  and  that  which 
will  be  described  from  the  floor  level  of  the  room  was  found  scattered 
through  the  debris,  many  of  the  smaller  objects  being  found  in  what 
must  have  been  the  refuse  from  the  upper  floors. 


x"  Ceremonial  Objects  and  Ornaments  from  Pueblo  Bonito,  New  Mexico,"  American  Anthropologist, 
N.  S.,  vol.  7,  183-197  (1905). 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  187 

There  was  one  large  sandstone  metate  and  twenty -five  manos,  rang- 
ing in  size  and  thickness  from  the. small  manos  used  with  the  light  slab 
metates  to  the  very  thick  ones,  used  in  the  first  process  of  crushing  the 
corn.  They  also  varied  in  their  composition,  some  being  of  the  very  fine- 
grained sandstone,  while  others  were  made  of  coarser  materials.  There 
were  seven  large  sandstone  slabs  which  had  been  used  for  grinding  pur- 
poses, also  three  small  slabs  of  sandstone  that  had  been  used  as  hand 
stones  in  grinding.  There  was  a  fragment  of  a  slab  of  black  slate  which 
must  have  been  a  good-sized  lapstone.  There  were  three  blocks  of 
coarse-grained  white  sandstone  and  one  slab  of  red  sandstone  of  the  same 
coarseness  which  had  probably  been  used  as  rasps  in  working  wood. 
There  was  also  an  irregular  piece  of  coarse  sandstone  that  had  evidently 
been  used  for  the  same  purpose  as  the  larger  pieces.  Hand  hammers  were 
represented  by  twelve  specimens  made  of  natural  pebbles  and  sections  of 
petrified  wood  and  quartzite.  These  are  the  hammers  used  in  pecking  the 
troughs  in  metates,  and  in  working  away  the  irregular  surfaces  of  stone 
implements. 

There  were  eleven  grooved  hammers,  all  of  which  were  made  from 
natural  pebbles,  also  a  fragment  of  a  twelfth.  Four  large  stone  mauls 
were  found.  The  largest  of  these  (5224)  is  made  of  a  natural  pebble  and 
measures  36  cms.  in  length,  17.5  cms.  in  width,  and  5.5  cms.  in  thickness. 
This  maul  has  two  deep  grooves,  one  on  either  edge.  It  was  probably 
hafted  at  the  end  of  a  very  heavy  handle  and  used,  as  were  the  other 
mauls  found  here,  for  quarrying  the  sandstone  blocks  for  use  in 
building  their  houses.  The  second  one  (5253)  is  made  of  a  cherty  nodule 
which  measures  29  cms.  in  length,  16  cms.  in  width,  and  7.5  cms.  in 
thickness.  The  third  (5252)  is  also  made  of  a  fine  hard-grained  sand- 
stone. It  is  25  cms.  long,  14  cms.  wide,  and  8.5  cms.  thick.  The  fourth 
(5225)  is  made  of  a  natural  pebble,  and  is  21  cms.  long,  13  cms.  wide,  and 
5  cms.  thick.  All  of  these  specimens  have  the  edges  deeply  grooved,  but 
in  no  case  does  the  groove  cover  the  sides  of  the  stone,  being  confined  to 
the  edge  only.  This  interesting  series  of  hammers  and  mauls  was  scat- 
tered through  the  debris. 

In  Fig.  16  a  circular  stone  is  shown.  The  upper  part  is  slightly  con- 
cave and  shows  evidences  of  pecking  and  grinding.  The  side  seems  to  be 
the  natural  surface  of  the  original  cherty  nodule.  The  under  part  is 
smooth  and  has  evidently  been  used  to  some  extent.  The  specimen 
averages  21.5  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  bottom  and  17.5  cms.  at  the  top, 
the  sides  being  sloping. 


188         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,     [Vol.  XXVII, 

In  Fig.  22  one  of  two  stone  implements  is  shown.  They  are  made  of 
sandstone,  and  were  evidently  used  as  hoes  or  shovels.  The  old  Cliff- 
Dwellers  hafted  large  pieces  of  horn  on  the  end  of  sticks,  no  doubt 
using  them  for  shovels  in  digging;  it  may  be  that  these  stone  implements 
were  hafted  in  the  same  way.  The  thin  section  of  the  handle  would  lend 
itself  very  readily  to  such  mounting.  The  larger  specimen  measures  21.5 
cms.  in  length  and  17.5  cms.  in  width  at  the  widest  part  of  the  blade,  the 
average  thickness  being  about  1  cm.  The  smaller  specimen  is  only  9 
cms.  in  length  and  16.5  cms.  in  width. 

There  were  three  sandstone  jar  covers  of  the  usual  size  and  shape, 
also  a  fragment  of  a  fourth. 

Scattered  through  the  debris  were  a  great  many  small  water-worn 
pebbles,  fragments  of  shells,  fragments  of  chalcedony  and  other  stone 
material,  such  as  would  be  used  in  making  arrow  points.  Some  of  these 
were  in  the  form  of  flakes  that  have  been  used  as  scrapers.  Pieces  of 
limonite;  chalcedony  concretions;  gypsum;  canon  walnuts;  red  ocher 
that  had  probably  been  used  for  paint,  four  perfect  arrow  points  and  a 
number  of  fragmentary  ones,  were  also  found.  There  were  also  a  few 
stone  and  shell  beads,  crinoid  stems,  and  fragments  of  turquoise.  With 
these  were  three  fragments  of  shell  bracelets. 

There  were  two  implements  made  from  chalcedony,  one  had  prob- 
ably been  a  bodkin,  and  the  other  a  wedge.  There  were  very  few  bones 
and  only  five  objects  made  from  bone.  Three  of  these  were  awls.  There 
was  one  scraper  made  from  the  humerus  of  a  deer,  and  a  bone  bead. 

There  were  four  objects  made  of  wood,  two  were  ceremonial  sticks; 
one  of  the  type  having  a  knob  on  the  end  was  found  on  the  floor  of  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  room,  as  was  also  the  other  one  which  is  of  the 
type  with  the  end  carved  like  a  bear  claw.  There  was  a  third  ceremonial 
stick  found  slightly  above  the  floor  level  of  the  northwest  corner,  Fig. 
85.  This  stick  seems  to  be  complete.  It  is  of  the  type  having  a  knob  and 
collar  on  one  end,  the  knob  is  flattened  and  has  a  hole  drilled  through  it. 
It  is  36.5  cms.  long,  and  between  the  carved  portions,  there  is  a  wrap  of 
yucca  cord  which  fastens  what  seems  to  be  a  small  branch  with  juniper 
leaves  attached.  Lying  against  the  juniper  branch  are  the  ends  of  cords 
showing  a  series  of  knots,  which  would  indicate  that  the}*-  had  once  held 
feathers.  From  their  position  it  would  seem  that  a  cord  which  had  once 
been  used  with  feathers  was  here  represented  in  a  secondary  use,  that 
of  binding  the  branch  to  the  stick.  The  fourth  stick  mentioned  is  one  of 
the  long  cylindrical  type  with  cuts  on  the  surface,  as  described  from 
Room  2. 


190         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

There  were  a  great  many  potsherds  in  this  room,  both  of  red  and 
grayware.  They  were  principally  of  bowls  and  bowls  of  dippers.  No 
perfect  pieces  were  found,  but  there  were  three  bowls  of  grayware  aver- 
aging 13.5  cms.  in  diameter  which  could  be  mended.  These  bowls  were 
decorated  on  the  interior,  the  decorations  being  in  black  and  of  a  type 
common  to  this  pueblo. 

The  greater  part  of  a  corrugated  bowl  of  grayware  was  found  scat- 
tered through  the  debris.  The  fragments  were  brought  together  and  the 
bowl,  with  the  exception  of  a  small  portion  of  the  rim,  is  shown  in  Fig. 
82.  This  bowl  is  of  the  same  type  as  described  from  Room  10.  The 
whole  outer  surface  is  corrugated;  it  is  painted  white  on  the  inside  and 
has  a  broad  band  of  black  on  the  inner  rim.    It  had  evidently  cracked 

while  it  was  in  use,  as  there  are  two 
holes  near  the  rim,  one  on  either  side 
of  a  break.  These  holes  had  been 
drilled  from  the  outside,  showing  con- 
Fig.  83  (5205).   Beak-like  Object  made      clusively  that  they  had    not    been 

of  Chaledony,  Room  38.  made  ^   ^  ^  ^^  ^  ^^  ^ 

in  course  of  construction.  This  bowl 
averages  25.5  cms.  in  diameter  and  6.8  cms.  in  depth.  There  were  por- 
tions of  the  rim  of  another  bowl  of  the  same  shape  and  character,  but  only 
three  small  pieces  were  found.  There  was  one  fragment  of  pottery  in 
the  form  of  an  animal  head.  It  was  of  grayware  and  had  the  ears  and 
face  decorated  with  black  lines.  There  was  also  a  fragment  of  a  gray- 
ware vessel  in  the  shape  of  a  human  breast  (4737). 

There  were  four  shell  trumpets  made  from  murex  shells,  also  the 
mouth  end  of  a  fifth;  this  mouth  end  still  retained  portions  of  a  gum 
that  had  formed  the  mouthpiece  (5106,  5107,  5108,  5105).  The  first 
three  specimens  were  found  near  the  center  of  the  room,  at  a  depth  of  3 
feet  below  the  surface.  The  first  two  specimens  have  the  lips  drilled  for 
suspension  and  there  are  remains  of  gum  around  the  mouth  end.  Gum 
has  also  been  used  in  several  places  to  fill  up  holes  in  the  surface  of  shells. 
The  third  specimen  has  the  opening  for  the  mouth  end,  but  it  is  so  large 
that  the  work  was  no  doubt  given  up,  as  the  lip  of  the  shell  shows  no 
drilling  and  there  are  no  evidence  of  there  having  been  a  mouthpiece. 
The  fourth  specimen  was  found  in  the  southwest  end  of  the  room,  2  feet 
below  the  surface  and  4  feet  from  the  west  wall.  The  lip  is  drilled  for 
suspension  and  the  gum  about  the  mouth  opening  is  still  in  place. 

A  fragment  of  an  object,  shaped  like  the  beak  of  an  eagle,  was  found 
in  this  room.  It  was  in  three  pieces,  two  of  which  had  suffered  from  the 
effects  of  fire.     This  specimen  is  made  of  chalcedony  and  is  shown  in 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  191 

Fig.  83,  It  is  a  little  over  5  cms.  in  length  and  1.2  cms.  broad  at  the 
head  part.  Great  care  has  been  shown  in  making  this  object,  and  it  is 
to  be  regretted  that  the  major  portion  of  it  was  destroyed  by  fire. 

Three  pieces  of  a  glass-like  slag  were  found,  similar  in  surface  appear- 
ance to  the  arrow  points  found  in  Room  10.  Whether  this  slag  was 
brought  from  some  other  locality,  whether  it  is  the  remains  of  Indian 
work,  or  whether  it  is  the  result  of  the  fire  that  must  have  raged  in  one 
part  of  the  room,  cannot  be  stated,  but  it  is  an  interesting  find  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  the  arrow  points,  which  have  been  described  and  which  are 
mentioned  above,  present  characteristics  quite  similar  to  these  pieces. 

Pipes.  There  were  three  fragments  of  clay  pipes.  One  of  these  was 
in  such  a  fragmentary  condition,  that  the  parts  could  not  be  assembled. 
It  had  been,  however,  of  the  type  with  the  bowl  at  right  angles  to  the 
stem.  It  was  of  dark  brown  clay  and  the  surface  had  been  covered  with  a 
black  slip  and  highly  polished.  The  second  fragment  shown  in  Fig.  19b 
is  9  cms.  in  length,  2  cms.  in  width,  and  1.5  cms.  in  thickness.  There  is 
another  fragment  over  2  cms.  in  length  which  evidently  was  joined  to 
this  piece;  as  there  was  no  evidence  of  the  bowl  on  either  piece,  the  stem 
in  its  entirety  must  have  been  12  cms.  in  length.  Unlike  most  of  the 
pipes  in  this  Pueblo,  it  is  of  light  clay.  Another  pipe  is  made  of  a  dark 
brown  clay,  similar  to  the  first  fragment  mentioned.  It  is  7  cms.  in 
length  and  averages  3.3  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  bowl  end.  This  was 
evidently  a  tubular  pipe. 

In  Fig.  19a  a  stone  pipe  similar  in  form  to  that  just  described  is 
shown.  It  is  similar  in  form  to  the  pipes  found  among  the  Klamath 
Indians  of  California.  It  is  9.8  cms.  in  length,  3.7  cms.  in  diameter  at 
the  bowl  end,  and  2.G  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  stem  end.  The  bowl  begins 
to  taper  outward  toward  the  rim,  at  a  distance  of  2.5  cms.  from  the  end; 
here  the  hole  contracts  to  1  cm.,  holding  this  size  until  it  reaches  a 
point  2.5  cms.  from  the  stem  end.  It  then  begins  to  widen  and  at  the 
opening  it  is  1.5  cms.  broad.  A  depression  5  mms.  in  diameter  and  2  mms. 
deep  has  been  drilled  near  the  center  of  the  pipe  on  one  side;  this  may 
have  been  done  for  the  insertion  of  an  inlay,  possibly  of  turquoise.  This 
pipe  has  evidently  been  through  the  fire,  as  there  are  two  large  flakes, 
resulting  no  doubt  from  the  heat.  All  parts  of  the  pipe  have  been  care- 
fully finished,  and  the  outer  surface  still  retains  a  high  polish. 

Another  stone  pipe  of  the  cylindrical  form  is  shown  in  Fig.  19g. 
It  was  found  a  few  feet  below  the  surface,  in  the  center  of  the  room.  In 
general  technique,  it  is  similar  to  the  one  just  described;  the  formation 
of  the  bowl  being  similar  to  and  the  widening  and  boring  of  the  stem  end 


192  A nthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

being  the  same  as  in  the  other  stone  pipe,  the  greatest  difference  being 
that  it  tapers  gradually  from  the  bowl  to  the  stem  end.  It  is  3.2  cms. 
long,  2  cms.  in  diameter  at  the  bowl,  and  1 .4  cms.  by  1 . 1  cms.  at  the  mouth- 
piece, the  measurements  showing  that  there  is  a  flattening  at  this  end  of 
the  pipe.  The  bowl  end,  however,  is  practically  circular,  there  being  but 
very  slight  difference  in  the  diameter. 

A  fragment  of  the  stem  of  a  pipe  was  found  in  the  general  digging  a 
few  feet  below  the  surface  and  near  the  eastern  part  of  the  room;  later 
the  bowl  of  the  same  pipe  was  found.  The  two  pieces  were  joined  with 
the  result  shown  in  Fig.  84.  This  pipe  is  made  of  a  very  soft  stone.  The 
bowl  is  at  right  angles  to  the  stem  and  raised  upon  a  platform  bifurcated 
in  front  as  shown  in  the  figure.  The  general  appearance,  from  a  three 
quarter  view,  is  that  of  a  figure  with  the  torso  bent  upward  and  the  arms 
doubled  under  the  body,  the  remaining  portion  extending  backward  and 
forming  the  stem  of  the  pipe.  Directly  back  of  the  platform,  there  is  a 
ridge  which  conforms  to  the  angle  of  the  back  part  of  the  bowl.  If  the 
pipe  is  held  by  the  stem  and  viewed  from  the  base  in  a  three  quarter 
position,  it  has  the  appearance  of  an  animal  form,  the  head  being  repre- 
sented by  the  platform,  the  ears  by  the  upper  part  of  the  platform;  this 
part  being  the  portion  that  is  divided  and  the  bowl  forming  the  body. 
What  it  was  made  to  represent  is  however  problematical.  The  pipe 
measures  14.5  cms.  in  length,  the  stem  9.3  cms.,  the  platform  4.3  cms.  in 
length  and  3.3  cms.  in  width.  The  bowl  is  4.6  cms.  high  in  front  and  3 
cms.  above  the  stem.  The  height  of  the  pipe  from  the  base  of  the  plat- 
form to  the  edge  of  the  bowl  is  7  cms.  The  diameter  of  the  bowl  is  3.5 
cms.,  the  opening  in  the  same  being  2.5  cms.  in  diameter.  The  hole  in 
the  bowl  tapers  from  the  opening  to  a  point  at  the  extreme  bottom;  the 
hole  in  the  stem  meeting  it  at  a  point  fully  1.5  cms.  above  the  bottom  of 
the  bowl  drilling.  The  hole  in  the  stem  at  the  mouthpiece  is  8  mms.  in 
diameter.  This  pipe  is  a  very  unusual  one  and  is  unlike  any  other  that 
was  found  in  the  pueblo.  It  has  evidently  passed  through  the  fire  so 
that  the  exact  nature  of  the  material  from  which  it  was  made  is  hard  to 
determine.  The  outer  surface  is  black  and  has  been  highly  polished; 
the  interior  at  the  present  time  has  the  appearance  of  soft,  very  friable 
sandstone,  dull  pink  in  color. 

Effigy  Pottery.  In  removing  the  debris  from  this  room,  a  number  of 
fragments  of  the  face  of  a  human  effigy  jar  were  found.  Some  of  them 
were  discolored  by  fire,  but  most  of  them  retain  their  natural  color.  It 
was  not  until  the  floor  level  was  reached  that  these  fragments  ceased  to 
appear.  Most  of  them,  however,  were  found  in  the  northeast  end  of  the 
room,  about  3  feet  below  the  surface. 


Fig.  84. 


Fig.  85. 


Fig.  86. 

Fig.  84  (5208).     Soft  Stone  Pipe  of  Unusual  Form,  Room  38. 
Fig.  85  (5217).     Ceremonial  Stick,  Room  38. 
Fig.  86  (5145).     Inlaid  Scraper,  Room  38. 

193 


194        Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History .     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  distribution  of  human  effigy  vases  in  the  Southwest  presents  an 
interesting  problem.  The  Pueblo  country  has  furnished  but  few  such 
objects  for  comparison  and  any  new  locality  in  which  they  are  found, 
especially  when  situated  in  the  northern  boundaries  of  the  culture  area, 
is  worthy  of  consideration. 

The  subject  has  been  fully  covered  in  my  article  in  the  Boas  Anni- 
versary Volume.1 

Macaw  Skeletons.  When  the  floor  level  was  reached,  it  was  found 
that  there  was  a  fireplace  near  the  center  of  the  room.  It  is  circular  and 
made  of  flat  stones  placed  on  edge,  the  interior  being  plastered.  The  upper 
ends  of  the  stones  were  on  a  level  with  the  adobe  floor,  and  most  of  the 
stones  were  in  place.  The  work  of  excavation  extended  from  the  west, 
eastward,  that  is,  when  the  floor  level  was  reached ;  the  floor  was  cleaned, 
exposing  the  fireplace,  and  there  remained  a  mass  of  debris  in  the  east 
end  of  the  room.  In  working  through  this  with  hand  trowels,  a  mass  of 
bird  droppings  were  found.  An  accumulation  of  this  material  fully  10 
inches  thick  extended  over  the  greater  part  of  the  width  of  the  room. 
Upon,  and  partly  imbedded  in  this  mass,  were  the  skeletons  of  twelve 
macaws  (Ara  militaris).  They  were  massed  in  such  a  way,  that  the 
individual  skeletons  could  not  be  determined,  but  all  of  the  bones  were 
removed.  From  the  evidence  it  would  seem  that  there  had  been  cages 
or  perches  for  these  birds,  and  that  they  had  been  kept  alive.  When  the 
entire  floor  had  been  cleaned,  the  adobe  was  broken  and  a  search  below 
the  floor  level  begun.  At  a  point  9  feet  4  inches  from  the  southeast 
corner  and  10  feet  6  inches  from  the  northeast  corner  and  at  a  depth  of  a 
foot  below  the  floor  level,  a  circular  cavity  had  been  dug  in  the  floor  and 
in  this  the  skeleton  of  a  macaw  was  found.  The  hole  had  been  carefully 
formed,  filled  with  adobe,  and  the  surface  finished  so  that  there  were  no 
evidences  of  its  position. 

In  the  southwestern  part  of  the  room  near  the  projecting  wall, 
another  macaw  burial  was  found.  It  was  7  feet  from  the  southwest 
corner  and  12  feet  4  inches  from  the  northwest  corner.  It  was  slightly 
below  the  floor  level,  but  not  as  deep  as  the  one  just  described,  although  it 
had  been  buried  in  the  same  manner  and  with  as  great  care.  A  careful 
search  of  the  remaining  portion  of  the  stratum  directly  below  the  floor 
level  failed  to  reveal  other  skeletons. 


'"Human  Effigy  Vases  from  Chaco  Canon,  New  Mexico"  (Boas  Anniversary  Volume,  pp.  320-334. 
New  York,  1906.) 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  195 

Thus  there  .were  fourteen  macaw  skeletons  in  this  room,  two  birds  that 
had  died  and  been  buried,  no  doubt  in  a  ceremonial  way,  and  twelve 
that  were  killed  when  the  room  was  deserted,  or  were  the  victims  of  an 
accident.  Had  these  birds  been  left  in  the  room  and  had  starvation 
been  the  cause  of  death,  their  bodies  would  have  been  more  scattered, 
unless  perchance  they  were  confined  in  cages  as  suggested.  At  all  events, 
it  seems  that  the  room  had  been  deserted,  as  the  greater  number  of  birds 
had  not  been  accorded  as  careful  a  burial  as  had  the  bodies  of  the  two 
found  below  the  floor.     This  may  have  been  a  Macaw  clan  room. 

Most  of  the  objects  found  in  this  room  point  to  the  fact  that  it  was 
used  for  ceremonial  purposes,  or  for  the  reception  and  storage  of  articles 
that  were  used  in  ceremonies.  The  pipes  found  in  the  main  part  of  the 
room  are  such  as  would  be  used  in  sacred  observances.  The  large  human 
head  of  pottery,  with  symbols  on  the  face  and  chin,  was  also  an  object  of 
a  ceremonial  nature,  to  say  nothing  of  the  carved  and  encrusted  turquoise 
pieces  that  were  found  on  the  platform  in  the  western  part  of  the  room. 

In  removing  the  mass  of  macaw  bones,  skeletons  of  a  smaller  bird 
were  found.  These  proved  to  belong  to  the  blue  jay  family.  They  are 
called  in  the  west  pifion  birds  (Cyanocitta  Stelleri  diademata).  There 
were  four  skeletons. 

Portions  of  parrot  skeletons  and  skeletons  of  other  birds  have  been 
found  in  other  rooms  of  Pueblo  Bonito,  but  never  in  such  quantities  nor 
in  situ,  as  they  were  found  in  Room  38.  The  Ara  Militaris  or  green 
macaw  is  found  at  the  present  time  in  certain  parts  of  Mexico  and  there 
is  strong  evidence  that  it  was  at  one  time  quite  common  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Mexico  and  extended  even  to  the  southern  parts  of  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Room  39. 

Room  39  was  a  long  rectangular  room,  south  of  Rooms  35  and  36. 
It  was  narrower  at  the  west  end  than  at  the  east,  the  measurements  of 
the  floor  level  being  as  follows: — The  north  wall  21  feet  1  inch,  the  south 
wall  20  feet  3  inches,  the  east  wall  9  feet  %x/i  inches,  the  west  wall  8  feet 
3  inches.  The  south  wall  was  well  plastered  and  finger  marks  were  in 
abundance  near  the  eastern  end.  Near  the  west-central  part  of  the 
wall  there  was  a  large  doorway,  not  well-defined,  that  had  been  closed 
with  large  pieces  of  sandstone. 

At  a  distance  of  4  feet  9  inches  from  the  eastern  wall  and  1  foot  2 
inches  below  the  ceiling  beam,  was  a  wall  pocket.  It  was  11  inches  wide 
at  the  bottom  and  narrowed  to  7  inches  at  the  top.    Its  height  was  1 


196         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII 

foot  and  it  was  1  foot  5  inches  deep.  It  had  a  small  beam  across  the  top 
in  the  southeast  corner  about  1  foot  below  the  ceiling.  There  are  beams 
protruding  from  the  masonry,  which  no  doubt  formed  the  top  of  a  closet. 
There  was  a  post  approximately  3  feet  from  either  wall  which  had  evi- 
dently formed  the  corner  post  of  this  storage  place.  On  the  floor  inside 
of  this  space,  there  were  quantities  of  pifLon  nut  shells,  suggesting  that 
the  closet  or  bin  had  been  used  for  storing  food. 

The  eastern  wall  was  well  plastered  and  there  was  a  doorway,  1 
foot  4  inches  from  the  north  wall.  This  doorway  was  1  foot  3  inches 
below  the  ceiling  beams,  2  feet  in  width,  and  2  feet  1  inch  high. 

The  north  wall  retained  some  of  its  plaster,  but  most  of  it  had  dis- 
appeared. The  stones  used  in  the  masonry  were  large  and  rather  roughly 
laid.  The  doorway  was  6  feet  10  inches  from  the  west  wall,  1  foot  7 
inches  below  the  ceiling  beams,  2  feet  2  inches  wide,  and  2  feet  5  inches 
high.  It  was  of  the  ordinary  rectangular  form.  This  doorway  was  open 
and  led  into  Room  36. 

The  western  wall  was  merely  a  partition  between  the  rooms,  the 
ends  abutting  on  the  north  and  south  walls.  This  wall  had  originally 
extended  to  the  ceiling,  but  had  partially  fallen. 

The  specimens  found  in  this  room  were  from  the  debris  from  the 
upper  floors  and  also  from  the  floor  of  the  lower  room. 

Arrow  Points.  In  the  material  from  the  upper  floors  were  211 
perfect  arrow  points  and  112  fragments.  These  points  were  of  the  deli- 
cate tapering  type  and  were  made  of  obsidian,  chalcedony,  and  jasper. 
The  largest  of  these  points  measure  4  cms.  in  length  and  1  cm.  in  width 
at  the  widest  part.  They  range  from  this  size  to  very  small  ones.  All 
of  them  are  of  the  notched  variety  and  quite  a  number  have  secondary 
notches  on  the  sides.    (See  Fig.  40d.) 

In  the  debris  were  also  turquoise  and  shell  beads,  turquoise  matrix, 
fossil  shells,  a  small  slab  of  hard  compact  shale  of  a  greenish  color,  half 
of  the  bowl  of  a  clay  pipe,  a  stone  jar  cover,  a  small  pottery  bowl  measur- 
ing only  6  cms.  in  diameter,  two  large  bone  awls  made  from  deer  bones, 
fragments  of  shell  bracelets,  three  large  stone  slabs,  and  a  grinding  stone. 
There  were  also  a  great  many  fragments  of  pottery  vessels  and  animal 
bones;  with  the  latter  were  several  pieces  of  deer  antler. 

On  and  just  above  the  floor  level  of  the  lower  room,  were  fourteen 
large  sandstone  metates,  fourteen  manos  of  the  same  material,  a  block 
of  coarse  sandstone  that  had  been  used  for  sharpening  bone  implements, 
a  large  stone  slab  which  had  evidently  been  used  as  a  door,  two  sand- 
stone concretions  in  the  form  of  cups,  one  sandstone  ball,  deer  and  other 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  197 

animal  bones.  Among  the  animal  bones  was  a  scraping  tool  made  of 
bone.  The  surface  of  this  bone  is  worn  to  a  considerable  extent,  showing 
that  it  had  been  in  use  for  some  time.  The  skull  of  a  dog  was  found  in  a 
fragmentary  condition,  also  the  lower  jaw  of  another  dog  skull;  a  deer 
vertebra  was  found  which  had  been  worked  to  a  considerable  extent,  the 
condyles  at  one  end  having  been  ground;  the  whole  object  showing  the 
process  employed  in  grinding  off  the  ends  of  bones  that  were  to  be  used 
in  making  implements.  There  were  four  bone  awls  made  from  deer 
bones,  the  blade  end  of  a  bone  scraper  that  had  been  highly  polished,  the 
top  of  an  antler  point  which  shows  the  cutting  to  very  good  advantage,  a 
small  bowl  of  grayware  only  5.5  cms.  in  diameter,  and  a  small  stone 
cylinder.  This  is  a  plain  cylinder,  4  cms.  in  length  and  1.7.  cms.  in 
diameter.  The  surface  is  perfectly  smooth  and  the  stone,  evidently 
gypsum,  is  semi-transparent. 

The  most  interesting  feature  of  the  work  in  this  room,  was  the  find- 
ing of  the  delicate  worked  arrow  points.  They  were  scattered  through 
the  debris  in  such  a  way  that  it  was  impossible  to  tell  whether  they  had 
been  attached  to  arrows  when  they  were  left  in  the  upper  rooms  or 
whether  they  had  been  in  one  group  and  scattered  when  the  upper 
floors  fell.  It  is,  however,  the  largest  number  of  points  that  was  found  in 
any  of  the  rooms  in  the  ruin  and  represents  the  highest  type  of  chipping 
that  is  known  in  this  region. 

Fireplaces.  When  the  floor  of  Room  39  was  cleared,  two  irregular 
fireplaces  were  found.  The  largest  of  these  was  10  feet  7  inches  from  the 
southeast  corner  and  8  feet  2  inches  from  the  northeast  corner.  Its 
greatest  breadth  was  1  foot  11  inches,  its  greatest  length  1  foot  4  inches, 
and  it  was  1  foot  deep.  The  other  was  2  inches  to  the  northeastward  of  this 
one.    It  was  1  foot  2  inches  by  1  foot  4  inches  and  was  1 1  inches  deep. 

Room  39a.  Room  39a  was  directly  west  of  and  adjoining  Room  39. 
It  was  7  feet  8  inches  long  on  the  north  side,  7  feet  6  inches  on  the  south, 
8  feet  5  inches  on  the  east,  and  8  feet  10  inches  on  the  west.  The  partition 
wall  at  the  east  end  was  composed  of  stones  and  crossed  beams,  and  at  the 
southern  end,  about  1  foot  6  inches  from  the  south  wall,  there  was  a 
post  that  had  helped  to  support  the  wall,  as  it  had  been  built  into  it. 
This  wall,  from  its  appearance,  had  been  a  hastily  built  partition  wall 
and  was  very  rough.  The  north  wall  was  well  plastered  and  at  the  west- 
ern end,  1  foot  6  inches  from  the  western  partition,  there  was  a  post.  It 
was  built  into  the  plaster  and  was  one  of  the  supports  for  the  ceiling. 
Fifteen  inches  northeast  of  this  post,  was  a  second  one,  its  diameter 
being  6  inches;'  a  foot  northwest  of  this  post,  was  a  third,  a  trifle  smaller 


198         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum,  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

than  the  second.  All  of  these  posts  had  evidently  acted  as  supports. 
The  western  wall,  or  partition,  was  composed  of  two  poles  running  north 
and  south  across  the  room.  There  were  no  stones  across  the  poles,  the 
ceiling  having  remains  of  cord  or  matting  which  may  indicate  that  a  mat 
or  piece  of  cloth  was  used  as  part  of  the  partition.  These  poles  were 
about  midway  between  the  floor  and  ceiling.  The  distance  from  the 
floor  to  the  ceiling  beams  at  the  north  end,  was  5  feet  10  inches  and  at 
the  south  end  5  feet  8  inches.  The  walls  at  the  north  side  of  the  room 
were  standing  to  a  height  of  2  feet  above  the  ceiling  beams,  and  were 
about  6  inches  higher  than  those  at  the  south  side.  Only  the  extreme 
western  end  of  the  room  is  shown  and  the  sticks  which  had  formed  the 
partition  between  this  room  and  the  one  west  of  it. 

Room  39b.  Room  39b  was  west  of  and  in  reality  a  part  of  Room  39a, 
the  dividing  wall  being  formed  merely  of  the  poles  and  whatever  material 
had  covered  them,  as  described  when  the  last  room  was  under  considera- 
tion. The  north  wall  was  plastered,  as  was  also  the  case  with  the  west 
wall;  the  south  wall  still  retains  some  of  the  plaster  but,  in  places,  the 
masonry  was  in  evidence.  There  was  a  doorway  in  the  south  wall,  the 
eastern  wall  forming  the  eastern  part  of  it.  It  was  2  feet  10  inches  wide, 
3  feet  high,  and  10  inches  below  the  ceiling  beams.  It  had  a  lintel  of 
poles  and  was  of  the  regular  rectangular  form.  In  this  part  of  the  room 
were  two  poles  that  had  been  placed  across  the  corner,  one  end  of  each 
being  imbedded  in  the  eastern  wall.  These  sticks,  on  being  removed, 
proved  to  be  a  portion  of  a  ladder.  There  was  a  fireplace  in  this  corner, 
the  northeast,  which  was  directly  under  the  poles  just  mentioned.  It 
was  shallow  and  shaped  like  a  pan  with  flaring  sides,  made  of  small  stone 
slabs,  and  one  side  of  it  touched  the  east  wall.  It  was  1  foot  7  inches  from 
the  north  wall  and  averaged  1  foot  8  inches  in  diameter,  and  was  7  inches 
deep.  One  foot,  three  inches,  from  the  east  wall  and  1  foot  below  the 
ceiling  beams,  was  a  rectangular  doorway;  it  was  2  feet  6  inches  wide 
and  2  feet  10  inches  high. 

The  measurements  of  this  room  were  as  follows : — The  north  wall  7 
feet  4  inches,  south  wall  7  feet  6  inches,  east  wall  8  feet  10  inches,  and  the 
west  wall  8  feet  7  inches.  The  distance  from  the  floor  to  the  ceiling  on  the 
south  side  was  6  feet  and  on  the  north  side,  5  feet  8  inches.  A  small  area 
in  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  room  had  been  disturbed  by  a  party 
who  were  working  in  the  room  during  the  winter  months  of  1896-97, 
but  little  if  any  of  the  material  in  the  room,  was  removed. 

Cylindrical  Jars.  This  room  contained  a  mass  of  cylindrical  jars 
and  other  material  as  shown  in  Fig.  87.  These  jars  were  on  the  upper 
floor:  there  were  nineteen  specimens,  all  of  which  were  broken,  also  a 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  199 

bowl,  twenty-nine  stone  jar  covers,  two  hammerstones,  an  elkbone  club, 
and  many  potsherds.  In  the  debris  below  the  floor,  just  mentioned, 
there  were  a  number  of  stone  arrow  points,  turquoise  beads,  shells,  a 
bone  button,  and  potsherds. 

The  jars  seem  to  be  larger  than  those  found  in  Room  28,  but  are 
otherwise  similar. 

Room  40. 

Room  40  lies  directly  south  of  Rooms  28  and  28a.  It  has  the  same 
type  of  masonry  as  these  rooms  and  was  of  the  same  period.  It  was 
slightly  shorter  than  the  two  rooms  just  mentioned:  its  length  on  the 
north  side  being  22  feet  6  inches  and  the  east  side  11  feet;  the  south  side 
is  the  same  as  the  north  and  the  west  end  the  same  as  the  east.  When  the 
work  in  this  room  was  begun,  the  surface  was  slightly  below  the  level  of 
that  of  Rooms  28  and  28a.  The  debris  that  filled  the  room  was  composed 
of  the  fallen  wall,  stones,  fragments  of  flooring,  and  decayed  ceiling 
beams.  When  cleared,  the  north  wall  proved  to  be  standing  to  a  height 
of  11  feet  above  the  floor  level.  At  this  point  the  roof  had  been,  but  all 
evidences  of  it  had  vanished,  save  the  opening  in  which  the  roof  timbers 
had  rested.  These  openings  show  that  the  timbers  had  been  of  large 
size,  at  least  10  inches  in  diameter.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  north  wall 
was  described  as  the  south  wall  when  considering  Rooms  28  and  28a,  it 
will  not  be  necessary  to  treat  it  in  detail  at  this  time.  It  was  composed 
of  thin  stones  and  almost  devoid  of  chinking. 

Doorways.  An  old  fashioned  T-shaped  doorway  in  the  north  wall 
was  10  foot  9  inches  from  the  east  wall,  the  lower  part  was  1  foot  8 
8  inches  high,  that  is,  from  the  sill  to  the  point  where  it  widens,  and  was  2 
feet  4  inches  wide.  The  widening  of  the  upper  part  caused  the  main 
portion  of  the  doorway  to  be  3  feet  wide;  this  part  being  3  feet  2  inches 
in  height.  This  doorway  had  been  closed  in  a  methodical  way  with 
heavy  sandstone  slabs. 

Directly  west  of  this  doorway  and  on  the  same  level,  and  only  1 
foot  2  inches  away,  was  a  second  doorway  of  the  same  type.  It  was 
closed,  as  was  the  case  with  the  one  just  described,  but  owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  wall  had  been  broken  somewhat  at  this  part,  the  outlines  of 
the  upper  section  could  not  be  defined,  the  lower  part,  however,  was 
quite  distinct.  The  stones  with  which  it  was  filled  protruded,  thereby 
causing  the  outlines  of  this  part  to  be  very  noticeable.  The  masonry  of 
the  south  wall  was  similar  in  style  to  that  of  the  north  wall,  and  owing 
to  the  lack  of  time  this  wall  was  not  entirely  uncovered. 


200         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


The  east  wall  was  made  of  thin  slabs  of  sandstone  and  in  the  upper 
part  a  number  of  openings  appeared.  Four  feet  below  the  ceiling  beams 
of  the  upper  room,  there  was  a  bench  made  of  comparatively  thin  pieces 
of  sandstone.  This  bench  was  2  feet  in  height  and  2  feet  wide,  and  had 
evidently  been  built  upon  a  mass  of  debris.  Heavy  ceiling  beams  pierced 
this  thick  wall;  these  beams  were  6  feet  below  those  shown  in  the  north 
wall.  The  west  wall  was  similar  to  the  east  wall  and  there  were  no  open- 
ings or  doorways  in  its  face. 

Bins.  Three  feet  from  the  west  wall,  there  was  a  small  stone  en- 
closure. The  east  and  west  walls  of  this  bin-like  place  were  built  against 
the  north  wall  and  extended  southward  a  distance  of  7  feet:  the  distance 
between  them  was  6  feet  2  inches.  The  walls  were  about  a  foot  thick; 
the  southern  wall  was  slightly  curved.  The  distance  from  its  center  to 
the  north  wall  was  7  feet  8  inches.  The  inner  surface  of  the  walls  was 
carefully  faced  and  there  was  a  small  closet  in  the  center  of  the  southern 
wall,  a  few  inches  from  its  top.  These  walls  extended  to  a  height  of  3 
feet  6  inches  above  the  floor  level.  In  this  room  there  was  a  large  stone 
slab,  also  a  number  of  shell  beads  and  small  fragments  of  turquoise 
which  might  indicate  that  it  had  been  used  as  a  workshop. 

Room  41. 

Room  41  is  south  of  Room  54  and  east  of  Room  45.  It  is  rectangu- 
lar in  shape;  the  walls  were  irregular  and  of  rather  poor  construction. 
The  first  floor  room  is  5  feet  9  inches  high;  a  small  portion  of  the  walls  of 
the  upper  room  is  still  standing.  After  digging  through  the  floor  of  the 
lower  room,  the  second  floor  was  found  6  inches  below  the  first  one,  both 
floors  being  made  of  adobe.  There  was  a  shelf  in  the  northeast  corner 
of  the  lower  room,  its  exact  position  being  2  feet  9  inches  below  the  ceil- 
ing. This  shelf  was  made  of  stone  and  projected  into  the  room  a  distance 
of  1  foot  6  inches.  In  this  corner,  below  the  shelf,  there  was  a  semicircle 
of  sticks  which  had  been  set  into  the  adobe  floor.  Only  vestiges  of  the 
wood  remained,  but  from  the  form  of  the  enclosure,  it  may  have  been  a 
small  cage  for  storing  corn  or  other  large  objects. 

In  the  center  of  the  room  were  three  posts  with  a  number  of  broken 
ones  about  them.  They  may  have  formed  a  support  for  the  ceiling, 
but  from  their  fragmentary  condition,  nothing  definite  could  be  learned 
concerning  their  real  use. 

The  room  measured  7  feet  9  inches  on  the  north  end,  7  feet  11  inches 
on  the  south,  13  feet  6  inches  on  the  east,  and  11  feet  4  inches  on  the 
Avest  side.    The  highest  part  of  the  wall,  measuring  from  the  lower  floor, 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  203 

was  8  feet  10  inches.  The  only  doorway  in  the  room  was  in  the  east  wall 
of  the  lower  part.  It  was  1  foot  8  inches  wide,  2  feet  3  inches  high,  and 
1  foot  3  inches  below  the  ceiling  beams. 

Most  of  the  objects  found  in  this  room  were  on  the  lower  floor,  but  a 
few  of  them  were  scattered  through  the  debris  and  no  doubt  came  from 
the  upper  floor  levels.  The  following  may  be  noted:  two  bone  awls, 
stone  hammer,  two  stone  axes,  three  stone  jar  covers,  two  metates, 
nine  manos,  two  stone  slabs,  a  grinding  stone,  two  stone  door  sills, 
and  a  quartzite  knife. 

Room  42. 

Room  42  is  southwest  of  Room  41.  The  walls  of  this  room  were  of 
large  stones  and  showed  but  little  chinking.  The  most  noticeable  char- 
acteristic of  the  room  was  the  number  of  doorways  and  openings,  most 
of  which  were  in  the  south  wall.  There  was  a  doorway  of  the  ordinary 
rectangular  type,  but  one  just  west  of  it  and  on  the  same  level  slanted 
towards  the  northwest,  forming  an  acute  angle  with  the  wall  on  the 
west  side.  These  doorways  were  in  the  lower  room  and  were  a  trifle 
lower  than  those  in  the  northeast  corner.  This  one  had  been  damaged  to 
such  an  extent  that  no  measurements  could  be  made  (Fig.  88) . 

The  floor  of  £his  room  presented  a  rather  complex  appearance. 
Near  the  north  wall,  and  almost  in  the  center  of  the  room,  was  a  depres- 
sion 10  inches  deep,  which  may  have  been  a  fireplace.  It  was  five-sided, 
the  sides  being  composed  of  flat  stones  set  up  on  edge.  The  bottom  of 
this  depression  was  made  of  adobe,  and  had  evidently  been  subjected 
to  fire,  as  it  was  very  hard. 

South  of  this  depression,  with  one  edge  against  the  south  wall, 
was  a  sort  of  pit.  For  a  bottom  it  had  a  large  flat  stone;  the  sides  were 
composed  of  four  metates  and  a  thin  stone  slab.  They  stood  upright; 
above  them  was  a  layer  of  small  stones  forming  a  wall  that  brought  the 
sides  of  the  pit  on  the  floor  level.  The  metates  were  placed  with  the 
grinding  surfaces  facing  the  inner  part  of  the  pit.  There  were  a  number 
of  small  bin-like  enclosures  in  this  room,  one  of  which  was  near  the  north- 
west corner.  The  walls  were  standing  to  a  height  of  2  feet.  There  were 
evidences,  however,  that  at  least  certain  parts  of  the  walls  had  extended 
to  the  ceiling.  There  was  a  doorway  in  the  south  wall  of  the  main  room. 
It  was  of  the  ordinary  type  and  had  wooden  lintels,  as  had  all  of  the 
doorways  in  the  room. 

There  were  doorways  in  the  upper  part  of  the  north  wall,  i.  e.,  in  the 
second  story  room.  They  were  of  the  rectangular  type  and  had  evidently 
been  filled  in  at  the  top.    The  wall  was  broken  to  such  an  extent,  how- 


204         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

ever,  that  their  exact  shape  could  not  be  determined.    The  ceiling  beams 
extended  from  north  to  south  and  averaged  3  inches  in  diameter. 

The  measurements  of  this  room,  taken  at  the  floor  level  were  as 
follows:  east  wall,  9  feet  5  inches;  west  wall,  9  feet  10  inches;  north 
wall,  14  feet;  south  wall,  somewhat  indefinite,  but  slightly  under  14 
feet  in  length.  The  specimens  found  in  this  room  were  as  follows,  all  of 
them,  unless  otherwise  noted,  being  from  the  debris  which  covered  the 


Fig.  89.     Closed  Doorway  in  East  Wall  of  Room  43. 


floor;  in  the  southwest  corner  at  the  floor  level,  a  large  metate  was  found; 
from  the  doorway  in  the  northwest  corner  a  number  of  pottery  frag- 
ments; two  manos;  five  small  stones;  a  small  stone  mortar;  two  sand- 
stones; a  grooved  mano;  a  sandstone  concretion  in  the  form  of  a  cup; 
fragments  of  obsidian;  a  fossil  shell;  a  number  of  turquoise  beads; 
bone  beads:  and  a  stem  of  a  clay  pipe;  pottery  olla;  eight  bone  awls; 
a  bone  implement:  a  bone  scraper;  a  piece  of  deer  antler;  two  breast 
bones  of  turkeys;  arrow  points;  strombus  shell;  end  of  an  arrow- 
shaft;  fragment  of  a  moccasin;   and  a  number  of  potsherds. 

Room  43. 
Room  43  was  southwest  of  Room  42.     This  room  was  small  and 
almost  square.    It  measured  5  feet  on  the  north,  5  feet  8  inches  on  the 
south,  6  feet  4  inches  on  the  east,  7  feet  11  inches  on  the  west.    There 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  205 

was  a  doorway  of  the  rectangular  type  in  the  east  wall  of  the  lower 
room  (Fig  89).  This  room  was  7  feet  in  height  and  the  walls  of  the 
second  floor  were  standing  to  a  height  of  5  feet.  No  specimens  were 
found  in  this  room. 


Room  44. 

Room  44  was  directly  west  of  Room  43.  This  room  was  long  and 
narrow.  The  south  wall  of  the  lower  room  was  built  of  medium-sized 
stones  and  chinked  irregularly,  thereby  giving  the  surface  a  rather  crude 
appearance.  There  were  no  doorways  in  this  wall,  as  the  opposite  side 
abutted  on  the  circular  wall  of  Estufa  16.  The  east  wall  was  heavily 
plastered  and  had  been  blackened  by  smoke.  In  this  wall  there  is  a  door- 
way of  the  usual  rectangular  form.  As  a  sill  it  had  a  flat  stone,  which 
averaged  3^2  incn  *n  thickness  and  extended  to  the  edge  of  the  doorway 
and  about  3  inches  into  the  room.  The  lintel  was  of  poles  which  averaged 
l}/2  feet  in  diameter  and  on  either  side  of  the  doorway  logs  had  been  built 
into  the  wall.  They  were  placed  in  a  perpendicular  position  and  com- 
pletely covered  with  plaster. 

The  north  wall  was  well  plastered  and  at  the  western  end  it  was 
rounded  so  that  the  corner  of  the  wall  projected  over  an  inch  from  the 
point  where  the  stone  walls  joined. 

The  upper  room  retained  the  major  part  of 
the  plaster  on  the  north  wall;  west  of  the  cen- 
tral portion  it  was  very  smooth.  A  number  of 
layers  of  plaster  had  been  applied  and  the 
scaling  at  certain  points  was  quite  noticeable. 
There  was  a  doorway  near  the  center  of  this  wall 
which  had  a  stone  slab  for  a  sill.  The  west  wall 
had  a  doorway  in  the  upper  part.  It  had  a 
lu,  ,„,  v>(|]  sli(.11(il  beam  \y2  inches  in  diameter,  used  as  a  lintel, 
a  Walnut,  inlaid  with  Tur-       This  doorway  had  been  sealed  up.    The  south 

quoise,    Room  44.  n  -i  ■      ,i  ,i 

wall  was  similar  m  appearance  to  the  others  men- 
tioned, but  the  greater  part  of  it  had  fallen.  This 
room  was  13  feet  10  inches  long  on  the  north  side,  14  feet  on  the  south 
side,  5  feet  1  inch  on  the  east,  and  5  feet  2  inches  on  the  west  side.  Very 
few  specimens  were  found  in  this  room.  Those  worthy  of  mention  were 
a  large  metate,  a  game  stick,  a  stone  slab,  a  broken  bowl,  and  a  caiion 
walnut  (Juglans  Rupeslris)  which  had  been  covered  with  gum  and 
inlaid  with  turquoise  (Fig.  90). 


206         Anthropological  Papers  A  merican  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Room  45.  « 

Room  45  is  directly  north  of  Room  42.  This  room  was  smaller  than 
Room  44,  being  long  and  narrow.  The  north  and  east  walls  were  made 
of  large  stones  and  heavily  plastered.  The  south  wall  was  broken  and 
crushed  to  some  extent.  Near  the  western  end  of  the  south  wall,  there 
was  a  doorway  with  a  large  beam  6  inches  in  diameter  for  a  lintel.  This 
doorway  was  somewhat  rounded  at  the  top  and  the  sides  were  slanting. 
It  connected  Room  45  with  Room  42.  Just  west  of  this  doorway  there 
was  a  post  which  had  been  built  into  the  wall,  probably  as  a  support 
for  the  ceiling.  Opposite  from  this  post,  and  1  foot  6  inches  from  the 
north  wall  was  another  post  6  inches  in  diameter,  which  was  intact. 
The  top  was  on  the  level  with  the  ceiling  beam  openings  in  the  north  wall. 
The  measurements  of  this  room  were  as  follows :  north  wall  19  feet,  south 
wall,  17  feet  8  inches,  east  wall  7  feet  5  inches,  west  6  feet  10  inches. 

All  the  specimens  found  were  in  the  debris  near  the  floor  level.  As 
will  be  seen  in  the  following  list,  stone  implements  predominated.  There 
were :  one  metate,  ten  manos,  five  stone  hammers,  two  grooved  stone 
hammers,  two  stone  slabs,  one  stone  pestle,  a  sandstone  grinder,  an 
arrow  point,  fossil  shells,  obsidian,  jet,  galena,  and  potsherds.  There 
were  also  a  bone  gouge,  three  bone  awls,  a  bone  scraper,  two  dog  skulls 
and  other  animal  bones.  A  pottery  bowl  was  found  in  the  eastern  end  of 
the  room. 

Room  46. 

Room  46  was  west  of  Room  45.  The  only  prominent  feature  of  this 
room  was  its  well  plastered  walls.  They  were  irregular;  however,  and  all, 
with  the  exception  of  the  western  one,  were  devoid  of  doors.  The  doorway 
of  this  wall  was  of  the  ordinary  rectangular  type  and  led  into  Room  39. 

This  room  was  dug  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  below  the  floor  level.  The 
eastern  wall  was  not  over  10  inches  thick  in  its  thickest  place,  and  at 
some  points  not  over  6  inches.  It  seemed  more  like  a  temporary  parti- 
tion between  this  room  and  Room  45,  than  a  permanent  wall.  No  speci- 
mens were  found.  The  measurements  were  as  follows:  north  wall  5 
feet  6  inches,  south  wall  6  feet,  east  wall  7  feet  2  inches,  west  wall  7 
feet  2  inches. 

Room  47. 

Room  47  is  directly  south  of  Room  46.     This  room  was  rather 

peculiar  in  shape,  the  corners  being  of  a  rounded  form.    The  walls  were 

composed  of  large  flat  stones  to  which  a  portion  of  the  plaster  still 

adhered.     Nothing  of  interest  was  found,  although  as  in  most  of  the 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  207 

other  rooms,  it  was  dug  to  a  depth  of  over  3  feet  below  the  floor  level. 
There  was  a  doorway  of  the  usual  type  in  the  east  wall.  The  measure- 
ments were  as  follows :  north  wall  6  feet,  south  wall  6  feet,  east  wall  10 
feet  9  inches,  west  wall  10  feet  9  inches. 

Room  48. 
Room  48  belonged  with  a  rather  peculiar  series,  comprising  Rooms 
48, 49,  and  50.  This  room  had  well  plastered  walls,  but  only  the  south  wall 
was  standing  to  any  height.  It  had  twelve  thicknesses  of  plaster,  but 
in  most  places  the  outer  layers  had  fallen  off.  One  of  the  ordinary  rect- 
angular doorways  led  from  this  room  into  Room  44,  but  it  had  been 
closed  with  stones  and  plaster.  The  eastern  wall  had  fallen  within  2 
feet  of  the  floor  level.  The  north  wall  was  rough  and  irregular,  and  for 
about  half  its  length  at  the  eastern  end  it  had  fallen.  The  west  wall  was 
built  on  a  large  beam  which  was  on  the  level  with  the  ceiling  beam  of  the 
lower  room.  This  wall  was  very  crude  and  it  fell  when  the  earth  was 
removed  from  the  front  of  it.  The  lower  part  of  this  room  was  well 
plastered  and  the  walls  were  in  better  condition  than  in  the  upper  room. 
There  was  a  bench  at  the  western  end.  The  measurements  were  as 
follows:  north  wall  5  feet  4  inches;  south  wall  5  feet;  east  wall  8  feet; 
west  wall  7  feet  3  inches.  The  specimens  found  were  four  metates,  seven 
manos,  a  hammerstone,  a  stone  pestle,  a  stone  slab,  two  flint  nodules, 
part  of  a  human  pottery  figure,  a  pottery  leg  and  foot,  a  number  of  pot- 
sherds, turquoise  beads,  and  animal  bones.  All  of  these  specimens  were 
from  the  upper  room.  In  the  lower  room  102  perfect  arrow  points  and 
fifty-two  broken  ones  were  found.  Most  of  these  points  were  made  of 
chalcedony  and  obsidian. 

Room  49. 
Room  49  was  north  of  Room  48.  It  was  long  and  narrow  and  may 
have  been  used  as  a  storage  room.  The  walls  were  rough  and  only 
certain  portions  of  them  were  faced.  In  the  middle  of  the  north  wall, 
on  the  levol  with  the  floor,  was  the  southern  end  of  a  closet-like  opening, 
mentioned  in  the  description  of  Room  39.  Nothing  of  interest  was  found 
in  this  room.  The  measurements  were  as  follows:  north  wall  9  feet, 
south  wall  9  feet,  east  wall  1  foot  10  inches,  west  wall  2  feet. 

Room  50. 
Room  50  was  a  small  room  over  the  western  end  of  Room  48.    The 
western  wall  was  rough  and  unplastered  and  a  bench  2  feet  wide  extended 
into  the  room.     It  was  2  feet  above  the  floor  beams.    This  bench  ex- 


208         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

tended  to  the  eastern  edge  of  the  west  side  of  the  passageway  at  the 
north  side  of  the  room.  The  eastern  wall  was  rough  and  fell  when  Room 
48  was  cleared.  The  northern  part  of  the  room  was  taken  up  with  a 
passageway,  the  eastern  side  of  which  was  solidly  built.  The  western 
wall  was  1  foot  3  inches  thick,  and  with  the  eastern  wall  of  Room  51 
formed  a  solid  piece  of  masonry,  3  feet  9  inches  thick.  Rooms  49  and  50, 
and  the  upper  part  of  Room  48,  formed  a  rather  complex  arrangement 
above  a  large  first  story  room  below  Room  48.  Room  50  was  4  feet  3 
inches  wide  on  the  north,  4  feet  8  inches  on  the  south,  7  feet  8  inches  on 
the  east,  and  7  feet  9  inches  on  the  west.  Five  arrow  points  were  found  in 
the  debris.  The  bench  on  the  northeast  corner  measured  5  feet  by  1 
foot  4  inches.  The  passageway  for  this  bench  at  the  eastern  end  of 
Room  49  was  2  feet  4  inches  wide. 

The  lower  Room  48  measured  13  feet  5  inches  on  the  north,  11  feet 
on  the  south,  7  feet  11  inches  on  the  east,  and  6  feet  10  inches  on  the  west. 

Room  51. 

Room  51  was  directly  west  of  Room  50.  The  walls  of  this  room  were 
composed  of  medium-sized  stones  and  were  chinked  with  very  thin  ones. 
The  chinking,  however,  was  not  very  regular.  The  western  end  of  the 
room  was  rather  roughly  built  and  was  intact  to  the  north  wall  of  Room 
52.  From  this  point  to  the  north  wall  it  had  disappeared,  having  been 
lorn  down  by  a  working  party  during  the  winter  of  1896-97. 
The  lower  room  had  been  burnt  out  on  the  eastern  end.  The  walls  of 
this  room  were  well  plastered.  The  western  wall  was  simply  a  partition 
which  divided  the  lower  room  into  two  small  rooms.  It  extended  to  the 
ceiling  beams  and  the  plaster  which  covered  its  entire  surface  was 
blackened  with  smoke.  This  wall  was  10  inches  thick.  The  measure- 
ments of  Room  51  were  as  follows:  The  north  wall,  11  feet  6  inches; 
south,  10  feet  9  inches;  east,  9  feet  2  inches;  west,  8  feet  4  inches.  In 
the  debris  the  following  specimens  were  found:  one  large  metate,  two 
small  hammerstones,  a  grooved  ax  Avith  double  edge,  a  stone  showing- 
drilling,  pieces  of  turquoise,  turquoise  beads,  chalcedony  flakes,  a 
clay  ball  filled  with  turquoise  chips,  a  bone  awl,  a  dog  skeleton,  a  number 
of  animal  bones,  fragments  of  shell  bracelets,  a  crude  pottery  bowl,  a 
pottery  incense  burner  (Fig.  91),  and  a  number  of  potsherds. 

Room  51a.  Room  51a  was  a  small  room  of  a  lower  series  and  was 
just  west  of  Room  51.  The  walls  were  practically  the  same  in  construc- 
tion as  those  mentioned  in  the  description  of  the  last-named  room.  There 
was  a  rectangular  doorway  in  the  south  wall.     This  doorway  connected 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  209 

with  Room  28.  Another  doorway  in  the  northeast  corner  of  the  north 
wall  was  of  the  rectangular  type,  as  was  the  case  with  the  one  in  the 
south  wall.  The  room  measured  as  follows:  north  wall,  7  feet  9  inches; 
south  wall,  6  feet;  east  wall,  8  feet  2  inches;  west  wall,  8  feet  2  inches. 
The  following  specimens  were  found  in  the  debris:  three  large  metates, 
two  stone  door  sills,  a  stone  hammer,  animal  bones  among  which  were 
several  dog  jaws,  two  bone  awls,  three  fragments  of  shell  bracelets, 
pieces  of  shell,  two  fossil  shells,  a  wooden  game  stick,  and  a  number  of 
potsherds,  one  of  which  was  worked. 


Fig.  91  (5590).     Pottery  Vessel  suggesting  an  Incense  Burner,  Room  51. 

Room  52. 

Room  52  was  directly  west  of  Room  51  and  was  of  irregular  shape, 
the  west  wall  being  much  wider  than  that  of  the  east  side.  The  eastern 
wall  was  roughly  built  and  had  been  partly  demolished  by  other 
investigators. 

The  south  wall  was  strongly  built  and  presented  a  very  compact 
and  uniform  surface  and  approached  in  appearance  the  closely  chinked 
walls,  being  formed  of  large  dressed  stones  and  chinked  with  small  flat 
pieces.  This  wall  slanted  towards  the  south.  The  west  end  of  this  room 
was  roughly  made  and  had.  been  plastered.  There  was  a  rectangular 
doorway  in  the  lower  part  of  this  wall  which  connected  with  Room  58. 
It  had  a  flat  stone  for  a  sill  and  the  upper  part  of  the  doorway  was  some- 
what rounded.  The  north  wall  was  made  of  large  flat  stories  which  were 
regularly  laid,  presenting  a  strong  contrast  as  compared  with  the  south 


210         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

wall.  There  were  two  other  doorways  in  this  room,  one  in  the  west  and 
the  other  in  the  north  wall.  The  room  measured  as  follows:  north  wall, 
6  feet  4  inches:  south  wall,  5  feet  11  inches;  east  wall,  9  feet 3 inches; 
west  wall,  9  feet  6  inches. 

There  were  very  few  specimens  found  in  this  room,  the  most  interest- 
ing, however,  were  a  number  of  fragments  of  cylindrical  jars,  such  as 
were  found  in  the  large  deposit  in  Room  28.  These  fragments,  the  deposit 
in  Room  28,  and  those  in  Room  39b,  were  the  only  ones  found  in  Pueblo 
Bonito.  Isolated  jars  of  cylindrical  form  were  found  in  Rooms  32  and  33 
and  the  Moorehead  paity  obtained  one  or  more  from  the  rooms  adjoin- 
ing this  group.  Among  other  objects  found  in  the  debris  was  a  stone 
hammer,  two  sandstone  slabs,  a  pitted  stone,  a  stone  jar  cover,  a  cylin- 
drical pipe,  fragments  of  shell  bracelets,  a  bone  awl,  potsherds,  also 
fragments  of  matting  and  cloth. 

Room  53. 

Room  53  is  directly  north  of  Room  52.  This  was  one  of  the  two 
rooms  explored  by  the  Moorehead  party.  The  south  wall  of  this  room 
was  standing  to  a  depth  of  6  feet  at  the  western  end.  It  is  poorly  built 
and  evenly  plastered.  There  is  a  beam  extending  the  full  length  of  the 
wall;  probably  for  a  support.  It  was  about  4  inches  in  diameter.  The 
western  wall  was  similar  in  construction  to  that  of  the  south.  There 
was  a  doorway  in  the  center  of  this  wall,  but  the  sides  have  been  torn 
down  and  its  outline  was  almost  obliterated. 

The  northern  and  eastern  walls  had  been  torn  down  bj7"  previous 
workers.  The  lower  or  first  story  room  had  very  rough  and  uneven  walls. 
The  south  wall  was  made  of  large  stones  and  had  a  doorway  of  the 
ordinary  type,  with  a  wooden  lintel.  The  western  wall  was  similar  to 
the  south  wall  and  there  was  a  doorway  of  the  ordinary  type  near  the 
centra]  part.  This  doorway  led  into  Room  56,  which  was  also  worked 
by  the  Moorehead  party. 

A  Deposit  of  Beads.  The  Moorehead  party  excavated  the  greater 
part  of  this  room.  When  our  workmen  began  to  clear  the  debris  from 
the  south  end  of  the  room,  an  almost  complete  human  skeleton  was 
found.  The  skull  was  missing,  but  near  the  middle  of  the  room,  the 
lower  jaw  was  found.  Continuing  observations  along  the  eastern  wall, 
a  post  was  found  at  a  distance  of  6  feet  from  the  south  wall.  Near  this 
post  two  pitchers  and  a  small  bowl  were  found,  also  a  portion  of  a  large 
cylindrical  jar.  Near  the  east  wall  the  skull  of  a  child  was  found,  and 
near  it  was  a  deposit  of  turquoise  and  shell  beads.     There  were  over 


Fig.  93.     Walls  of  Room  54. 


212 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  213 

4000  flat  circular  turquoise  beads  and  about  thirty  shell  beads  or  pen- 
dants in  it,  and  they  had  no  doubt  formed  a  necklace.  The  debris  on  the 
floor  was  then  cleared  away  and  the  work  was  carried  below  the  floor  to  a 
depth  of  3  feet.  Nothing  of  importance  was  found  below  the  floor  level. 
This  room  was  11  feet  6  inches  wide  on  the  north  end;  10  feet  5 
inches  on  the  south  end;  14  feet  2  inches  on  the  east;  13  feet  5  inches 
on  the  west.  Resting  on  the  floor,  about  midway  between  the  end  walls, 
at  a  short  distance  from  the  east  wall,  there  were  two  pottery  pitchers, 
a  bowl,  and  a  stone  jar  cover.  In  the  southwestern  part  of  the  room, 
fragments  of  feather  blankets  and  two  end  boards  of  baby  carriers  were 
found.  In  the  debris  there  were  a  number  of  fragments  of  wood  includ- 
ing ceremonial  and  game  sticks  and  a  wooden  slab.  Fragments  of 
pottery  vessels,  turquoise  beads,  and  animal  bones  were  also  found. 
These,  with  the  child's  skull,  the  human  bones,  and  the  deposit  of  tur- 
quoise and  shell  beads,  completed  the  list  of  objects  found  in  the  room. 

Room  54. 

Stone  Implements.  Room  54  is  directly  east  of  the  adjoining  Room 
38.  The  excavations  in  this  room  had  been  carried  to  a  depth  of  about 
4  feet  when  a  layer  of  stone  implements  was  found  (Fig.  92).  These 
implements  extended  to  a  depth  of  several  feet  below  this  point  and  had 
evidently  been  stored  in  one  of  the  upper  rooms.  In  this  deposit  there 
were  two  metates,  sixty-four  manos,  thirty-seven  hammerstones,  six- 
teen stone  jar  covers,  two  grooved  hammers,  three  smoothing  stones, 
two  sandstone  grinders,  eleven  stone  slabs,  two  grinding  stones,  two 
stone  knives,  nine  worked  stones  of  various  shapes,  a  hoe-shaped  stone, 
grooved  maul,  five  bone  awls,  a  bone  scraper,  a  pipestem,  an  arrow 
point,  pieces  of  turquoise,  fossil  shells,  potsherds,  two  wooden  knife 
handles  (Fig.  94),  and  fragments  of  baskets. 

After  the  stone  objects  had  been  removed  and  the  debris  cleared 
from  the  floor,  it  was  found  that  practically  nothing  had  been  left  on  the 
lower  floor,  the  only  object  of  interest  found  was  a  piece  of  coal,  which 
was  lying  against  the  north  wall. 

The  photograph  (Fig.  93)  of  this  room  gives  a  comprehensive  idea  of 
the  manner  in  which  it  had  been  constructed.  Near  the  middle  of  the 
western  section  was  a  projecting  wall  which  extended  in  a  northeastern 
direction.  This  wall  was  4  feet  8  inches  long  and  the  end  was  7  feet  5 
inches  from  the  southwest  corner.  Between  this  projection  and  the 
western  wall  of  the  room  at  a  distance  of  7  inches  from  the  south  wall, 
were  two  posts.    A  third  post  may  be  seen  in  the  opposite  corner.    This 


Fig.  94  (5650).     Wooden  Knife  Handle,  Room  54. 


Fig.  95  (5651).     Hafted  Stone  Knife,  Room  54. 


Fig.  96  (5647).     Handle  of  Pottery  Vessel,  Room  54. 


214 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  215 

post,  with  the  other  two,  no  doubt  formed  a  support  for  a  platform 
similar  to  the  one  noted  in  Room  38,  which  adjoins  this  room  on  the 
west.  East  of  the  projecting  wall  were  five  posts,  two  near  the  south  and 
three  near  the  north  wall.  Three  of  these  may  be  seen  in  the  photo- 
graph. These  posts  evidently  formed  supports  for  another  platform. 
There  are  two  doorways  of  the  usual  type  in  the  north  wall,  also  one  in  the 
south  and  one  in  the  west  wall.  In  the  foreground  of  the  photograph, 
another  wall  may  be  seen.  This  one,  however,  extended  from  one  side  of 
the  room  to  the  other.  Near  the  corners  of  this  small  division  of  the 
main  room,  two  posts  were  in  evidence.  These  may  have  extended  to  the 
ceiling,  but  from  the  condition  of  the  ends  it  would  seem  that  they  had 
not  decayed  to  any  extent,  and  that  they  had  no  doubt  served,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  others,  as  supports  for  a  platform.  The  measurements  of 
Room  54  are  as  follows:  north  wall,  24  feet  7  inches;  south' wall,  25 
feet,  3  inches;  east  wall,  10  feet;  west  wall,  8  feet  5  inches. 

Room  55. 

Room  55  was  directly  west  of  and  adjoining  Room  28.  It  showed 
two  distinct  types  of  masonry.  The  west  wall  was  built  of  small  slabs 
of  sandstone  which  had  been  closely  laid.  At  the  base  of  this  wall,  which 
was  very  compact,  could  be  seen  a  portion  of  a  beam  6  inches  in  diameter. 
This  beam  was  built  into  the  north  wall  and  acted  as  a  support  for  the 
west  wall,  as  the  foundation  would  otherwise  have  been  insecure,  built 
as  it  was  on  the  debris  of  one  of  the  walls.  About  3  feet  below  the  ceil- 
ing'beams,  at  the  north  end  of  the  wall,  there  may  be  seen  a  beam  over  9 
inches  in  diameter.  This  beam  also  extended  to  the  northern  face  of  the 
wall  and  the  west  wall  is  built  around  it.  It  evidently  extended  to 
the  south  wall  and  no  doubt  acted  as  a  support  to  the  upper  story.  The 
face  of  the  west  wall  was  unbroken,  save  for  the  places  where  the  cross- 
beams showed  and  where  the  ceiling  beams  protruded  from  its  surface. 
At  this  point  there  were  six  sticks  showing  that  the  ceiling  beams  ran 
east  and  west.  The  upper  wall  stood  to  a  height  of  4  feet  at  the  northern 
end  and  a  broken  doorway  of  the  rectangular  type  was  in  evidence  in 
the  center,  but  the  southern  part  of  the  wall  was  only  2  feet  high. 

The  north  wall  was  rough  and  composed  of  thin  stones.  There  was 
a  space  in  the  upper  central  part  of  the  wall  where  there  had  been  a  beam 
running  north  and  south,  that  had  acted  as  a  ceiling  support.  At  the 
northeastern  part  of  this  room,  the  northern  wall  had  a  secondary  wall, 
filling  the  space  between  it  and  the  east  one.  This  wedge-shaped  portion 
was  a  continuation  of  the  well-built  wall  described  in  Room  51a  and 


216         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

formed  the  south  wall  of  Room  52.  The  joint  made  by  the  two  walls 
was  by  no  means  perfect,  but  comparison  as  regards  the  masonry  was 
striking.  The  upper  part  of  the  north  wall  was  built  of  large  stones 
and  presented  a  solid  appearance.  The  foundation,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
western  one,  was  simply  the  debris  of  the  burnt-out  portions  of  the 
rooms,  which  had  formed  a  part  of  the  old  building. 

The  south,  like  the  western  wall,  was  made  of  small  flat  stones 
closely  laid.  The  surface  of  this  wall  was  unbroken,  save  for  the  upper 
part  where  the  cross-beams  had  entered.  The  north  wall  of  the  lower,  or 
old,  part  of  the  building  was  well  plastered  and  had  been  blackened  by 
fire.  The  eastern  wall  of  this  lower  part  was  simply  a  pile  of  debris 
that  separated  Room  55  from  Room  28.  The  southern  lower  wall  was 
composed  of  large  flat  stones,  laid  without  any  regard  to  order,  and 
projected  beyond  the  main  wall  over  a  foot.  The  western  lower  wall,  as 
mentioned,  was  simply  a  pile  of  debris.  About  4  feet  below  the  western 
wall  were  the  remains  of  a  floor.  The  beams  had  been  forced  from  their 
original  places,  but  had  formerly  run  from  east  to  west.  Above  them  was 
a  cedarbark  floor  covering  and  pieces  of  the  adobe  floor  were  also  in 
evidence.  The  upper  room  had  evidently  been  built  over  an  old  part  of  the 
building  without  any  clearing  or  leveling  of  the  old  walls.  The  new  wall 
at  the  southeastern  corner  was  built  against  the  old  north  wall.  The 
remaining  portions  of  the  old  structure  had  been  utilized,  but  no  particu- 
lar pains  were  taken  to  restore  the  old  parts  and  no  use  had  been  made 
of  the  old  material.  Excavations  were  carried  to  a  depth  of  over  4  feet 
below  the  old  floor  beams,  but  nothing  but  clean  sand  was  discovered. 

The  room  measured  as  follows:  north  wall,  7  feet  2  inches;  south 
wall,  6  feet  4  inches;  east  wall,  8  feet;  west  wall,  7  feet  3  inches.  The 
total  height  of  the  walls  at  the  northwest  corner  was  18  feet  9  inches. 
The  following  specimens  were  found  in  the  debris;  two  ceremonial 
sticks  and  fragments  of  others,  hammerstone,  arrow  point,  small  basket, 
bone  awl,  foot  of  a  deer,  mummified  prairie  dog,  and  a  piece  of  shell. 

Room  56. 
Room  56  was  directly  west  of  Room  53  and  was  worked  by  the  party 
under  the  direction  of  W.  K.  Moorehead.1  It  contained  two  graves  that 
had  been  opened  by  this  party  and  the  bones  were  scattered  throughout 
the  dirt  that  was  piled  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  room.  There  was 
also  a  mass  of  human  bones  in  the  northwestern  corner,  so  it  was  impos- 
sible to  determine  how  many  bodies  had  been  buried  here. 

lDuring  the  winter  of  1897-8,  Mr.  Warren  K.  Moorehead  directed  some  additional  excavations, 
opening  a  number  of  rooms  as  designated  in  the  text. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  217 

The  walls  were  well  plastered  and  presented  an  unbroken  surface, 
save  in  the  northern  end  of  the  east  wall,  where  there  was  a  doorway. 
This  opening  was  1  foot  below  the  ceiling  and  measured  2  feet  2  inches  in 
height  and  1  foot  10  inches  in  width.    This  doorway  led  into  Room  53. 

The  ceiling  was  composed  of  twenty-five  rough  poles  that  ran  from 
east  to  west.  These  were  covered  with  brush.  Above  this  covering  was 
the  adobe  floor  of  Room  63. 

There  was  a  jog  in  the  northwestern  corner  where  a  wall  had  been 
torn  out  and  a  new  one  built  just  west  of  it.  The  corner  was  rounded 
to  the  old  wall  site,  forming  a  marked  concavity  from  this  point  to  the 
western  wall.  From  the  eastern  wall  to  a  point  where  the  curvature  of 
the  north  wall  begins,  the  distance  is  4  feet  at  the  place  where  this 
rounding  ends;  where  the  old  wall  begins,  5  feet  3  inches,  leaving  a  space 
of  1  foot  4  inches  that  was  added  to  the  room  by  the  erection  of  the  new 
wall. 

The  two  graves  under  the  floor  of  this  room  had  been  separated 
by  a  stone  wall,  the  top  of  which  was  on  the  level  of  the  floor,  and 
extended  from  the  east  to  the  west  wall.  Its  width  at  the  top  was  1  foot 
2  inches  and  extended  to  a  point  below  the  lower  level  of  the  graves.  This 
wall  was  evidently  a  part  of  an  old  room,  for  on  the  western  side,  under 
the  western  wall  of  the  room  under  consideration,  there  is  another  wall 
which  extended  the  whole  length  of  the  western  one.  Its  top  was  on  the 
level  with  the  floor,  and  as  in  the  case  of  the  cross  wall,  its  lower  limits 
extended  some  feet  below  this  point. 

The  grave  in  the  northern  part  of  the  room  extended  from  the  cross 
wall  to  the  south  wall.  It  was  7  feet  3  inches  long,  and  4  feet  9  inches 
wide  on  the  southern  end,  and  was  evidently  the  same  in  width  at  the 
north  end.  This  grave  was  uncovered  by  the  Moorehead  party  and  it 
could  not  be  ascertained  whether  it  had  been  boarded  up  or  not;  it  was 
2  feet  deep. 

The  grave  at  the  southern  end  of  the  room  was  smaller  than  the 
first  one.  It  was  6  feet  7  inches  long  on  the  western  side  and  6  feet  4 
inches  on  the  eastern  side,  both  ends,  however,  measuring  3  feet  in 
width.  The  north  end  was  formed  by  the  cross  wall.  This  grave  was  3 
feet  deep  and  the  bottom  was  composed  of  sticks.  The  sides  were  made 
of  four  boards,  the  upper  and  lower  ones  were  set  at  an  angle,  thereby 
giving  a  rounded  appearance  to  the  grave.  This  grave  was  probably 
covered  with  boards,  but  it  may  have  been  covered  by  matting,  for 
fragments  of  both  were  found  in  Room  53,  where  the  greater  part  of  the 
debris  from  this  room  was  thrown.    The  measurements  of  this  room  were 


218         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

as  follows:  north  wall,  6  feet  7  inches;  south  wall,  5  feet  3  inches: 
eastern  wall,  16  feet  3  inches ;  western  wall,  13  feet  10  inches.  The  average 
distance  from  the  floor  to  the  ceiling  beams  was  5  feet  6  inches. 

Aside  from  the  human  bones  and  a  number  of  animal  bones,  gathered 
from  the  debris,  which  had  not  been  thrown  into  the  adjoining  room, 
only  two  specimens  worthy  of  mention  were  found.  One  was  a  stone 
jar,  the  other  a  broken  stone  jar  cover,  and  a  few  potsherds. 

v  Room  57. 

Room  57  was  west  of  Room  55.  This  room  was  particularly  interest- 
ing as  it  showed  a  perfect  division  between  the  old  and  new  parts  of  the 
building.  This  condition  of  affairs  was  noticeable  in  Room  55  and  ex- 
tended into  Room  28.  The  upper  or  new  walls  of  this  room  at  the  east 
and  south  sides  were  made  of  thin  flat  pieces  of  sandstone  and  were  laid 
so  closely  that  very  little  mortar  was  needed  to  form  a  solid  wall.  They 
were  so  even  and  so  well  laid,  that  at  a  short  distance,  they  appeared  to 
be  plastered.  Thej^  reminded  one  of  the  closely  built  eastern  wall  of 
Pueblo  Chettro  Kettle.  The  southern  wall  was  uniform  in  appearance, 
but  was  slightly  rounding.  There  was  a  doorway  in  the  center  of  this 
wall  about  2x/2  feet  above  the  floor.  For  a  lintel  it  had  five  beams 
strapped  together  with  a  piece  of  bark.  This  doorway  was  closed  with 
flat  stones  which  had  been  carefully  placed,  but  at  the  upper  part,  on  the 
eastern  side,  some  of  the  stones  had  been  removed,  exposing  to  view  a 
beautifully  plastered  surface,  as  smooth  and  even  as  any  in  the  building. 
The  south  wall  may  have  been  plastered,  but  there  was  no  evidence  of 
it.  The  eastern  wall  presented  practically  the  same  appearance  as  the 
south  wall,  the  surface  being  neatly  finished  and  compact.  There  was  no 
break  in  the  surface  of  the  eastern  wall  in  the  lower  room.  The  ceiling 
beams  ran  east  and  west  and  rested  upon  a  large  beam  which  ran  in  the 
opposite  direction.  Above  the  ceiling  in  the  east  wall,  the  wall  was  some- 
what rougher  than  the  others  that  had  been  noted,  and  stood  to  a 
height  of  4  feet.  In  the  center  was  a  doorway  of  the  usual  rectangular 
type.  Only  a  portion  of  it  was  to  be  seen  as  the  wall  had  fallen,  carrying 
away  the  top  and  most  of  the  south  side.  The  north  wall  presented  a 
rough  surface,  the  stones  were  undressed  and  laid  without  regard  to 
evenness  or  symmetry  and  patches  of  plaster  still  adhered  in  places. 
There  was  no  break  in  the  surface,  but  near  the  eastern  end  there  was  a 
log  a  foot  in  diameter  which  no  doubt  supported  the  ceiling.  There  was  a 
second  log  slightly  smaller  than  the  one  mentioned,  on  the  same  level 
and  about  2  inches  from  the  western  wall. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  219 

The  remaining  north  wall  stood  to  a  height  of  5  feet  above  this  beam 
and  was  of  the  same  material  and  construction  as  the  lower  one.  The 
western  wall  is  composed  of  faced  stones  well  laid,  with  the  interstices 
chinked.  Built  into  the  wall,  at  a  point  south  of  the  center,  is  a  pole  4 
inches  in  diameter.  A  portion  of  it  protrudes  from  the  surface,  its  upper 
part  being  buried  in  the  masonry.  This  pole  runs  down  through  the  old 
part  of  the  building,  on  which  this  room  was  built.  This  beam  was  prob- 
ably standing  when  the  new  part  was  constructed  and  was  utilized  as  a 
support  for  the  new  wall. 

Below  this  room  was  a  mass  of  burnt  logs  and  stones  and  a  fallen 
ceiling  of  an  old  room.  The  beams  ran  east  and  west,  but  had  been 
crushed  and  broken.  Above  them  were  the  remains  of  a  brush  covering. 
At  the  north  side  of  this  lower  space  was  a  well-plastered  wall  that  had 
been  left  standing  when  the  other  part  of  the  room  had  been  destroyed, 
and  upon  it  the  wall  of  the  upper  room  was  built.  The  eastern  and 
western  walls  of  the  upper  room  were  built  upon  the  debris  of  the  old 
part.  When  the  wall  was  cleared  at  the  northeastern  corner,  the  debris 
fell  from  under  the  east  wall,  leaving  an  open  space  over  2  feet  in  width, 
but  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  wall  was  wedge-shaped  and  the  rooms  on 
the  north  and  south  sides  had  not  been  cleared,  it  acted  as  a  keystone 
and  therefore  remained  intact. 

About  1  foot  west  of  the  upper  or  new  wall,  on  the  western  side  of 
the  room,  was  a  wall  composed  of  sticks.  This  was  part  of  the  old  ruin 
and  in  building  the  upper  room  they  had  missed  it  by  the  above-men- 
tioned distance.  This  old  wall  was  made  of  upright  posts  against  which 
stones  had  been  laid.  These  had  been  covered  with  plaster,  which  gave 
the  wall  a  rounded  appearance. 

The  south  wall  of  the  upper  room  had  a  firm  foundation,  as  it  rested 
upon  a  solid  wall,  composed  of  posts  and  projected  over  1  foot  to  the 
north  of  the  upper  wall.  These  posts  were  firmly  set  in  the  ground  and 
across  them  at  intervals  of  about  1  foot,  were  poles  which  were  lashed  to 
the  upright  pieces.  The  spaces  between  the  poles  were  then  filled  with 
plaster  and  mud  and  the  surface  plastered. 

The  lower  room  was  smaller  than  the  one  built  above  it,  but  the 
exact  measurements  could  not  be  taken  as  we  dared  not  clear  away  the 
debris  under  the  east  upper  wall.  The  upper  walls  widened  towards  the 
top,  the  flaring  sides  being  very  noticeable.  The  measurements  of  tins 
room  were  as  follows:  north  wall,  7  feet  8  inches;  south  wall,  6  feet  10 
inches;  east  wall,  7  feet;  west  wall,  7  feet.  The  following  specimens 
were  found  in  the  debris:  three  manos,  two  hammerstones,  a  stone  jar 


220         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

cover  and  fragments  of  another,  fragments  of  dog  skulls,  and  pieces  of 
turquoise  and  shell. 

Room  58. 

Room  58  was  north  of  Room  55  and  directly  over  Room  33,  where 
the  turquoise  and  ceremonial  objects  were  found.  Part  of  the  third 
story  of  this  room  was  standing;  the  highest  portion  was  at  the  southwest 
corner,  where  it  ran  to  a  height  of  5  feet  to  the  ceiling  beams  of  the 
second  story.  The  south  wall  was  of  very  thin  stones  laid  in  mortar  and 
slanted  towards  the  cast  until  at  the  eastern  corner,  it  was  only  2  feet 
above  the  ceiling  beams.  The  eastern  wall  was  a  little  over  1  foot  high 
and  of  rough  construction.  The  north  and  west  walls  were  of  the  same 
type  of  masonry. 

The  eastern  wall  of  the  second  story  room  was  well  plastered,  as 
was  the  case  with  the  other  three.  It  had  a  doorway  in  the  central  part 
near  the  floor,  was  of  rectangular  form  and  connected  with  Room  52. 
In  the  southwest  corner  of  this  wall,  level  with  the  ceiling,  a  portion  of 


Fig.  97  (8794).     Handle  made  of  Bone,  Highly  Polished,  resembling  Ivory,  Room  58. 

the  wall  had  been  broken  away  when  forming  an  entrance  to  the  open 
series  of  rooms,  which  extended  in  a  northeastern  direction  from  Room 
3.  In  the  northeast  corner  of  the  room,  about  6  inches  from  the  east  and 
3  inches  from  the  north  wall,  there  was  a  post  5  inches  in  diameter,  which 
was  mentioned  in  the  description  of  Room  33.  It  extended  from  the 
floor  of  the  lower  room  through  the  ceiling  into  the  upper  one.  The 
measurements  of  this  room  were:  north  wall,  6  feet  1  inch;  south  wall, 
6  feet  1  inch:  east  wall.  5  feet  7  inches;  west  wall,  6  feet  2  inches.  The 
average  height  of  this  room,  from  the  floor  to  the  ceiling  beams  was  6 
feet  9  inches.  The  specimens  found  in  the  debris  were:  two  hand 
hammerstones,  a  grooved  hammer,  a  reed  brush,  several  ceremonial 
sticks,  also  potsherds  and  animal  bones. 

Room  59. 
Room  59  was  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  ruin,  southwest  of 
Room  23.    This  room  was  circular  in  form,  with  an  angular  offset  at  the 
southern  end.    The  walls  were  composed  largely  of  large  stones  and  had 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  221 

been  well  plastered.  Several  layers  could  be  counted.  The  angular 
part  at  the  south  end  was  covered  with  plaster.  There  was  a  fireplace 
in  the  center  of  the  circular  part,  made  by  placing  stones  on  edge.  The 
specimens  were  as  follows:  six  hammerstones,  three  smoothing  stones, 
a  stone  ax,  a  worked  stone  slab,  a  pottery  bowl,  a  pottery  handle  of 
a  jar  cover,  a  bone  awl,  two  lower  jaws  of  dogs,  animal  bones,  and  pot- 
sherds. 

Room  60. 

Room  60  was  directly  east  of  and  adjoining  Room  20.  This  room 
was  of  the  angular  type,  the  south  wall  being  much  shorter  than  the 
other  three.  All  of  the  walls  of  this  room  were  fairly  well  preserved, 
although  there  were  evidences  that  a  fire  had  raged  in  certain  parts  of 
the  room  and  some  parts  of  the  walls  showed  the  effect  of  the  heat.  In 
the  lower  part  of  the  north  wall  was  a  doorway  of  the  usual  rectangular 
type  with  a  stone  slab  for  a  sill.  There  was  a  doorway  in  the  west  wall 
at  a  point  1  foot  above  the  floor  level  and  3  feet  6  inches  from  the  north 
wall.  This  doorway,  which  is  of  the  usual  type,  has  a  double  lintel  com- 
posed of  poles.  The  layers  of  the  poles  are  8  inches  apart  and  the 
spaces  between  have  been  filled  in  with  sandstone.  The  measurements 
of  this  room  are  as  follows:  north  wall,  15  feet  5  inches;  south  wall, 
6  feet  5  inches;  east  wall,  13  feet  5  inches;  west  wall,  10  feet  3  inches. 
Resting  on  the  floor  within  a  few  inches  of  the  south  wall,  near  the  central 
part  of  the  room,  a  large  corrugated  jar  was  found.  In  it  was  a  thick 
layer  of  red  paint,  also  some  seeds.  A  red  bowl  and  one  of  plain  ware  were 
found  near  the  jar.  Other  objects  which  were  found  in  the  debris  in- 
cluded three  dipper  handles,  a  number  of  potsherds  and  a  pottery  animal, 
nine  hammerstones,  a  broken  moccasin-shaped  stone,  a  worked  stone 
slab,  seven  manos,  a  stone  jar  cover,  a  stone  cylinder,  an  arrow  point, 
fragments  of  chalcedony,  turquoise,  and  shell,  two  bone  scrapers, 
two  bone  awls,  a  bone  implement,  an  animal  bone  showing  cutting,  a 
bone  bracelet,  a  number  of  animal  bones,  fragments  of  sticks,  squash 
rind  and  seeds,  pieces  of  matting,  and  a  deer  skull. 

Room  60a.  Room  60a  was  a  small  angular  room,  southwest  of 
Room  60.  It  had  evidently  formed  one  of  the  corner  rooms  of  an  old 
estufa,  a  part  of  which  will  be  described  as  Room  76.  This  room 
measured  as  follows :  south  wall,  5  feet  3  inches  long;  the  east  wall, 
6  feet;  west  wall,  7  feet.  The  west  wall  is  the  hypothenuse  of  a  right- 
angled  triangle,  the  other  two  sides  being  formed  by  the  east  and  south 
walls.    Nothing  of  interest  was  found  in  this  room. 


222         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Room  61. 

Room  61  was  directly  east  of  Room  37,  and  north  of  Room  53.  This 
room  was  comparatively  small.  There  were  two  stories  standing.  The 
lower  room  was  well  plastered,  but  it  bulged  near  the  ceiling  beams, 
evidently  from  the  accumulated  weight  above  it.  A  little  to  the  east  of 
the  center  of  this  wall  was  a  doorway.  It  was  2  feet  6  inches  below  the 
ceiling  beams  and  of  the  rectangular  type,  but  it  had  been  plastered  to 
such  an  extent  that  it  was  semi-oval  in  form,  the  plaster  being  rounded 
out  to  the  surface  of  the  wall  at  the  sides  of  the  opening.  It  had  a  wooden 
lintel.  This  doorway  led  into  Room  6.  On  the  west  side  of  the  door- 
way was  a  wooden  loop  fastened  in  the  plaster.  This  was  one  of  the 
loops  used  in  barricading  the  door.  Very  few  of  these  were  found  in 
Pueblo  Bonito,  but  they  are  quite  common  in  the  cliff-houses  in  south- 
western Colorado  and  southeastern  Utah.  Fragments  of  ceiling  beams 
protruded  from  the  wall,  showing  that  they  had  originally  extended  from 
north  to. south. 

The  north  wall  of  the  upper  room  stood  to  a  height  of  6  feet  and  was 
well  plastered.  It  had  a  doorway  of  the  usual  type  with  a  large  stone 
for  a  sill,  which  projected  over  3  inches  beyond  the  wall  surface.  The 
lintel  was  made  of  poles. 

The  eastern  wall  was  built  of  large  dressed  stones  and  presented  a 
very  solid  appearance.  The  stones  were  not  closely  laid,  there  was 
no  chinking,  the  stones  being  laid  with  plaster.  There  was  a  doorway  of 
the  usual  type  in  this  wall.  It  was  2  feet  9  inches  above  the  floor  level. 
It  had  a  wooden  lintel  and  had  been  closed  with  plaster.  The  walls  of 
the  upper  room  had  fallen,  the  remaining  portion  at  the  north  end  stand- 
ing to  a  height  of  3  feet  6  inches. 

The  south  wall  was  roughly  constructed  and  the  western  end  had 
been  torn  down  by  other  workers.  There  was  a  doorway  near 
the  west-central  part,  but  this  was  destroyed  when  the  wall  was  demol- 
ished. This  wall  was  built  around  upright  stakes,  the  corners  being 
rounded  with  plaster. 

The  western  wall  was  well  plastered.  In  the  north-central  part 
there  was  a  doorway  of  the  usual  type  with  wooden  lintels.  One  inter- 
esting feature  in  connection  with  this  doorway,  was  the  fact  that  it  was 
2  feet  above  the  floor  and  that  it  had  a  step  in  front  of  it  which  was 
composed  of  flat  stones  which  projected  8  inches  into  the  room.  The 
upper  western  wall  stood  to  a  height  of  5  feet  above  the  ceiling  of  the 
lower  one.  The  measurements  of  the  lower  room  are  as  follows:  north 
wall,  11  feet  1  inch;   south  wall,  9  feet  4  inches;   east  wall,  11  feet  6 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  223 

inches;  west  wall,  10  feet  4  inches.  Most  of  the  specimens  found  in  this 
room  were  in  the  debris  covering  the  floor;  fragments  of  a  human  skull, 
scattered  about  in  the  southeast  corner;  pieces  of  a  jaw  with  teeth  and 
fragments  of  the  cranium,  blackened  and  charred  to  such  an  extent  that 
it  seems  hardly  possible  that  it  could  have  been  accidental.  There  was 
no  evidence  of  there  having  been  a  fire  in  this  room.  The  only  piece  of 
charred  wood  found  was  a  section  of  a  post  2  feet  long  and  2  inches  in 
diameter.  This  had  evidently  fallen  from  one  of  the  upper  rooms.  The 
pieces  of  the  skull  lay  as  if  they  had  been  scattered  by  hand.  Had  they 
fallen  with  the  debris  from  the  ceiling  above,  they  would  not  have  been 
lying  in  the  positions  they  occupied  in  the  accumulation  of  floor  material. 
There  were  a  few  fragments  of  human  bones  beside  the  skull,  but  these 
showed  no  evidence  of  having  been  burnt.  Among  the  other  objects 
found  in  the  debris  was  a  grooved  stone  ax,  two  stone  slabs,  a  stone  slab 
evidently  used  as  a  cooking  stone,  a  stone  pestle,  fragments  of  a  stone 
jar  cover,  pieces  of  petrified  wood,  and  natural  pebbles.  There  was  also 
a  bone  awl,  a  bone  showing  cutting,  three  rabbit  skeletons,  a  number  of 
animal  bones,  two  wooden  implements,  a  stick  which  may  have  been  used 
in  hunting  rabbits,  a  game  stick,  a  section  of  a  whip  cactus  stalk,  and 
fragments  of  shells. 

Room  62. 

Room  62  was  very  interesting.  At  the  western  end  was  a  flooring 
that  rested  on  cross  beams,  running  north  and  south,  which  were  about 
3  feet  above  the  general  floor  level  of  the  main  room.  The  western  beam 
entered  each  wall  about  1  foot  east  of  the  west  wall;  the  next  beam  was 
inserted  in  the  south  wall,  but  at  its  northern  end,  it  rested  upon  a  post 
that  was  2  inches  in  diameter.  The  eastern  beam  was  inserted  in  the 
wall  at  either  end,  and  at  the  north  end  was  about  1  foot  south  of  the 
doorwaj'-.    These  beams  averaged  about  4  inches  in  diameter. 

Resting  upon  these  beams,  and  running  east  and  west,  was  a  series 
of  poles  averaging  2  inches  in  diameter.  They  had  evidently  been  of 
uniform  length,  with  the  exception  of  the  one  nearest  to  the  south  wall 
which  projected  about  2  feet  beyond  the  others  and  rested  upon  a  jog 
in  the  southern  wall.  Over  these  poles,  running  north  and  south,  a  reed 
matting  was  fastened  by  means  of  small  branches  and  strips  of  wood 
which  ran  across  the  mat  at  right  angles  to  the  reeds  and  were  fastened 
to  the  poles  with  strands  of  yucca  (Fig.  98). 

The  floor  had  been  crushed  and  the  beams  broken  by  the  weight  of 
the  debris,  but  was  intact  enough  to  give  a  good  idea  of  its  original 
appearance. 


224         A  nthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  southern  end  of  Room  62  presented  a  very  irregular  appearance, 
not  only  in  its  irregularity  but  in  the  general  aspect  of  its  surface. 

The  western  part  of  this  wall  was  composed  of  small  stones  closely 
laid  and  the  greater  part  of  the  surface  was  covered  with  plaster.  Two 
feet,  five  inches  from  the  west  wall,  and  5  feet  from  the  floor,  was  a  small 
circular  pocket  about  5  inches  in  diameter  and  extending  10  inches  into 
the  wall.  It  was  well  rounded  with  plaster,  there  being  no  break  in  the 
general  plaster  about  its  rim.  These  beams  projected  from  the  surface 
at  a  height  of  3  feet  7  inches  from  the  floor.  These  were  the  beams  that 
supported  the  reed  floor  as  described  in  another  place. 

Nine  feet  east  of  the  west  wall  and  3  feet  7  inches  from  the  floor  was 
a  jog  in  the  wall,  10  inches  long  and  almost  3  inches  wide.  Upon  this 
rested  the  long  pole,  which  was  the  southernmost  one  of  the  reed  floor 
series.  The  depression  for  this  jog  ran  from  the  point  3  feet  7  inches 
above  the  floor  to  the  upper  part  of  the  wall  below  the  jog,  the  wall 
rounded  toward  the  west.  From  this  point,  that  is  from  the  eastern  edge 
of  the  jog,  the  wall  was  rounded  for  a  distance  of  6  feet  11  inches.  Its 
eastern  end  was  continued  toward  the  southeast,  forming  the  outer  wall 
of  the  northeast  part  of  the  circular  estufa  just  south  of  Room  62.  Just 
west  of  the  upper  central  part  of  this  circular  portion  of  the  wall,  was  a 
portion  of  a  doorway.  It  was  7  feet  3  inches  from  the  eastern  wall  and 
the  sides  were  1  foot  3  inches  high,  of  the  usual  square  type,  and  was  2 
feet  wide  at  its  base.  The  wall  had  fallen  on  this  side  of  the  room,  carry- 
ing the  upper  part  of  this  doorway  with  it. 

This  circular  wall  was  composed  of  stones  that  were  somewhat  larger 
than  those  in  the  southern  part,  but  they  were  no  less  firmly  laid.  Most 
of  the  surface  was  covered  with  plaster,  which,  in  places,  showed  the 
various  layers  that  had  been  applied. 

At  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  this  section  of  wall  was  an  opening 
about  6  inches  in  diameter,  about  3  feet  8  inches  above  the  floor,  that 
marked  the  places  where  a  cross  beam  had  once  been,  as  there  was  a 
corresponding  opening  at  the  same  height  in  the  north  wall. 

The  remaining,  or  eastern  portion  of  this  wall,  was  5  feet  long,  its 
surface  was  almost  devoid  of  plaster,  which  presented  to  view  a  compact, 
but  rather  uneven  plane.  At  a  point  about  3  feet  8  inches  above  the  floor 
and  about  1  foot  east  of  the  western  edge  of  this  part  of  the  wall,  a  small 
beam  protruded,  ranging  east  of  this  and  on  the  same  level  were  four 
more  beams  about  the  size  of  the  first  one,  which  was  13^  inches  in 
diameter.  These  logs  had  been  broken  off  flush  with  the  wall  and  had  no 
doubt  formed  a  floor  similar  to  the  one  at  the  western  end  of  the  room. 


Fig.  98.     View  of  Room  62  showing  the  Fallen  Ceiling  and  Construction  of  the  Wall  Pockets. 
A  new  layer  of  plaster  is  shown  by  the  line  running  across  the  wall. 


v^sMpe*"^:- 


A.. 


J 


Fig.  99.     Wall  Pockets  in  Room  62 


226 


&     t- 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  229 

These  beams  seemed  to  divide  the  eastern  portion  of  the  south  wall  into 
two  parts,  the  upper  portion  of  which  was  composed  of  much  smaller 
stones  than  the  lower  part,  and  the  surface  was  much  more  even.  This 
5  feet  of  wall  was  evidently  the  base  of  a  right-angled  triangle  of  masonry, 
whose  perpendicular  followed  the  continuation  of  the  eastern  wall  of 
Room  62  and  whose  hypothenuse  was  concaved  in  conformity  with  the 
outer  wall  of  the  estufa.  The  general  height  of  this  southern  wall  was 
7  feet  11  inches,  it  having  suffered  more  than  the  others  when  this  part 
of  the  building  fell. 

Wall  Pockets.  The  western  wall  was  very  interesting  from  the  fact 
that  no  less  than  four  pockets  were  found  (Fig.  99).  The  greater  part 
of  this  wall  was  covered  with  plaster,  the  only  portion  where  it  had  been 
detached  being  at  the  lower  northern  end  and  a  small  space  at  the  south 
end  against  the  south  wall.  The  wall  itself,  at  least  the  point  that  was 
visible,  was  composed  of  large  dressed  stones,  the  spaces  between  which 
were  chinked  with  small  flat  pieces,  forming  a  very  compact  and  pleas- 
ing surface. 

The  upper  part  of  the  wall  had  suffered  by  fire,  the  stones  being  cal- 
cined and  the  plaster  blackened.  No  beams  projected  from  this  wall  to 
mar  its  general  appearance;  the  closets,  or  wall  pockets,  were  well  fin- 
ished, which  caused  them  to  add  to  rather  than  detract  from  the  beauty 
of  the  wall. 

Near  the  ceiling  level  at  the  southern  end  of  the  room,  a  pocket 
almost  square  in  form,  was  encountered  in  the  early  stages  of  the  work. 
Pocket  1  had  boards  for  its  sides,  the  upper  and  lower  part  and  the  back 
being  plastered.  The  wall  plaster  was  broken  about  its  edges,  but  seemed 
to  have  been  square  at  the  edges  of  the  pocket;  if  rounded  at  all,  the 
curvature  must  have  been  very  slight.  The  box-like  opening  was  1  foot 
3  inches  wide  at  the  top  and  1  foot  4  inches  at  the  bottom,  the  sides 
being  1  foot  3^  inch  high;  the  cross  measurements  were  1  foot  6  inches 
and  1  foot  9  inches,  respectively,  the  former  being  from  the  lower  south 
to  the  upper  north  corner.  The  pocket  extended  1  foot  into  the  wall, 
and  therefore  formed  a  receptacle  for  quite  large  articles. 

The  triangulation  was  as  follows,  the  measurements  being  taken 
from  the  floor:  from  the  lower  corner  at  the  northern  end  to  floor  at  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  room  was  9  feet  1  inch  and  from  the  opposite 
corner  of  the  pocket  to  the  southwest  corner  of  the  room,  4  feet  8  inches. 

Pocket  2  was  a  small  orifice  with  well-rounded  edges.  It  was  simply 
a  plastered  depression  in  the  wall  surface  9  inches  long  and  6  inches  high 
with  a  depth  of  6  inches.    The  corners  were  rounded  to  such  an  extent, 


230         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

that  it  presented  a  semi-oval  appearance.  The  triangulation  of  this 
pocket  to  the  same  points  as  the  former  one,  was  7  feet  1  inch  at  the 
north  side  and  at  the  south,  6  feet  2  inches.  Just  below  these  pockets 
the  wall  was  divided  transversely  by  the  lower  limits  of  a  layer  of  plaster 
that  had  been  applied  to  the  upper  part  of  the  wall,  this  line  was  on  a  level 
with  the  upper  part  of  Pocket  3.  This  closet  was  well  made  and  looked 
firm  and  solid,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  lower  part  was  composed  of  a 
flat  board  over  an  inch  in  thickness,  that  not  only  extended  to  the  back 
part  of  the  pocket,  but  projected  under  the  masonry  at  the  sides.  This 
board  was  well  dressed  and  had  been  smoothed  ere  it  was  put  in  place. 

The  upper  part  was  composed  of  five  poles  laid  side  by  side,  as  are 
the  lintel  poles  of  a  doorway.  There  were  five  of  them  and  their  average 
diameter  was  about  IV2  inches.  These  poles  were  built  in  the  masonry  at 
the  sides  of  the  pocket  and  served  as  a  support  for  the  narrow  strip  of 
wall  between  this  and  Pocket  1 .  The  northern  side  of  this  opening  had  a 
thin  layer  of  plaster  for  a  facing,  but  on  the  southern  side  most  of  it 
had  become  detached.  The  plaster  about  the  edges  had  been  broken  to 
such  an  extent  that  its  original  form  could  not  be  determined,  but  it 
had  probably  been  nearly  square. 

The  length  of  this  lower  part  was  1  foot  9  inches  and  of  the  upper  1 
foot  6  inches,  the  right  (north)  side  being  1  foot  1  inch  and  the  south,  11 
inches.  The  diagonals  were  respectively  1  foot  10  inches  and  2  feet,  the 
former  being  from  the  lower  south  to  the  upper  north  corner.  The 
triangulation  from  the  points  previously  used  was  7  feet  6  inches  at  the 
north  side  and  3  feet  at  the  south,  the  depth  was  1  foot  3^2  inches. 

The  symmetry  of  this  pocket  was  spoiled  by  the  dip  of  the  lower 
board,  which  gave  it  an  irregular  form.  Why  it  was  placed  in  this  posi- 
tion is  not  apparent  and  seems  strange  in  view  of  the  fact  that  most  of 
this  work  is  uniform  and  in  strict  observance  to  planes  and  angles. 

Pocket  4  was  in  general  form  like  Pocket  2;  the  lower  part  and  sides 
were  well  rounded  with  plaster,  concealing  whatever  may  have  been 
used  for  the  base.  Possibly  nothing  was  used  but  the  plaster,  but  at  the 
top  a  portion  of  the  plaster  had  been  knocked  off,  revealing  a  board  3^ 
inch  thick,  that  formed  the  upper  part  of  the  pocket  and  extended  into 
the  wall  on  either  side  of  the  pocket. 

The  length  of  this  closet  was  1  foot  1  inch  and  the  height  8  inches 
and  it  extended  into  the  wall  7  inches.  The  triangulation  from  the  same 
points  as  the  previous  ones,  was,  from  the  north  side,  4  feet  2  inches  and 
at  the  south,  4  feet  10  inches.    The  plaster  at  the  edges  of  this  pocket, 


1920.]  f  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  231 

and  especially  at  the  lower  part,  was  gently  rounded  outward  to  the 
general  wall  covering. 

Doorways  and  Walls.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  wall  and  2  feet 
7  inches  from  the  south  wall  was  a  small  opening  that  led  into  the  next 
room  to  the  west.  This  opening,  Pocket  5,  was  1  foot  high  and  7  inches 
wide;  its  top  was  rounded  with  plaster,  but  it  had  a  small  board  for  a 
lintel.  Its  base  was  formed  of  a  dressed  board  which  was  flush  with  the 
floor  level.  The  sides  of  this  opening  were  plastered  and  on  the  edges 
the  plaster  was  still  intact  and  very  slightly  rounded. 

At  the  upper  part  of  the  wall,  just  above  and  north  of  Pocket  1, 
was  the  base  board  of  an  old  doorway  that  had  been  filled  up  and  covered 
with  plaster.  From  the  outlines  it  seemed  to  be  of  the  general  square 
type,  but  the  upper  part  had  fallen. 

Just  above  the  ceiling,  in  the  northwest  corner,  a  wall  crossed  this 
room,  its  diameter  northeast  and  southwest.  It  was  standing  to  a  height 
of  3  feet  but  was  in  a  crumbling  condition.  The  north  wall  presented  a 
rough  uneven  surface  and  the  greater  part  of  the  plaster  was  blackened 
by  smoke.  On  most  of  the  surface  the  plaster  was  in  place,  but  around 
the  places  where  beams  had  been,  it  had  fallen.  The  only  large  break 
in  the  surface  was  the  doorway  which  was  1  foot  9  inches  from  the 
east  wall.  This  doorway  was  of  the  square  type,  but  the  top  was 
beautifully  rounded  and  the  plaster  was  in  good  condition.  The  height 
of  this  opening  was  2  feet  4  inches  and  the  width  1  foot  9  inches. 
These  dimensions  held  good  to  a  point  about  6  inches  from  the  surface 
at  the  top  and  2  inches  at  the  bottom.  Here  a  thick  layer  of  plaster  com- 
menced at  both  sides  and  rounded  to  the  lintel,  which  was  composed  of 
five  large  beams,  this  plaster  continued  to  the  other  side  of  the  wall; 
across  the  top  of  this  plastered  part  were  two  sticks,  evidently  put  there 
to  hold  the  plaster  in  place,  but  it  had  either  fallen  from  its  own  weight 
or  been  knocked  off. 

These  layers  of  mortar  decreased  the  size  of  the  doorway  to  such  an 
extent  that  the  sides  were  only  1  foot  10  inches  high  and  the  width,  1  foot 
4  inches;  the  base  of  this  doorway  was  composed  of  a  stone  slab  that 
projected  a  little  beyond  the  masonry.  About  a  foot  west  of  this  doorway 
and  4  feet  from  the  floor,  one  of  the  cross  beams  supporting  the  reed 
floor  entered  the  wall.  There  were  two  more  places  between  this  point 
and  the  west  wall  where  beams  had  evidently  entered,  the  second  was 
supported  by  a  post,  but  originally  may  have  entered  the  wall. 

Just  over  the  opening  nearest  the  door,  a  wall  had  run  to  the  ceiling, 
and  no  doubt  was  supported  by  the  beam  that  crossed  the  room  at  this 


232         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History \     [Vol.  XXVII, 

point.  Whether  it  ran  to  the  opposite  wall  or  not,  could  not  be  ascer- 
tained, as  it  had  fallen.  Judging  from  the  place  in  the  plaster,  it  could 
not  have  been  much  over  6  inches  in  thickness. 

In  the  western  end  of  this  wall,  and  with  the  floor  for  a  starting 
point,  were  three  places  that  were  devoid  of  plaster;  they  were  no  doubt 
part  of  the  general  surface  at  first,  but  the  plaster  had  worn  off  by  use. 
These  places,  which  were  about  1  foot  wide,  and  the  same  in  height, 
probably  marked  the  points  where  metates  had  rested. 

From  the  west  wall  to  the  center  of  the  first  one  was  7  inches,  to  the 
center  of  the  second  2  feet  4  inches,  and  to  the  center  of  the  third,  3  feet 
10  inches. 

Just  above  the  two  western  places  described  above,  there  is  a  depres- 
sion that  has  been  plastered,  but  which  may  have  been  a  door. 

At  the  eastern  end  of  this  wall,  is  a  wall  pocket,  2  feet  7  inches  from 
the  floor  and  9  inches  west  of  the  east  wall.  It  is  1  foot  high  and  1  foot 
2  inches  wide.  It  runs  through  to  the  next  room,  and  therefore,  is  more 
like  a  passageway  than  a  closet,  but  was  probably  made  in  this  way  so 
that  it  could  be  used  from  both  rooms,  or  as  a  means  of  conveying  articles 
from  one  apartment  to  the  other.  The  upper  part  was  composed  of 
eight  poles  laid  like  the  door  lintels;  the  sides  were  plastered  but  were 
slanted  a  little  toward  the  top.  The  wall  above  it  was  badly  bulged  and 
the  plaster  had  fallen  from  quite  a  large  area. 

Just  to  the  east  of  this  opening  a  beam  protruded  and  west  of  it, 
on  the  same  level,  were  the  places  where  three  more  had  been.  These 
are  the  ones  mentioned  in  the  description  of  the  southern  wall  and  prob- 
ably supported  a  floor  similar  to  the  one  at  the  western  end  of  the  room, 
as  was  suggested  in  the  other  description. 

The  ceiling  beams  projected  from  the  wall  9  feet  10  inches  above  the 
floor  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  room,  and  11  feet  8  inches  at  the  western 
end.  There  were  seven  in  all  and  they  averaged  about  8  inches  in  diam- 
eter. Above  these  beams  was  a  mass  of  debris  which  was  fully  5  feet 
high  near  the  western  end. 

Across  the  northwest  corner  and  just  above  the  ceiling  beams,  a 
wall  crossed,  as  before  mentioned,  and  just  above  the  corner  itself  was  a 
doorway.  This  was  tilted  and  in  poor  condition  and  little  could  be 
gathered  from  it  from  the  work  done  in  Room  62. 

The  eastern  wall  was  composed  of  selected  stones  and  the  places 
between  the  large  stones  were  chinked  with  flat  pieces  of  sandstone. 
The  lower  part  of  the  wall  retained  most  of  its  plaster,  but  from  the  upper 
part,  large  patches  had  fallen. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  233 

There  was  a  doorway  of  the  square  type  in  the  lower  southern  part 
of  the  wall  that  had  for  a  lintel  a  board  nearly  1^  inches  thick,  it  ex- 
tended beyond  the  side  of  the  doorway  at  the  southern  side,  over  2 
inches  and  at  the  northern  side  about  3  inches.  This  doorway  was  9 
inches  above  the  floor  and  1  foot  7  inches  north  of  the  south  wall.  It 
was  1  foot  9  inches  wide  and  2  feet  2  inches  high.  The  sides  were  plastered 
and  the  wall  plaster  was  rounded  slightly  at  the  edges. 

The  wall  was  standing  at  the  northern  end  to  a  height  of  9  feet  10 
inches,  but  at  the  southern  end  only  7  feet  1  inch  was  intact. 

A  Buried  Floor.  The  floor  plan  of  this  room  presented  a  length  of 
wall  at  the  north  side  of  the  rectangle  19  feet  11  inches  in  extent,  the 
east  wall  having  a  length  of  7  feet  5  inches,  and  the  west  wall,  10 
feet.  The  south  wall,  including  the  contour  of  the  rounding  part  was  21 
feet  9  inches. 

Diagonally  from  the  northeast  to  the  southwest  corner  the  distance 
was  22  feet  2  inches  and  the  distance  between  the  opposite  corner  proved 
to  be  22  feet  9  inches.  The  floor  in  the  western  part  of  the  room  was  torn 
out  and  under  it  was  found  another  well-plastered  floor.  At  the  western 
wall  the  second  floor  was  about  1  foot  2  inches  below  the  first  and  the 
eastern  end  of  this  lower  room,  where  the  wall  crossed,  7  inches  at  the 
southern  side  of  the  room.  This  lower  floor  rested  upon  a  rounding 
projection  of  the  main  wall  which  was  originally  about  1  foot  wider  than 
the  upper  wall  at  the  west  end,  but  being  rounding  in  form  a  piece  had 
been  added  to  square  the  surface,  making  it  protrude  from  the  main  wall 
about  1  foot  6  inches. 

This  jutting  wall  was  a  continuation  of  the  rounding  part  of  the 
south  wall  described  in  another  plan.  Instead  of  following  out  the 
contour,  the  upper  wall  was  squared.  This  bench  decreased  in  width  as 
it  neared  the  eastern  end  of  the  room  and  was  about  4  inches  wide  where 
it  joined  the  square  piece  of  masonry  that  extended  northward  from  the 
southern  wall  at  a  point  7  feet  7  inches  east  of  the  west  wall  and  extended 
to  within  1 1  inches  of  the  eastern  cross  wall.  This  projection  was  on  the 
same  level  as  the  bench  and  was  well  built  and  plastered.  It  was  2  feet 
1  inch  long  at  the  western  side  and  1  foot  10  inches  long  on  the  opposite 
side,  having  a  width  of  2  feet  83-4  inches. 

The  western  wall  crossed  at  the  lower  floor  level,  resting  simply  on 
the  hard  sand  that  filled  this  western  part  of  the  room.  The  northern 
wall  ran  to  a  point  about  4  feet  below  the  lower  floor  level  and  the  east, 
or  division  wall,  was  only  1  foot  thick,  the  top  being  on  a  level  with  the 
upper  floor. 


234         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  southern  wall  was  well  built  and  extended  to  a  depth  of  over 
6  feet.  The  western  wall  from  the  northern  edge  of  the  bench  to  the 
north  wall  was  8  feet  6  inches  long.  The  north  wall  was  10  feet  4  inches 
long;  the  east  wall,  7  feet  5  inches;  while  the  southern  wall  presented  a 
surface  11  feet  214,  inches  in  length. 

The  diagonal  lines  showed  a  distance  of  13  feet  6  inches  from  the 
northwest  to  the  southeast.  A  line  from  the  northwest  corner  to  the 
junction  of  the  square  of  masonry  at  its  west  side,  and  the  south  wall 
was  10  feet  7  inches  in  length. 

On  breaking  through  this  second  floor,  a  pocket  was  found  near  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  square  piece  of  masonry.  A  triangulation  from 
the  eastern  or  partition  wall,  placed  it  7  feet  9  inches  from  the  north- 
eastern corner  and  5  feet  from  the  southeastern  corner.  The  opening  of 
this  pocket  was  a  trifle  below  the  floor  level ;  the  pocket  itself  was  circular 
in  form.  It  was  about  10  inches  deep  and  1  foot  in  diameter  and  was 
filled  with  broken  pottery.  The  sides  were  not  plastered  and  from 
appearances  it  had  simply  been  scooped  out  of  the  hard  packed  sand,  and 
pottery  thrown  in.  As  further  work  brought  more  of  these  pockets  to 
light,  the  one  described  was  called  Pocket  1  (Fig.  100). 

Bosket-Covered  Pockets.  Pocket  2  was  found  a  little  to  the  northeast, 
of  the  first  one.  It  was  also  circular  in  form;  the  diameter  both  east  and 
west  and  north  and  south  was  3  feet;  the  triangulation  was  taken  from 
the  east  wall  and  proved  to  be  5  feet  2  inches  from  the  northeast  corner 
to  the  center  of  the  pocket,  and  6  feet  2  inches  from  the  southeast  corner 
to  the  same  point.  This  pocket  was  covered  with  a  large  basket,  but  the 
greater  part  of  it  had  decayed.  From  the  size  and  shape  of  this  basket, 
it  must  have  been  almost  a  counterpart  of  the  " Basket  Peoples"  large 
baskets  as  found  in  the  Grand  Gulch  region  in  Utah.  In  burying  the 
people  in  pockets  and  covering  them  with  the  large  baskets,  we  have  a 
custom  analogous  to  that  employed  in  this  case,  but  whereas,  the  pot- 
holes of  the  "Basket  People''  were  plastered,  these  were  simply  holes  in 
the  level  sand. 

Under  the  large  basket  at  the  southern  side  of  the  hole,  were  two 
smaller  baskets.  The  remaining  part  of  the  hole,  even  under  the  small 
baskets,  was  filled  with  broken  pottery.  This  pottery  may  have  been 
broken  after  being  placed  in  the  holes,  but  as  the  pieces  of  various  vessels 
were  widely  separated,  it  is  more  than  probable  that  the  bowls  and 
pitchers  were  broken  before  they  were  placed  in  the  pocket. 

Pocket  3  was  to  the  southwest  of  Pocket  2  and  joined  it  at  the  north- 
east edge.    This  pocket  was  circular,  the  north  and  south  and  east  and 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  235 

west  diameters  being  3  feet  2  inches.  The  triangulation  was  taken  from 
the  western  wall  to  the  center  of  the  pocket,  the  line  from  the  north 
corner  being  6  feet  10  inches  and  from  the  south,  6  feet  10  inches.  In 
this  pocket  there  were  only  two  pieces  of  pottery,  a  small  pitcher  at  the 
southern  side,  and  a  very  large  one.  Just  opposite  this  was  the  largest 
piece  of  its  kind  that  had  been  taken  from  the  ruin  up  to  the  time  of  its 
discovery;  it  measured,  when  restored,  1  foot  1%  inches  in  height  and 
11  inches  in  diameter.  The  triangulation  from  the  west  wall  to  the  center 
of  the  pocket  from  the  north  end  was  4  feet  6  inches,  and  from  the  south  end, 
or  corner,  9  feet  11  inches.  The  pottery  from  this  pocket  consisted  of  a 
broken  bowl  that  rested  against  the  southern  edge  of  the  opening. 

Pocket  5  was  partly  under  the  western  wall.  It  was  probably  cir- 
cular, but  only  one  measurement  could  be  taken  with  any  degree  of 
accuracy,  as  its  western  limit  was  not  readily  defined.  The  diameter 
from  north  to  south  was  3  feet  2  inches  and  the  distance  from  the  southern 
wall  to  its  center  was  5  feet  6  inches.  This  pocket  contained  the  remains 
of  a  large  basket  and  broken  pitchers  and  bowls.  At  its  western  rim.  it 
had  a  bowl  that  was  perfect,  save  for  a  crack  in  its  side. 

These  pot-holes  were  all  hollows  in  the  hard  sand  that  filled  the 
room,  below  the  floor  level.  The  sand  was  so  firmly  packed  that  the 
sides  of  the  holes  remained  intact,  even  though  no  plaster  had  been 
applied. 

The  upper  part  of  all  the  pockets  was  just  below  the  floor  level  and 
though  the  sides  were  carefully  rounded,  the  bottom  was  merely  an 
irregular  flat  surface.  The  average  depth  of  these  pockets  was  3  feet  9 
inches. 

The  space  between  the  upper  and  lower  floor  of  this  room  was  filled 
with  sand  and  large  stones,  it  was  therefore,  not  an  accumulation  of 
material,  but  had  been  filled  intentionally;  in  the  northwest  corner  of 
the  room,  10  inches  from  either  wall,  and  resting  on  the  lower  floor,  was 
the  bowl  of  a  pitcher,  but  no  other  material  worthy  of  mention  was 
found  on  this  floor. 

The  partition  wall  was  1  foot  3  inches  wide  and  a  little  over  1  foot 
deep,  and  ran  from  the  north  to  the  south  wall,  the  ends  simply  abutting 
on  the  side  walls.  This  wall  was  well  made  and  the  surfaces  were  very 
even. 

The  eastern  room,  or  that  part  east  of  the  wall,  was  9  feet  2  inches 
long  at  the  north  side  and  10  feet  3  inches  at  the  south,  the  ends  being  7 
feet  4  inches  at  the  eastern  part  and  7  feet  3  inches  long  at  the  western. 


236         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  diagonals  were  run  from  the  eastern  corner  to  the  western  junction 
of  the  cross  and  side  walls.  In  making  the  northeast  and  southwest 
measurements,  the  distance  proved  to  be  11  feet  6  inches,  the  opposite 
line  being  12  feet  10  inches  long. 

When  this  floor  was  taken  away,  a  mass  of  dirt  and  stones  was  en- 
countered, as  in  the  other  side.  These  were  thrown  out  and  a  second  floor 
encountered  about  1  foot  below  the  first.  This  second  floor  was  hard 
and  well  defined. 

About  1  foot  from  the  south  wall  and  built  against  the  partition 
wall  was  a  semicircular  piece  of  masonry,  the  radius  of  which  was  1  foot 
and  the  length  1  foot  3  inches.  It  was  well  plastered,  but  its  use  was  not 
apparent. 

This  second  floor  was  torn  up  and  under  it  four  pockets  were  found, 
three  along  the  partition  wall  and  one  in  the  northeast  corner;  they  were 
so  poorly  defined  that  no  measurements  could  be  taken.  They  seemed  to 
have  been  about  1%  inches  in  diameter,  but  the  sides  had  crumbled. 
Had  we  not  encountered  the  one  in  the  western  part  of  the  room,  these 
would  no  doubt  have  passed  unnoticed,  the  only  way  they  could  be 
detected  was  by  the  sand  that  was  so  much  softer  than  in  the  other  parts 
of  the  room.    Nothing  was  found  in  these  pot-holes. 

The  walls  of  this  part  of  the  room  were  well  plastered,  and  at  the 
eastern  end  of  the  lower  part  of  the  wall  flared  somewhat  toward  the  east. 

Room  63. 
Room  63  was  west  of  Room  53.  This  room  was  rectangular  in  form 
and  had  its  corners  plastered,  giving  them  a  rounded  appearance.  The 
west  wall  was  composed  of  thin  stones  and  there  were  no  doorways  or 
other  openings  in  it.  It  was  16  feet  1  inch  in  length;  the  ceiling  beams 
were  7  feet  7  inches  above  the  floor.  This  was  the  second  story;  the 
wall  of  the  third  story  was  standing  to  a  height  of  over  6  feet.  There 
was  a  doorway  in  the  upper  part  of  the  wall;  the  wall  itself  was  of  the 
old  type,  being  built  of  thin  slabs  of  sandstone.  The  plaster  that  had  at 
one  time  filled  the  spaces  between  the  slabs  had  entirely  disappeared, 
and  the  wall  presented  a  very  weak  appearance.  The  north  wall  was 
broken  and  did  not  reach  the  ceiling  level  at  any  part.  The  east  wall 
was  composed  of  upright  posts  and  stones,  the  surface  being  well 
plastered.  At  a  point  7  feet  1  inch  from  the  north  wall  was  a  rectangular 
doorway  1  foot  above  the  floor  and  with  poles  for  the  lintel.  The  south 
wall  was  also  covered  with  a  thick  layer  of  plaster  and  stood  to  a  height 
of  7  feet  5  inches.    This  room  was  directly  over  Room  56.    The  dimen- 


1920. 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


237 


sions  were  as  follows:  north  wall,  6  feet  2  inches;  south  wall,  5  feet  9 
inches;  east  wall,  16  feet  1  inch;  west  wall,  16  feet  1  inch.  No  specimens 
worthy  of  mention  were  found. 

Room  64. 
Room  64  was  southwest  of  Room  62.  This  room  is  of  irregular  shape 
and  will  be  described  in  detail  when  rooms  of  this  class  are  under  con- 
sideration. When  this  room  was  cleared  of  debris,  a  series  of  walls  was 
found  under  the  floor,  showing  that  this  part  of  the  building  had  been 
constructed  from  an  old  portion.  The  following  specimens  were  found 
in  the  debris:  at  the  south  end,  near  the  floor  level,  a  pottery  ladle, 
a  corrugated  jar,  and  a  broken  pottery  bowl;  in  other  parts  of  the  room, 
thirteen  hand  hammerstones,  three  sandstone  balls,  two  stone  slabs,  a 
stone  maul,  two  grooved  hammers,  a  grinding  stone,  two  stone  jar  covers, 
six  manos,  chalcedony,  obsidian,  and  other  stone  fragments,  a  piece 


Fig.  102  (5961).     Painted  Stone  Pestle,  Room  64. 

of  hematite,  a  piece  of  iron  ore,  and  a  stone  pestle.  The  pestle  is  cylin- 
drical and  painted  with  geometric  designs,  Fig.  102.  Among  the  bone 
specimens  were  seven  bone  awls,  a  worked  animal  rib,  a  bone  bead,  a 
bone  scraper,  a  number  of  animal  bones,  and  fragments  of  deer  and  antler. 
There  were  fragments  of  a  small  pottery  bowl,  a  worked  pottery  jar 
bottom,  a  pottery  bowl,  and  handles  of  vessels.  There  was  also  a  stick 
used  in  a  kicking  game,  an  arrow  point,  and  a  worked  piece  of  clay. 
In  the  lower  room,  that  is,  below  the  floor  level,  only  animal  bones  were 
found. 

Room  65. 
Room  65  was  one  of  a  series  of  rooms  formed  by  partitioning  a  pas- 
sage running  east  and  west,  the  side  walls  simply  abutting  against  the 
north  and  south  walls.    The  room  really  extends  northeast  and  south- 


238         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

west,  but  for  convenience  in  description,  the  northeast  wall  will  be  known 
as  north  and  the  other  walls  will  be  treated  in  a  relative  order. 

The  west  wall  was  simply  a  partition  between  Rooms  65  and  66.  It 
was  built  of  small  chunky  pieces  of  sandstone  and  a  sparse  sprinkling  of 
thin  slabs;  its  surface  had  been  covered  with  plaster  at  one  time,  but  at 
the  upper  southern  end  most  of  it  had  fallen.  That  which  remained  was 
blackened  by  fire;  this  was  particularly  noticeable  at  the  northern  end 
where  the  plaster  was  quite  thick. 

There  were  no  doorways  or  pockets  in  this  wall  and  its  ends  were  not 
built  into  the  other  walls,  being  as  before  mentioned,  built  up  to,  or 
against  them.    This  wall  was  a  little  over  1  foot  thick. 

The  north  wall  was  rather  peculiar,  both  from  its  irregular  shape, 
as  well  as  from  the  pockets  and  door  that  broke  the  surface  at  the  east 
and  west  ends.  Over  the  doorway  in  the  western  end,  this  wall  was  built 
of  large  stones,  but  in  the  other  parts  of  the  wall,  smaller  stones  were  in 
evidence.  Originally,  the  whole  surface  was  plastered,  as  shown  by  the 
blackened  patches  that  are  to  be  seen  in  various  parts. 

The  northeast  corner  of  the  room  is  filled  with  masonry  from  a  point 
above  the  ceiling  beams  to  the  top  of  the  closet.  The  surface  of  this 
masonry  was  3  feet  4  inches  in  width  and  commenced  at  a  point  6  feet  9 
inches  from  the  west  wall.  It  was  well  laid  and  had  a  finished  surface, 
selected  stones  having  been  used  in  its  construction;  it  too  had  been 
plastered.    It  ran  into  the  next  room. 

Doorways  and  Wall  Pockets.  There  was  a  doorway  in  the  western 
end  1 1  inches  above  the  floor.  Its  western  side  was  a  continuation  of  the 
general  north  wall,  and  was  on  a  line  with  the  west  wall  of  this  room,  as 
though  it  had  been  a  part  of  it.  In  fact  the  plaster  had  made  it  a  uniform 
surface,  but  on  clearing  part  of  this  room,  the  plaster  was  torn  off, 
bringing  to  light  a  point  that  proves  almost  conclusively  that  the 
western  wall  made  two  rooms  of  what  had  originally  been  only  one. 
When  the  pieces  of  plaster  fell  they  disclosed  a  rounded  corner  of  plaster, 
which,  on  close  inspection,  proved  to  extend  along  the  surface  of  this 
part  of  the  north  wall  toward  Room  66.  It  was  not  merely  a  mass  that 
might  have  been  forced  in  when  the  room  was  plastered,  but  as  far  as 
could  be  seen,  it  presented  a  smooth  blackened  surface.  This  plaster 
was  from  }A  inch  to  over  1  inch  in  thickness.  This  doorway  had  been 
plastered  on  both  sides,  although  the  stones  were  small  and  well  laid. 
It  was  4  feet  8  inches  high,  2  feet  4  inches  wide  at  the  top,  and  2  feet  2 
inches  in  width  at  the  bottom.  A.  pole  2  inches  in  diameter  ran  across 
the  top  about  3  inches  back  from  the  surface,  but  this  had  been  broken 
from  the  eastern  end  by  the  weight  above  it. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  2.39 

Directly  back  of  this  doorway  was  a  smaller  one  with  its  sill  on  the 
same  level  as  the  first.  It  was  2  feet  2  inches  high  and  1  foot  11  inches 
wide  and  had  two  small  poles  for  a  lintel.  The  space  above  the  lintel 
was  filled  with  well  laid  small  stones,  and  presented  an  even  surface. 
The  wall  that  narrowed  the  opening  slanted  toward  the  north;  at  the 
bottom  of  the  doorway  it  was  8  inches  from  the  general  surface  of  the 
north  wall;  at  the  lintel  level  of  the  second  doorway,  it  was  1  foot  5 
inches,  and  at  the  top  1  foot  7  inches.  The  entire  surface  of  this  opening 
had  been  covered  with  a  heavy  coat  of  plaster  and,  as  in  the  other  parts 
of  the  room,  the  surface  of  the  plaster  was  blackened. 

In  the  northeast  corner  was  a  sort  of  closet,  1  foot  7  inches  above  the 
floor  level;  the  east  side  of  this  pocket  was  2  feet  2  inches  high  and  was 
comparatively  perpendicular.  The  west  side  slanted  eastward  a  trifle 
and  presented  a  surface  2  feet  3  inches  high,  and  was  1  inch  longer  than 
the  perpendicular  from  the  same  point,  The  opening  at  the  bottom  was 
4  feet  9  inches  long  and  at  the  top,  4  feet  4  inches.  It  was  semicircular 
and  the  whole  surface  was  plastered;  at  the  upper  back  part  stones 
protruded  and  this  surface  was  also  covered  with  plaster  which  still 
adheres  to  it. 

The  radius,  measuring  to  the  outer  surface  of  the  room  wall,  was  2 

feet  10  inches.    Six  inches  above  the  front  wall  of  the  pocket  and  10 

inches  north  from  the  surface,  there  projects  from  the  west  side  of  the 

pocket  a  beam  2  feet  6  inches  long  and  4^  inches  in  diameter.    At  its 

eastern  end  it  is  partly  covered  with  plaster  and  its  end  almost  touches  a 

large  plaster-covered  stone  that  projects  from  the  wall.    Six  inches  back 

from  the  surface  of  the  general  wall,  there  projects  from  the  west  wall  of 

the  pocket,  a  stone  2  inches  thick  and  8  inches  long;  it  is  covered  with 

plaster  and  extends  into  the  pocket  5  inches;   this  helps  to  support  a 

beam  that  projects  from  the  wall  just  above  it  and  extends  to  another 

stone  that  projects  from  the  north  wall.    This  stone  is  only  1  inch  thick 

and  it  protrudes  5  inches  from  the  wall.    This  would  seemingly  make  a 

very  poor  support  but  that  is  evidently  its  purpose.    This  beam  was  2 

feet  2  imches  long  and  3  inches  in  diameter,  and  only  1  inch  of  its  end 

rested  upon  the  before-mentioned  stone.    This  beam  ran  parallel  with 

the  wall  forming  the  front  of  the  pocket,  while  the  other  one  was  parallel 

to  the  general  north  wall.    These  beams  showed  very  little  blackness, 

whereas  the  plaster  was  jet  black.    This  state  of  affairs  may  be  accounted 

for  by  the  nature  of  the  two  materials,  the  porous  nature  of  the  plaster 

affording  the  soot  a  better  resting  place,  and  allowing  it  to  get  a  more 

tenacious  hold  than  on  the  wood. 


Fig.  103.     Floor  Pockets  in  Room  65. 


240 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  241 

This  pocket  extended  below  the  general  floor  level  of  the  room  and 
was  2  feet  3  inches  deep.  This  wall,  the  north,  was  standing  to  a  height 
of  1 1  feet  6  inches  at  the  west  end  and  1 1  feet  at  the  east  end. 

The  peculiar  masonry  in  the  northeast  corner  was  rather  puzzling, 
for  it  seemed  to  extend  in  a  northeast  direction  into  the  next  room.  In 
its  lower  part  there  were  still  to  be  seen  the  outlines  of  a  doorway, 
although  some  of  the  wall  had  fallen  at  this  point.  There  were  two  cir- 
cular places  in  the  north  wall  where  ceiling  beams  had  protruded;  they 
were  about  8  inches  in  diameter  and  9  feet  above  the  floor. 

The  east  wall  was  well  plastered  on  its  lower  surface,  but  near  the 
top,  most  of  the  plaster  had  fallen.  This  wall  was  pierced  by  two  pockets 
and  one  closed  doorway;  it  was  12  feet  7  inches  long  at  the  top,  9  feet 
high  at  its  north  end,  and  7  feet  8  inches  in  height  at  the  south  end. 

The  pocket  near  the  northern  end  was  2  feet  8  inches  above  the  floor 
level;  a  triangulation  from  the  lower  corners  of  the  pocket  to  the  lower 
corners  of  the  wall,  gave  a  distance  of  8  feet  9  inches  on  the  south  side 
and  3  feet  5  inches  on  the  north.  It  was  1  foot  5  inches  long  at  the  bottom 
and  1  foot  7  inches  at  the  top,  the  right  side  being  1  foot  high  and  the 
left  11  inches.  The  lower  corners  were  rounded  with  plaster  and  the 
diagonals  were,  therefore,  less  than  if  these  had  been  square  corners. 
From  the  upper  north  corner  to  the  lower  south  corner  was  1  foot  7 
inches  and  from  the  other  corners  1  foot  9  inches.  The  greatest  depth 
was  10  inches,  but  stones  protruded  from  the  back  and  sides,  and  in 
some  places  the  depth  was  only  3  inches.  There  was  a  flat  stone  %  inch 
thick  that  extended  the  whole  length  of  the  pocket,  forming  its  bottom; 
the  sides  and  top  were  very  irregular,  but  were  plastered.  On  the  north 
side  are  marks  of  three  fingers  running  horizontally  in  the  plaster. 

There  is  a  doorway  that  has  been  closed  with  large  stones  and 
plastered  1  foot  3  inches  south  of  the  upper  corner  of  this  pocket  and  2 
feet  5  inches  above  the  floor.  It  is  2  feet  10  inches  high,  slightly  bottle- 
shaped,  the  bottom  being  6^  inches  wider  than  the  top,  and  the  sides 
tapering  quite  symmetrically.  Six  inches  above  the  bottom  of  this  door- 
way the  width  is  1  foot  10  inches;  14  inches  higher,  it  is  1  foot  Q}^  inches, 
and  at  the  top  it  is  1  foot  33^  inches  wide.  The  peculiar  part  about  this 
doorway  is  the  fact  that  it  is  not  closed  even  with  the  surface,  but  a 
space  averaging  514  inches  intervenes  between  the  stones  and  the 
general  wall  surface,  forming  a  bench  which  was  probably  used  as  a 
pocket.  The  whole  surface  was  covered  with  plaster  and  the  lower 
corners  were  rounded.  The  filled  part  was  not  even  and  large  stones 
projected  from  its  surface;  these  also  were  covered  with  the  blackened 
plaster. 


242         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Three  feet,  seven  inches  south  of  this  doorway  is  a  pocket.  Origin- 
ally, it  may  have  been  another  doorway,  but  if  so,  it  has  lost  its  identity 
by  being  plastered  over  a  well-laid  wall  that  fills  the  back  part.  It  is  very 
irregular  and  its  base  is  11  inches  above  the  floor;  its  north  side  slants 
outward  a  little  and  is  2  feet  7  inches  in  length;  the  opposite  side  also 
slants  outward  and  is  2  feet  9K  inches  long.  The  perpendiculars  measured 
from  the  same  lower  point  were  in  the  former  instance  1  foot  63^  inches 
and  in  the  latter,  1  foot  9  inches.  Its  greatest  depth  is  10  inches;  this 
maintains  along  the  greater  part  of  its  northern  side,  but  it  gets  narrower 
as  it  extends  toward  the  south  and  at  some  points  is  only  5  inches  deep. 
The  width  at  the  top  is  1  foot  8  inches  and  at  the  bottom  1  foot  4  inches. 
The  perpendicular  measurements  were  taken  from  a  flat  stone  that  ran 
across  the  corner;  this  stone  was  8  inches  wide,  1  foot  7  inches  long  and 
1}4  inches  thick,  and  extended  7  inches  from  the  corner.  This  pocket 
was  well  plastered  and  most  of  it  was  intact.  This  wall  extended  2  feet 
above  the  ceiling  beams  at  the  north  end,  making  it  11  feet  high  at  this 
point. 

The  south  wall  was  built  of  medium-sized  stones,  the  majority  of 
them  slabs.  They  were  well  laid,  giving  the  surface  a  very  even  appear- 
ance. This  wall  had  been  plastered,  but  the  only  portion  where  it  still 
remained,  were  the  central  and  lower  parts.  The  only  break  in  this  wall 
was  at  the  western  end  where  there  had  been  a  doorway;  this  space, 
however,  had  been  filled  with  stones  and  plaster  even  with  the  surface 
of  the  main  wall.  It  was  1  foot  6  inches  wide  at  the  top  and  1  foot  5 
inches  in  width  at  the  bottom,  and  3  feet  10  inches  in  length  from  the 
base  stone  to  the  lintel,  which  was  composed  of  poles.  Only  fragments  of 
the  poles  remained,  however.  The  side  of  this  doorway  had  been  plas- 
tered and  the  stones,  along  the  outer  edge,  were  well  laid  and  even.  The 
southern  part  of  the  western  wall  of  this  room  covers  up  part  of  this  door- 
way, but  the  western  side  is  fully  2  inches  west  of  the  wall  in  Boom  66. 
This  seemingly  verifies  the  statement  and  theories  deduced  from  the 
evidence  gained  from  the  plaster  in  the  northwest  corner  concerning  a 
long  use  of  this  part  of  the  building,  or  one  large  room,  ere  the  partition 
wall  was  erected.  This  doorway  was  3  feet  9  inches  above  the  floor;  the 
stones  below  it  had  been  loosened  and  some  of  them  had  fallen. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  this  wall,  a  stone,  mentioned  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  corner  pocket  of  the  east  wall,  is  embedded  in  the  plaster. 
This  wall  is  7  feet  8  inches  high  at  the  eastern  side  and  8  feet  in  height  at 
the  western  end,  and  save  for  the  place  below  the  closed  doorway,  is 
firm  and  solid. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  243 

Buried  Floor  and  Pockets.  The  floor  of  this  room  was  composed  of 
adobe.  There  were  two  breaks  in  the  surface,  both  on  the  west  side; 
one  was  a  fireplace  of  the  ordinary  circular  type.  A  triangulation  from 
the  eastern  corner  placed  it  10  feet  9  inches  from  the  southeast  corner 
and  8  feet  9  inches  from  the  northeast,  the  measurements  being  made  to 
the  center  of  the  fireplace.  The  other  opening  was  a  doorway  or  air 
passage  in  the  southwest  corner.  This  passage  was  in  the  floor  and  ran 
under  the  west  wall  into  Room  66,  it  was  directly  in  the  corner  and  was 
1  foot  6  inches  wide  and  the  same  in  length.  The  northeast  and  south- 
west diagonal  of  this  room  measured  14  feet  6  inches  and  the  opposite 
one,  northwest  and  southeast,  15  feet  4  inches. 

The  north  wall  was  6  feet  9  inches  in  length,  from  the  western  wall 
to  the  point  where  the  wall  pocket  commences,  and  from  this  point  to  the 
eastern  wall  3  feet  4  inches,  the  eastern  wall  was  12  feet  7  inches  long, 
the  southern,  8  feet  5  inches,  and  the  western  11  feet  7  inches  in  length. 
A  line  from  the  south  wall  to  the  point  in  the  north  wall  where  the  pocket 
begins,  was  13  feet  7  inches.  This  floor  was  torn  out  and  about  1  foot 
below  it  (10  inches)  another  floor  was  encountered.  This  floor  had  a 
large  complicated  fireplace  at  its  western  side  and  just  below  the  floor 
level  the  space  was  honeycombed  with  pockets.  In  the  northwest  part, 
or  corner,  of  the  floor  space  is  a  circular  pocket  that  measures  2  feet  2 
inches  one  way  and  2  feet  the  other,  and  is  1  foot  3  inches  deep,  it  is  2 
inches  south  of  the  north  wall  and  6  inches  east  of  the  west  wall.  Its 
sides  are  plastered  and  the  bottom  is  also  covered  with  a  thick  layer  of 
the  same  material. 

One  foot  five  inches  south  of  this  pocket,  the  north  wall  of  the  fireplace 
extended  in  an  east  and  west  direction.  The  back  part  of  this  fireplace 
was  composed  of  four  stones  standing  on  end;  the  two  toward  the  south 
rested  against  the  west  wall,  but  the  others  were  about  1  inch  away  from 
it.  The  wall  space  covered  by  these  stones  was  2  feet  6  inches  in  length. 
The  stone  nearest  the  south  wall  was  11 3^  inches  long,  3  inches  thick, 
and  7  inches  deep,  and  formed  the  back  part  of  a  box-like  place  that  was 
9  inches  long  at  the  western  end,  about  10  inches  long  at  the  eastern, 
and  about  1  foot  wide;  it  was  about  1  foot  deep,  the  bottom  being  of 
adobe.    The  sides  and  ends  were  of  stones  stood  on  end. 

Just  north  of  this  place  and  separated  from  it  by  a  large  stone  4^ 
inches  thick  and  6  inches  wide,  which  ran  to  the  bottom  of  the  pocket, 
was  another  pocket  or  portion  of  the  fireplace.  It  was  1  foot  5  inches 
long,  north  and  south,  and  1  foot  2  inches  wide  at  the  north  end;  the 
southeast  corner  was  rounded  by  laying  the  stones  in  a  semicircle.    Two 


244         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

large  stones  on  end  formed  the  back  part  of  this  place;  between  them  and 
the  southernmost  stone  of  the  four,  was  a  narrow  stone  that  formed  the 
end  of  the  diAdsion  wall.  The  north  wall  of  this  pocket  was  composed  of 
slabs  of  sandstone  about  1  inch  thick.    This  pocket  is  also  1  foot  deep. 

Just  east  of  the  eastern  walls  of  these  pockets  and  only  separated 
by  the  stones  forming  the  wall,  there  is  a  fireplace,  or  a  place  in  which  a 
fire  had  been,  judging  from  the  calcined  stones,  2  feet  3  inches  deep,  1 
foot  2  inches  wide,  and  with  an  irregular  surface  formed  of  stones  and 
adobe.  There  is  a  bench  above  and  to  the  east  of  this  fireplace  that  is  1 
foot  wide  and  1  foot  4  inches  deep.  This  end  of  the  rectangular  space, 
enclosed  by  stones  set  on  end,  is  semicircular  and  is  2  feet  2%  inches  east 
of  the  central  part  of  the  east  side  of  the  east  wall  of  the  two  small  divi- 
sions near  the  west  wall,  this  measurement  being  made  to  the  center  of 
the  circular  part. 

This  fireplace,  or  at  least  the  top  of  the  stones  surrounding  it,  was 
on  a  level  with  the  floor  and  the  interior  of  the  eastern  part  had  been 
plastered.  A  stone  wall  formed  the  eastern  side  of  the  deeper  place  or 
fireplace  and  extended  to  the  level  of  the  bench  at  its  eastern  side.  The 
length  of  the  northern  side  from  the  west  wall  to  the  turn  at  the  east  end 
was  3  feet  4  inches,  and  on  the  opposite  or  southern  side  3  feet  9  inches. 
From  the  western  wall  to  the  center  of  the  inner  section  of  the  circular 
part,  or  the  eastern  end  of  this  fireplace,  was  4  feet  1  inch. 

One  inch  south  of  this  place  and  2  inches  east  of  the  western  wall 
was  an  oval  pocket  2  feet  long  by  1  foot  5  inches  in  width;  it  was  6 
inches  deep  and  the  sides  and  bottom  had  been  plastered.  It  was  of  some- 
what irregular  egg  shape,  the  small  end  being  near  the  west  wall;  it 
slanted  toward  the  southeast  and  at  a  point  on  the  south  fireplace  wall 
1  foot  3  inches  east  of  the  west  wall;  its  southern  edge  was  1  foot  5 
inches  south  of  this  south  edge  of  the  fireplace  wall. 

About  3  inches  southeast  of  this  pocket  was  an  irregular  fireplace 
composed  of  seven  stones  stood  on  end.  It  was  irregular  in  form  and  the 
stones  may  have  been  displaced  a  little  in  measuring  this  portion  of  the 
floor,  but  as  they  stood,  there  were  five  in  place.  It  measured  1  foot  at 
the  eastern  end  and  9  inches  at  the  western,  the  southern  end  was  about 
1  foot  long  and  the  north  about  1  foot  1  inch.  These  are  inside  measure- 
ments and  show  the  general  size  of  what  appeared  to  be  a  fireplace,  but 
there  was  no  evidence  of  its  having  been  used.  The  stone  at  the  eastern 
side  was  2  inches  thick  and  7  inches  high,  the  others  averaging  about  4 
inches  in  height. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  245 

The  eastern  stone  of  this  fireplace  rested  on  the  edge  of  a  large  deep 
bin  that  was  in  the  shape  of  a  horseshoe.  At  this  point  it  was  1  foot  7 
inches  southeast  of  the  oval  pocket  near  the  fireplace.  This  pocket,  or 
pot-hole  was  3  feet  wide,  east  and  west,  and  3  feet  6  inches  long,  north 
and  south.  In  height  or  depth  it  was  3  inches;  the  stones  forming  its 
top  slanted  downward  a  little  at  the  north  end,  thereby  giving  it  the 
appearance  of  being  lower  at  this  point,  but  the  measurement  given  is 
about  the  average  depth.  At  the  north  end  the  hole  is  squared  with  a 
stone  wall.  The  north  face  of  this  wall  is  2  feet  1  inch  long  and  on  either 
side  8  inches  to  the  perpendicular  surface  of  the  circular  wall;  the 
circular  wall  is  only  1  foot  3  inches  high  at  this  point  and  from  it  to  the 
top  of  the  squared  part  is  1  foot  9  inches. 

This  pocket,  which  may  have  been  a  granary,  was  well  plastered, 
both  the  bottom  and  sides  having  a  layer  of  plaster  ^  inch  thick  over  the 
stones  that  formed  the  well-like  opening.  These  stones,  from  what  could 
be  seen,  were  well  laid  and  extended  to  the  bottom  of  the  hole.  As  the 
plaster  was  intact  on  most  of  the  surface  this  could  not  be  ascertained 
for  a  certainty.  The  bench  at  the  northern  end  was  plastered,  as  was 
also  the  square  surface  and  the  sides.  The  pocket  was  larger  at  the  top 
than  at  the  bottom;  the  measurements  were  taken  2  feet  above  the  floor 
level,  thereby  giving  average  dimensions. 

In  the  southwestern  corner  there  was  an  opening  or  passageway  that 
led  into  Room  66.  It  was  1  foot  10  inches  long,  north  and  south,  and  1 
foot  4  inches  wide,  east  and  west,  and  had  a  wooden  lintel  composed  of 
poles.  Its  south  and  west  sides  were  formed  by  the  walls  of  the  room, 
while  its  north  and  east  sides  were  walls  of  small  slabs  well  laid  and 
reaching  to  the  lower  floor  level.  This  opening  was  over  2  feet  deep  and 
the  doorway  leading  into  Room  66  was  1  foot  2  inches  wide.  In  the 
southeast  corner  there  was  an  oval  pocket  1  foot  4  inches  wide,  east  and 
west,  and  1  foot  10  inches  long.  It  was  1  foot  west  of  the  east  wall  and 
6  inches  north  of  the  south  wall.  Its  eastern  side  runs  parallel  with  the 
east  wall  and  in  its  lower  part  the  adobe  is  plastered  on  the  wall  itself. 

The  north  wall  of  this  pocket  is  straight  east  and  west  and  is  com- 
posed of  slabs  of  sandstone  1  inch  thick,  laid  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
present  a  very  even  surface.  At  the  northwest  corner,  this  wall  forms  a 
right  angle  with  the  west  wall  of  the  pocket.  From  the  east  wall  to  the 
point  where  the  west  wall  joins  it  this  wall  is  1  foot  2  inches  long,  but  it 
extends  beyond  this  point  6V4  inches. 

All  the  walls  are  composed  of  stone  and  are  plastered,  but  on  the  - 
north  wall  most  of  the  plaster  has  fallen.    This  pocket  was  1  foot  1  inch 
deep  at  the  north  end  and  11  inches  deep  at  the  south  end. 


246        Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.      [Vol.  XXVII, 

Three  feet  one  inch  north  of  the  face  of  the  north  wall  of  this  pocket, 
on  the  eastern  wall  line,  is  another  pocket,  that  was  originally  almost 
rectangular  in  shape  with  rounding  corners.  At  the  time  of  writing  the 
only  part  standing  was  that  against  the  east  wall  and  about  6  inches  on 
the  southeast  side.  This  was  composed  of  small  slabs  of  well-laid  sand- 
stone that  extended  to  the  lower  floor  level,  the  depth  at  the  eastern 
side  being  10  inches.  This  measurement  was  made  to  the  stones  that 
composed  the  bottom  of  the  pocket ;  there  are  two  of  them,  the  one  near- 
est the  south  wall  being  the  larger.  This  one  is  1  foot  2  inches  long,  9^ 
inches  wide,  and  14  inches  in  thickness;  the  other  is  1  foot  Y%  inch  long, 
8  inches  wide,  and  about  the  same  thickness  as  the  other. 

The  wall  on  the  southeast  side  covers  the  stone  nearly  1  inch,  so  in 
taking  the  measurements  north  and  south,  this  distance  was  allowed  for 
at  the  north  end;  on  the  west  end  the  measurement  was  to  the  edge  of 
the  stones.  The  southeast  side  of  this  pocket  was  1  foot  \XA  inches  long 
and  the  northwest  was  11  inches;  it  was  1  foot  3  inches  long  on  the  south- 
west side  and  1  foot  4  inches  in  length  on  the  northeast  side.  It  was  built 
against  the  east  wall,  as  its  southern  end  and  its  northernmost  point 
were  about  2  inches  from  the  wall.  Originally  its  sides  had  been  plas- 
tered. 

This  pocket  was  in  another  pocket  of  irregular  shape  and  with  sides 
of  large  stones.  The  sides  were  rough  but  had  been  plastered.  This 
pocket  measured,  from  the  northeast  to  the  southwest  end.  2  feet  11 
inches,  and  a  line  at  right  angles  to  this  one  from  the  point  where  the 
southeast  wall  of  the  small  pocket  ends  to  a  point  on  the  east  side,  1 
foot  5  inches,  from  the  point  in  the  southeast,  and  where  the  last  measure- 
ment was  made,  1  foot  7  inches.  The  northwest  corner  of  the 
smaller  stone  was  3  inches  from  the  side  of  this  pocket;  the  northeast 
end  of  the  same  stone  was  4  inches  from  the  edge  of  the  same.  This  pock- 
et was  only  7  inches  deep,  but  originally  it  probably  extended  to  the  floor 
level. 

Five  inches  north  of  this  pocket  on  the  eastern  wall  line,  was  a 
large  pocket  or  bin,  no  doubt  for  the  storing  of  grain.  This  bin  extended 
along  the  eastern  wall  4  feet  3  inches;  the  main  wall  of  the  building  or 
room  formed  its  eastern  side.  This  pocket  was  narrow  at  the  northern 
end  and  from  this  point  the  sides  flared  outward  as  they  ran  south  and 
met  a  semicircular  part  that  formed  the  southern  end. 

South  of  this  rounding  part  there  was  a  bench,  the  east  side  of  winch, 
from  the  junction  of  the  eastern  wall  and  the  south  curved  wall  to  its 
south  corner,  was  1  foot  4J/2  inches.    Its  length  at  the  south  end  was  3 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  247 

feet  1  inch  and  its  western  side  to  the  curve,  1  foot  Zl/2  inches.  Its 
central  part  from  the  center  of  the  southern  wall  to  the  center  of  the 
curved  wall,  was  1  foot.  The  diagonals  of  this  bench  were  northwest  and 
southeast,  3  feet  2^  inches  and  northeast  and  southwest,  3  feet  4  inches. 
The  height  at  the  eastern  corner  was  1  foot  5  inches;  at  the  western,  1 
foot  4  inches;  and  at  the  center,  1  foot  5  inches. 

The  eastern  wall,  from  the  north  corner  to  the  point  where  the  south- 
ern wall  begins,  is  2  feet  103^  inches  long.  From  the  junction  of  the  east 
and  south  walls  it  is  2  feet  11  inches;  the  west,  from  the  latter  point  to 
the  north  wall  was  3  feet  1}{  inches;  and  the  north  wall  was  1  foot  9  3^ 
inches  in  length.  The  length  of  the  bin,  from  the  center  of  the  north 
to  the  center  of  the  south  wall,  was  3  feet  4 3/2  inches.  A  line  at  right 
angles  to  this  one  from  the  center  of  the  side  walls  was  2  feet  6^  inches 
in  length. 

The  measurements  were  taken  6  inches  below  the  surface  of  the 
pocket  and  give  the  accurate  dimensions  at  this  point  only.  The  top  it- 
self is  a  little  larger  and  the  bottom  is  smaller,  and  as  in  almost  all 
aboriginal  work,  the  sides  are  somewhat  irregular. 

The  north  and  south  line  on  the  floor  is  3  feet  33^  inches  long,  the 
east  and  west  is  3  feet  5  inches;  and  the  width  2  feet  63^  inches,  which 
gives  an  approximate  idea  of  the  sides.  The  average  depth  of  this  bin  is 
2  feet  11  inches;  the  bench  at  the  southern  end  is  1  foot  6  inches  above 
the  floor  of  the  pocket  at  the  eastern  wall,  1  foot  3  inches  high  at  the 
center,  and  1  foot  4  inches  high  where  it  joins  the  west  wall. 

The  north  wall  of  the  bin  is  plastered  to  a  height  of  7  inches  above 
the  floor  level  of  the  bin;  above  this  and  to  the  top  of  the  bin,  the  wall  is 
rough  and  large  stones  protrude  from  the  surface.  The  floor  of  this  bin 
is  composed  of  flat  stones  over  which  a  layer  of  plaster  was  laid.  The 
sides  of  the  bench  as  well  as  the  circular  place,  were  well  plastered;  in 
fact,  the  whole  bin,  with  the  exception  of  the  upper  part  of  the  north 
end,  was  covered  with  a  thick  layer  of  plaster. 

The  side  ends  and  the  bench  were  composed  of  thin  slabs  of  sand- 
stone laid  with  great  care,  as  the  surface,  where  pieces  of  this  plaster 
had  fallen,  was  even  and  the  stones  closely  laid. 

The  specimens  in  this  room  were  scattered  through  the  debris,  most 
of  them,  however,  being  near  the  floor  level.  Among  the  objects  found 
were :  four  metates,  eight  manos,  nine  hand  hammerstones,  four  stone  jar 
covers,  fragments  of  others,  a  stone  slab,  an  arrow  point,  a  polishing 
stone,  a  piece  of  red  hematite,  an  iron  pyrite  nodule,  seven  pebbles, 


248         Anthropological  Payers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

fragments  of  stone  implements  and  cooking  stones,  fragments  of  chal- 
cedony, azurite,  and  malachite,  a  grooved  ax,  agate  nodule,  nine  bone 
awls,  a  bone  scraper,  fragments  of  deer  antler,  deer  teeth,  animal  bones, 
and  pieces  of  sheep  horn,  two  pottery  heads,  a  pottery  disk,  two  rough 
clay  dishes,  a  pottery  foot,  a  base  of  large  pottery  jar,  a  number  of  frag- 
ments of  pottery  vessels,  a  piece  of  painted  wood,  fragments  of 
shell,  and  a  number  of  fragments  of  sandal-shaped  stones. 

Room  66. 

Room  66  was  a  small  and  almost  square  room  west  of  Room  65. 
The  most  interesting  feature  of  this  room  was  the  eastern  wall;  it  con- 
tained a  series  of  pockets.  One  of  these  had  a  square  opening,  4  feet  4 
inches  from  the  north  wall  and  10  inches  above  the  floor  level.  There 
were  three  pockets  above  this  one,  but  these  were  irregular  in  shape. 
There  was  also  a  doorway  in  the  south  corner  of  this  wall,  the  lower  part 
being  9  inches  above  the  floor  level.  The  main  part  of  this  wall  stood  to  a 
height  of  9  feet.  Another  wall  of  much  better  construction  towered 
above  this  one  to  a  height  of  6  feet,  making  the  entire  height  of  the  two 
walls  15  feet. 

The  north  and  west  walls  contained  no  features  worthy  of  special 
mention.  There  was,  however,  a  fireplace,  which  was  3  feet  6  inches  from 
the  south  wall  and  3  feet  10  inches  from  the  east  wall.  It  was  a  shallow 
depression  of  rectangular  shape,  the  dimensions  being  1  foot  9  inches 
by  2  feet. 

After  removing  the  floor,  a  wall  was  found  extending  from  the  south- 
east corner  toward  the  center  of  the  room.  It  was  1  foot  in  width  and  1 
foot  2  inches  deep.  Another  wall  had  crossed  this  at  right  angles.  These 
walls  were  evidently  a  part  of  the  old  building,  which  had  been  destroyed, 
or  at  least  had  passed  into  disuse  before  the  present  rooms  were  built. 

The  measurements  of  this  room  taken  at  the  floor  level  were: 
north  wall,  11  feet  1  inch;  south  wall,  9  feet  9  inches;  east  wall,  9  feet 
4  inches;  west  wall,  9  feet  9  inches. 

The  following  specimens  were  on  or  above  the  floor  level;  one  me- 
tate,  eight  manos,  six  hammerstones,  four  stone  jar  covers,  a  worked  piece 
of  sandstone,  nine  arrow  points,  two  stone  slabs,  chalcedony  scraper, 
fragments  of  stone  implements,  fragments  of  chalcedony,  obsidian,  and 
gypsum,  six  bird  bones  that  showed  cutting,  six  bone  awls,  a  bone  skin 
dresser,  a  split  animal  bone,  animal  jaws  and  several  bones,  a  painted 
stick,  a  piece  of  pottery  worked  into  the  shape  of  a  moccasin,  pottery 
fragments  worked  into  various  shapes,  and  potsherds. 


Fig.  105.     Hole  in  End  of  Kiva  Post,  Room  67,  containing  Turquoise  Beads. 


250 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  251 

Room  67. 

Kiva.  Room  67  is  an  estufa  under  the  western  court.  The  estufas 
of  Bonito  are  characterized  by  a  circular  wall  forming  a  room,  the  roof 
of  which  is  usually  below  the  general  level  of  the  surrounding  rooms. 
At  the  base  of  this  wall  there  is  a  bench  of  solid  masonry  from  two  to 
four  feet  high  that  projects  from  two  to  three  feet  into  the  room.  On 
this  bench  there  are  invariably  a  series  of  low  pillars  or  blocks  of  masonry, 
six  of  which  have  been  found  in  each  estufa  in  this  pueblo,  and  as  far  as 
I  am  aware  this  number  obtains  throughout  the  cliff-dwellings.  But  in 
the  cliff-houses  the  estufa  bench  and  pillars  are  much  higher  than  in 
Pueblo  Bonito  and  the  pillars  are  so  close  together  that  Baron  Norden- 
skiold  in  describing  them  says:  "The  upper  portion"  of  the  estufa  wall 
"is  divided  by  six  deep  niches  into  the  same  number  of  pillars."  In 
Bonito  they  are  simply  details  of  the  masonry,  being  verjr  low  and 
separated  by  intervals  of  nearly  ten  feet. 

Ceremonial  Deposit.  The  estufa  in  Pueblo  Bonito,  where  the  cere- 
monial deposits  were  found,  is  situated  in  the  western  court.  When  the 
work  of  excavation  was  begun  the  surface  was  apparently  level  and  there 
was  no  evidence  of  walls  until  a  depth  of  2  feet  was  reached.  Then  a 
mass  of  masonry  was  encountered  which  proved  to  be  a  circular  wall 
composed  of  faced  blocks  of  sandstone  laid  with  thin  layers  of  adobe 
enclosing  a  room  251/o  feet  in  diameter.  This  room  was  filled  with  ref- 
use material  and  had  apparently  been  abandoned  and  used  as  a  dump- 
ing-ground. When  all  the  debris  had  been  removed  and  the  floor  level 
reached,  15  feet  below  the  surface,  it  was  found  to  be  composed  of  adobe, 
perfectly  smooth  and  level  except  in  the  center  where  the  fireplace  was 
situated.  In  the  angle  between  the  floor  and  the  wall  and  extending 
entirely  around  the  room,  lay  the  usual  bench;  in  this  case  2  feet  2 
inches  wide  by  2  feet  high.  Built  up  across  this  bench  to  a  height  of  1 
foot  and  placed  at  regular  intervals  around  it,  were  six  oblong  masonry 
blocks  or  pillars.  On  the  western  side,  just  before  reaching  the  pillar 
level,  a  hollow  clay  cylinder  was  found  6  inches  in  diameter,  with  the 
top  broken  in  and  with  the  ends  resting  on  two  of  the  pillars.  On  the 
bottom  of  this  cylinder  and  clinging  to  the  inner  face  were  fibers  and 
strips  of  bark  which  showed  that  a  log  once  occupied  this  position. 
From  its  position  we  naturally  conclude  that  this  was  one  of  the  roof 
beams,  and  on  turning  to  the  cliff-houses,  where  such  beams  are  better 
preserved,  we  find,  in  the  estufas  similarly  placed  beams  supporting  a 
roof.  Hence,  we  may  assume  that  the  roof  of  this  estufa  was  built  in  a 
manner  similar  to  one  found  in  the  "Square  Tower  House"  of  the  Mesa 
Verde  region  and  described  by  Baron  Nordenskiold  as  follows: — 


252         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Two  estufas,  the  roofs  of  which  are  partly  preserved,  are  of  interest,  for, 
to  the  best  of  my  knowledge,  this  is  the  only  cliff-dwelling  where  these  cliff 
rooms  retain  their  roofs.  *  *  *  The  roof  rests  on  six  stone  pillars  between  the 
niches,  and  was  built  in  two  parts,  the  lower  consisting  of  five  courses  of  poles 
laid  horizontally  in  a  circle,  and  thus  increasing  the  height  of  the  estufa  by  some 
feet.     These  poles  supported  a  flat  roof  of  beams.1 

This  description  would  probably  apply,  in  a  general  way,  to  the 
roof  of  the  estufa,  in  which  the  remains  of  the  log  were  found.  It  is 
practically  certain  that  the  lower  part  of  the  structure  was  the  same, 
but  the  beams  probably  extended  to  a  higher  point  than  in  the  one  in 
the  "Square  Tower  House,"  in  order  to  allow  sufficient  room  to  stand 
upright.  The  sloping  exterior  was  probably  covered  with  matting  or 
brush  (charred  fragments  of  both  of  which  were  found)  ere  the  roof  was 
covered  with  earth.  It  is  evident  that  a  layer  of  earth  must  have  covered 
a  part  of  the  roof,  for  below  the  refuse  material  there  was  a  stratum 
that  contained  pieces  of  burnt  roof  beams  that  had  been  converted  into 
charcoal. 

Directly  under  the  mould  of  the  log  before  mentioned,  was  a  thin 
layer  of  adobe,  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  roof  supports.  The  support 
of  the  southern  end  of  the  log  at  the  left  of  Fig.  105  was  barely  covered, 
and  the  adobe  had  cracked  in  places  revealing  a  log  beneath  embedded 
in  the  masonry.  When  the  adobe  was  removed  a  circular  piece  of  the 
same  material  about  2  inches  in  diameter  was  found  resting  on  the  log, 
as  shown  in  the  above  illustration.  It  was  a  plug  that  covered  a  deposit 
of  turquoise  and  shell  beads,  pieces  of  crude  shell,  and  turquoise  matrix. 
These  were  taken  up  and  their  resting-place  proved  to  be  a  well-rounded 
cavity.  Before  the  earth  from  over  and  around  this  support  was  removed, 
the  one  at  the  north  end  of  the  log  was  examined.  A  similar  deposit 
was  found,  but  there  was  no  special  cover  for  this  one  nor  was  the 
cavity  in  the  wood  carefully  worked — its  form  being  elongated  and  in 
appearance  more  like  a  natural  depression  caused  by  dry  rot.  After 
these  deposits  had  been  taken  up  the  supports  were  uncovered  and  the 
logs  enclosed  in  them  removed.  (The  supports  were  simply  rectangular 
blocks  of  sandstone  laid  in  adobe,  about  a  log  which  extended  from  the 
edge  of  the  bench  to  a  point  several  feet  under  the  main  estufa  wall). 

The  log  from  the  first  support  examined  was  taken  out  and  is  now  in 
the  Museum.  There  were  six  of  these  beam  rests  or  supports  on  the 
bench  of  the  estufa,  over  which  the  ceiling  beams  crossed,  each  contain- 
ing a  log  which  held  an  offering;   but  the  one  at  the  south  end  of  the 

Wordenskiold,  G.     The  Cliff  Dwellers  of  the  Mesa  Verda,  Soutfnvestern  Colorado,  their  Pottery  and 
Implements.    Translated  by  D.  Lloyd  Morgan  (Stockholm,  1893),  57. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  253 

mould  of  the  ceiling  beam,  was  the  most  carefully  prepared  and  con- 
tained the  greatest  amount  of  material.  Practically  the  same  conditions 
were  presented  in  Room  16  (p.  84),  but  the  manner  of  deposition  may 
have  differed. 

Deposits  of  materials  of  this  nature  are  generally  considered  to  be 
sacrificial.  Since  these  were  found  at  a  critical  point  in  the  structure  of 
the  room,  where  they  literally  supported  the  entire  roof,  that  is,  exactly 
under  the  six  points  where  the  lowest  roof  beams  rested,  we  may  infer 
that  they  indicate  some  ceremonial  connected  with  the  construction 
of  the  estufa. 

No  definite  conclusions  concerning  the  prevalence  of  similar  sacri- 
fices, can  be  drawn  from  such  meager  evidence,  but  the  discoveries  in 
the  two  estufas  suffice  to  show  that  a  certain  form  of  sacrificial  offering 
was,  at  one  time,  in  vogue  in  this  pueblo.  Whether  in  the  other  estufas  of 
Bonito  there  is  an  absence  of  such  deposits  or  a  variation  in  the  place  or 
manner  of  depositing  the  material  will  remain  an  open  question  until 
more  data  have  been  obtained.  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes,  of  the  Bureau  of 
Ethnology,  in  commenting  on  this  discovery,  stated  that  he  had  the 
good  fortune  to  observe  the  dedication  of  a  house  in  one  of  the  Hopi 
villages  in  northern  Arizona.  He  said  that  in  constructing  the  house,  a 
small  opening  was  left  in  the  outer  surface  of  the  front  wall,  at  the  left 
of  the  doorway,  and  about  5  feet  from  the  ground.  When  the  day  for 
the  ceremonies  arrived  a  feast  was  prepared,  but  before  anyone  partook 
of  the  food,  a  small  portion  of  each  kind  was  placed  in  the  opening;  then 
shell  fragments  and  beads  were  added  to  the  offering,  after  which  the 
place  was  carefully  covered  with  adobe  and  plastered  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  other  parts  of  the  wall.  He  said  that  a  similar  ceremony  takes 
place  in  the  dedication  of  each  new  house,  and  possibly  a  more  elaborate 
one  when  the  kivas  are  built. 

Deposits  of  the  kind  here  described  have  never  been  reported  from 
the  Pueblo  ruins  and  these  are  probably  the  first  to  be  discovered. 

The  following  specimens  were  found  in  this  room.  These  specimens, 
unless  otherwise  stated,  were  found  in  the  debris  with  which  the  estufa 
had  been  filled;  twenty  hand  hammerstones,  four  stone  jar  covers,  a 
sandstone  grinder,  three  sandstone  balls,  a  stone  knife,  four  worked 
stones,  several  natural  pebbles,  which  had  evidently  been  used  in  pottery 
making,  a  flint  knife  and  points  of  two  others,  red  hematite,  obsidian 
flakes,  chalcedony  cores  and  flakes,  fragments  of  iron  ore  and  red  paint, 
thirty-one  bone  awls,  six  bone  beads,  six  bone  scrapers,  a  number  of 
animal  bones,  three  pottery  disks,  three  pieces  of  pottery  in  animal  form, 


254         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

a  pottery  foot,  a  small  pottery  ladle,  stone  and  pottery  pieces,  contain- 
ing paint,  several  balls  of  sun-baked  clay,  a  broken  dish,  a  bowl  with  an 
animal  form  painted  in  the  bottom,  two  pottery  feet,  a  piece  of  pottery 
in  the  form  of  a  bird,  a  pottery  jar  cover,  small  pottery  pestle,  fragments 
of  an  incense  burner,  numerous  potsherds,  a  few  small  arrow  points, 
fragments  of  malachite,  shell,  and  turquoise,  a  number  of  animal  skulls, 
fragments  of  human  pottery  faces,  four  clay  cylinders,  and  a  number  of 
other  fragmentary  pieces. 

Room  68. 

Room  68  was  southwest  of  Room  20  and  directly  west  of  and 

adjoining  Estufa  75.    This  room  was  one  of  the  series  running  east  and 

west,  forming  the  fifth  series  from  the  north  wall.    When  the  debris  had 

been  removed  a  fireplace  was  found  near  the  central  part.    It  measured 

2  feet  9  inches  by  2  feet  1 1  inches  high  and  at  its  southwest  corner  there 
was  a  circular  place,  about  1  foot  in  diameter,  that  was  connected  with 
the  fireplace  by  a  small  opening.  This  part  was  1  foot  deep  and  was  made 
of  stones  and  well  plastered.    Around  its  edge  there  was  a  wall  averaging 

3  inches  in  height  and  at  the  point  where  it  joined  the  fireplace  proper, 
there  had  been  a  stone.  The  fireplace  had  been  walled  with  stones  and 
plaster,  the  depth  being  the  same  as  that  of  the  adjoining  depression 
just  described. 

In  the  northeast  corner  of  the  room,  at  the  floor  level,  there  was  a 
pocket.  A  wall  6  inches  high  had  been  built  across  the  corner,  its  length 
being  2  feet  3  inches  and  an  opening  had  been  made  in  the  corner  forming 
a  pocket  which  measured  1  foot  3  inches  in  depth.  This  pocket  extended 
below  the  floor  level  and  had  a  rounded  top.    It  was  well  plastered. 

The  south  wall  was  roughly  built  and  was  composed  of  medium- 
sized  stones  and  pierced  by  two  doorways.  There  was  a  doorway  3  feet 
10  inches  west  of  the  east  wall.  Its  sill  was  on  the  floor  level;  its  height 
and  width  were  the  same,  1  foot  8  inches.  It  was  of  the  ordinary  rect- 
angular type,  as  were  all  of  the  doorways  in  this  wall.  Two  feet  four  inches 
west  of  this  opening  there  was  another  doorway  somewhat  irregular  in 
shape.  There  were  no  doorways  in  the  west  wall,  but  there  were  two  of 
the  usual  shape  in  the  north  wall.  There  was  a  pocket  in  this  wall,  as 
well  as  in  the  eastern  wall. 

About  a  foot  below  the  general  floor  level  a  number  of  walls  were 
uncovered.  When  the  earth  was  cleared  from  above  them,  it  was  seen 
that  they  formed  the  enclosing  walls  of  a  series  of  angular  bins,  but 
were  in  reality  the  continuations  of  walls  which  extended  under  the  rooms 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  255 

adjoining  this  one,  and  had  once  formed  a  part  of  an  old  series  of  rooms. 
One  of  these  walls  was  3  feet  3  inches  in  width  and  extended  northward 
from  the  south  wall.  Upon  this  the  fireplace  of  the  above-mentioned 
floor  was  situated.  The  average  depth  of  these  walls  below  the  floor 
level  was  6  feet.  The  measurements  of  this  room  were  as  follows:  north 
wall,  14  feet;  south  wall,  13  feet  8  inches;  east,  14  feet  2  inches;  west, 
11  feet  10  inches.  The  following  specimens,  unless  otherwise  stated, 
were  found  in  the  debris  from  the  main  part  of  the  room:  two  metates, 
thirty-nine  manos,  five  hand  hammerstones,  a  polishing  stone,  a  grooved 
stone  hammer,  three  stone  slabs,  a  stone  pestle,  a  stone  jar  cover,  a 
grooved  stone  ax,  a  stone  mortar,  fragments  of  jasper,  azurite,  mica, 
petrified  wood,  turquoise  beads,  fragments  of  clay  pipes  and  pebbles, 
fragments  of  a  wooden  distaff,  and  a  clay  ball.  There  were  also  a  number 
of  potsherds  and  animal  bones.  In  one  of  the  bins  formed  by  the  angular 
walls,  below  the  floor  of  this  room,  there  were  twenty-four  hand  hammer- 
stones. 

Room  68a.  Room  68a  was  directly  west  of  Room  68.  It  was  a 
narrow  passage-like  room  with  unplastered  walls.  At  the  south  end 
and  1  foot  below  the  level  of  the  broken  south  wall,  was  a  wall  of  solid 
masonry  that  extended  northward  from  the  south  wall,  a  distance  of 
about  3  feet  on  the  eastern  side  and  2  feet  10  inches  on  the  western. 
The  north  end  was  3  feet  7  inches  wide.  This  wall  or  body  of  masonry 
was  composed  of  medium-sized  stones  carefully  laid.  Its  top  was  even 
with  the  floor  level  and  was  over  2  feet  thick.  Just  north  of  this  mass  of 
masonry  was  an  open  space  that  extended  1  foot  10  inches  below  the 
floor  level.  This  space  was  floored  and  was  4  feet  1  inch  long  on  the 
western  side  and  4  feet  8  inches  in  length  on  the  east.  Its  northern 
limit  was  defined  by  a  mass  of  masonry  similar  to  the  one  in  the  south 
end.  Unlike  the  southern  part,  this  mass  was  composed  of  two  walls, 
but  owing  to  the  fact  that  their  surfaces  touched,  the  general  appearance 
was  the  same.  These  walls  were  composed  of  stones  which  were  laid 
with  the  same  care  as  those  in  the  southern  mass  of  masonry  and  ex- 
tended to  about  the  same  depth.  The  central  or  open  part  of  the  room 
may  have  been  plastered  originally,  but  there  was  no  plaster  in  evidence 
on  the  walls  when  the  debris  was  cleared.  There  was  a  closed  doorway 
of  the  rectangular  type  in  the  center  of  the  north  wall,  but  the  other 
walls  presented  an  unbroken  surface.  This  room  measured  over  3  feet 
2  inches  in  width  on  the  south  and  the  same  at  the  north  end.  The 
west  wall  was  11  feet  4  inches  long  and  the  east  11  feet  7  inches  long. 
Nothing  of  interest  was  found  in  this  room. 


256         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXV II, 

Room  69. 

Room  69  was  directly  west  of  Room  68a.  Its  longer  axis,  unlike 
that  of  the  room  just  described,  was  east  and  west.  There  was  nothing 
of  special  interest  noted  in  this  room  until  the  floor  was  removed.  There 
was  a  doorway  in  the  north  wall  and  another  in  the  south  wall.  There 
were  two  cupboards  in  the  northeastern  corner,  one  in  the  north  wall, 
the  other  in  the  east  wall.  The  room  measured  as  follows:  north  wall, 
18  feet;  south  wall,  18  feet  7  inches;  east  wall,  10  feet  6  inches;  west 
wall,  9  feet  10  inches.  After  the  floor  was  removed  a  rather  intricate 
series  of  walls  was  found.  There  was  a  fireplace  in  the  western  end  below 
the  floor  level  and  a  U-shaped  bin  near  the  central  part.  The  following 
specimens  were  found  in  the  room:  fragments  of  stone  jar  covers,  seven 
turkey  bones  with  ends  cut,  fragments  of  azurite,  malachite,  potsherds, 
and  a  worked  fragment  of  a  small  olla  in  the  bin  under  the  floor. 


Room  70. 

Room  70  is  northwest  of  and  next  to  Room  62.  This  room  is  irre- 
gularly shaped  and  rather  peculiar  in  its  construction.  In  reconstruct- 
ing this  part  of  the  pueblo,  several  walls  had  to  be  built  in  some  places 
and  in  others  various  methods  had  to  be  adopted  to  adjust  the  old  walls 
to  the  new  conditions.  One  particularly  interesting  feature  of  this 
room  was  the  northeast  wall  which  is  supported  on  poles.  Directly 
below  it  is  a. doorway  of  the  rectangular  type.  There  was  a  peculiar 
bevel  to  the  front  of  this  doorway,  the  inner  part  having  been  built  in 
such  a  way  as  to  allow  a  stone  door  to  be  built  against  it  in  a  slanting 
position.  The  lower  end,  that  is,  the  first  floor,  had  been  built  in  by  the 
old  people.  There  was  a  good  old  south  and  west  wall,  but  the  east 
wall  had  been  built  on  a  mass  of  roughly  laid  stones.  There  was  a  door- 
wa3r  of  the  rectangular  type  in  the  north  wall.  The  measurements  of 
this  room  are  as  follows:  north  wall,  2  feet  10  inches;  south  wall,  14 
feet  10  inches;  east  wall,  7  feet  10  inches;  west  wall,  9  feet  10  inches. 
The  following  specimens  were  found  in  the  debris:  six  hand  hammer- 
stones,  two  stone  slabs,  two  stone  jar  covers,  a  smoothing  stone,  a  frag- 
ment of  a  stone  celt,  a  bone  implement,  pieces  of  charred  cord,  four  large 
game  sticks,  a  stick  used  in  the  kicking  game,  a  ceremonial  stick,  a  wood- 
en knife,  worked  pieces  of  potteiy,  potsherds,  and  animals  bones. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  257 

Room  71. 

Room  71  was  just  west  of  Room  69.  The  masonry  was  similar  to 
that  noted  in  the  description  of  Room  69.  There  was  a  doorway  of  the 
usual  type  in  the  north  wall  and  another  in  the  west  wall,  the  latter 
being  filled  with  large  stones.  There  was  a  pocket  built  in  the  south 
wall  in  such  a  way  that  the  east  wall  formed  its  eastern  side.  About  6 
inches  below  the  general  floor  level  was  a  fireplace.  It  was  2  feet  7 
inches  in  diameter  and  built  of  small  sandstone  slabs.  Extending  from 
the  fireplace  to  the  wall  in  the  southeast  corner  was  a  passagewaj'  which 
was  1  foot  2  inches  wide  at  the  point  nearest  the  fireplace.  It  was  built 
of  stones,  had  been  plastered  and  may  have  been  used  as  an  airshaft 
either  for  the  ventilation  of  the  room  or  as  an  outlet  for  smoke.  The 
measurements  of  the  room  at  the  floor  level  were  as  follows:  north  wall, 
18  feet  8  inches;  south  wall,  15  feet  11  inches;  east  wall,  8  feet  4  inches; 
west  wall,  10  feet  2  inches.  The  following  specimens  were  found  in  the 
room,  most  of  which  were  on  or  near  the  floor;  two  metates,  twenty 
manos,  five  stone  slabs,  twenty-three  hammerstones,  a  grooved  stone 
hammer,  a  grinding  stone,  a  polishing  stone,  a  stone  jar  cover,  part  of  a 
jasper  knife,  other  stones  and  fragments,  a  rectangular  pottery  dish, 
a  fragment  of  pottery  containing  paint,  a  rough  pottery  animal  form, 
and  numerous  potsherds.  Two  parrot  skeletons  were  found  in  the  south- 
east corner  at  the  floor  level.  Other  objects  found  in  the  general  debris 
were  a  bone  awl,  a  piece  of  wood  painted  blue,  and  animal  bones. 


Room  72. 

Room  72  was  south  of  Room  20.  This  room  was  somewhat  irregular 
in  shape.  The  north  end  was  rectangular,  but  the  southeast  end  was 
semicircular  in  form.  In  the  eastern  wall  were  five  pockets.  Aside  from 
this  there  was  nothing  of  special  interest  in  the  construction  of  the  walls. 
Before  the  floor  level  was  reached  a  mass  of  metates  was  found.  These 
were  placed  on  edge  as  though  they  had  been  stored  in  this  room.  Some 
were  finished  and  had  been  used.  Others  were  in  course  of  construction, 
while  some  had  merely  been  roughed  into  shape  from  sandstone  slabs. 
The  measurements  of  this  room  at  the  floor  level  were:  north  wall,  5 
feet  3  inches;  south  wall,  2  feet  8  inches;  east  wall,  10  feet  3  inches;  west 
wall,  20  feet  7  inches.  The  curve  of  the  wall  in  the  southeast  corner  is 
12  feet  2  inches  in  length. 

After  the  floor  of  this  room  had  been  removed  a  series  of  walls  was 
found  beneath  it. 


258         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

There  were  twenty  metates  found  in  the  deposit  on  the  floor.  With 
them  were  twelve  manos,  four  hand  hammerstones,  two  stone  jar  covers, 
a  rectangular  and  a  circular  stone  slab,  fragments  of  stone  slabs,  chal- 
cedony flakes,  turquoise  beads,  fossil  shells,  seven  bone  awls,  a  bone 
scraper,  an  implement  made  of  horn,  animal  bones,  a  shell  bracelet,  a 
pottery  pitcher,  and  a  number  of  potsherds.  Nothing  of  interest  was 
found  below  the  floor  level. 

Room  73. 

Room  73  was  in  the  southeast  part  of  the  building.  It  was  east  of 
Room  24.  The  upper  part  was  rectangular  in  form,  but  had  a  jog  at  the 
northwest  corner.  In  the  upper  central  part  of  the  east  wall,  was  a 
closed  doorway  with  a  wooden  lintel.  Inside  of  this,  with  the  south  wall 
of  the  first  doorway  for  one  side  was  a  small  one  also  with  a  wooden 
lintel,  and  in  the  center  of  this,  the  second  one,  there  was  a  small  opening 
6  by  12  inches,  with  a  stone  sill  and  a  wooden  lintel. 

In  the  southeastern  part  of  this  room,  placed  directly  in  the  corner, 
was  a  doorway  with  a  wooden  lintel.  There  was  another  doorway  of 
the  rectangular  type  in  the  central  part  of  the  south  wall.  A  small  open- 
ing in  the  upper  west  corner  of  the  south  wall  had  small  poles  for  a  lintel. 

The  lower  floor  had  been  divided  into  four  rooms,  the  walls  of  which 
had  been  plastered,  but  presented  perhaps  the  best  masonry  that  was 
found  in  this  part  of  the  ruin.  There  were  stones  projecting  from  the 
facings  of  the  walls  of  this  lower  room.  These  may  have  been  used  as 
stepping  stones  in  going  from  the  lower  to  the  upper  floor.  The  jog  in 
the  northwest  corner  extended  only  to  the  floor  level  of  the  upper  room. 
The  measurements  of  this  room  were  as  follows:  north  wall,  15  feet  11 
inches;  south  wall,  18  feet;  east  wall,  13  feet  6  inches;  west  wall,  9 
feet  3  inches  to  the  beginning  of  the  jog.  This  extended  2  feet  east  and 
then  3  feet  2  inches  north,  making  the  west  wall  in  all  12  feet  5  inches  in 
length.  Only  a  portion  of  the  lower  part  of  the  room  was  worked.  The 
following  specimens  were  found:  one  mano,  one  hammerstone,  a  stone 
arrow  smoother,  pieces  of  azurite  and  malachite,  an  arrow  point,  wooden 
foreshaft,  two  bone  awls,  bone  implement,  potsherds,  and  animal  bones. 

Room  74. 

Room  74  is  a  small  angular  room,  which  formed  the  southwest 

corner  of  Estufa  75.    This  room  is  similar  to  Rooms  79  and  81,  both  of 

which  are  on  the  northern  part  of  the  estufa.    The  following  specimens 

were  found  in  Room  74:  three  bone  awls,  fragments  of  a  shell  bracelet, 


Fig.  107.     Part  of  Room  76. 


260 


262         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

fragments  of  a  ceremonial  stick,  a-  circular  potsherd,  the  knob  of  a  pottery- 
jar  cover,  a  few  small  arrow  points,  also  potsherds  and  animal  bones. 

Room  75. 
Room  75  is  of  circular  form,  and  lies  between  Rooms  68  and  72. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  this  room  was  a  typical  estufa,  no  description  of  it 
will  be  given  (Fig.  106).  The  following  specimens  were  found  in  this 
room :  six  hand  hammerstones,  a  smoothing  stone,  two  stone  slabs,  stone 
jar  cover,  ten  bone  awls,  a  bird  bone  showing  cutting,  a  bone  implement, 
turquoise  beads  and  fragments  of  turquoise,  animal  bones,  and  potsherds. 

Room  76. 

Room  76  is  south  of  Room  60.  The  following  specimens  were  found 
in  the  debris  or  on  the  main  floor  of  this  room :  six  manos,  eighteen  hand 
hammerstones,  a  stone  used  for  polishing  implements,  a  stone  jar  cover, 
fragments  of  chalcedony  and  obsidian  and  a  crinoid  stem;  also  twelve 
bone  awls,  a  bone  scraper,  a  bone  showing  cutting,  a  cla}^  ball,  charred 
bones,  pieces  of  skin,  a  number  of  worked  potsherds,  a  pottery  jar,  found 
in  the  southwest  corner,  potsherds,  and  animal  bones. 

Below  the  main  floor  level  the  following  specimens  were  found: 
fragments  of  turquoise  and  malachite,  some  chalky  material  probably 
used  for  paint,  pieces  of  red  stone  probably  used  for  the  same  purpose, 
fragments  of  obsidian,  animal  bones,  decorated  potsherds,  and  pieces  of 
squash  rind.  Three  inches  below  the  floor  level  a  small  pottery  bowl  was 
found. 

Room  77. 

Room  77  was  a  small  rectangular  room,  north  of  Room  68a.  It 
was  similar  in  construction  to  Room  68a  and  presented  no  features 
worthy  of  special  mention.  Under  the  floor  of  the  room  there  was  a 
series  of  old  walls.  This  room  measured:  north  wall,  5  feet  8  inches; 
south  wall,  6  feet  7  inches;  east  wall,  10  feet  3  inches;  west  wall,  10 
feet  3  inches.  The  following  specimens  were  found  in  the  room:  two 
manos,  fragments  of  a  stone  slab,  a  chalcedony  knife,  a  broken  flint 
knife,  two  bone  awls,  and  potsherds. 

Room  78. 

Room  78  was  north  of  Room  71.     This  room  was  particularly 

interesting  owing  to  the  fact  that  it  differed  in  many  ways  from  the 

rooms  heretofore  described.    It  was  of  the  usual  rectangular  shape 

and  the  walls  were  well  plastered.    The  north  wall  was  irregular  and  had 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  263 

been  blackened  by  smoke.  There  is  a  doorway  in  the  north  wall  with  a 
flat  stone  for  a  sill  and  poles  for  a  lintel.  The  south  wall  is  merely  a  fac- 
ing laid  against  an  old  wall.  It  is  1  foot  thick  at  the  east  end  and  gradu- 
ally decreases  in  thickness  towards  the  western  end  of  the  room.  This 
wall  was  rather  roughly  laid.  In  the  central  part  of  this  wall  there  is  a 
doorway  which  connects  with  that  in  the  original  wall.  This  secondary 
wall  fell  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  room.  There  was  a  doorway  in  the 
north  wall  but  there  were  no  openings  in  the  east  or  west  walls.  A 
bench  extended  \}4,  feet  north  of  the  base  of  the  south  wall.  The  floor 
was  on  the  level  with  the  top  of  this  bench.  In  the  northeastern 
corner  was  a  large  olla  which  was  half  buried  in  the  floor  (Fig.  108). 
The  fireplace  in  the  southeast  corner  was  under  the  secondary  wall.  It 
was  circular  and  built  of  stones,  the  top  being  well  plastered.  It  was 
filled  with  lignite.  The  large  fireplace,  northwest  of  the  one  just  men- 
tioned, was  built  of  thin  slabs  which  stood  on  edge.  West  of  this  there 
was  a  post  and  still  further  west,  another  large  fireplace  made  of  slabs.  It 
was  closed  when  found,  with  a  flat  stone,  and  was  only  1  foot  in  diameter. 
It  was  built  of  stones  and  had  been  carefully  plastered.  This  one,  as 
was  the  case  with  the  one  under  the  south  wall,  was  filled  with  lignite. 
There  were  no  evidences  of  old  walls  under  the  floor,  but  some  of  the 
fireplaces  had  evidently  passed  into  disuse  and  had  been  covered  before 
the  room  was  abandoned.  The  measurements  of  this  room  were  as 
follows:  north  wall,  21  feet;  south  wall,  18  feet  8  inches;  east  wall,  8 
feet  1  inch;  west  wall,  10  feet  10  inches. 

A  great  mass  of  material  was  found  in  this  room,  the  major  portion 
being  scattered  throughout  the  debris.  At  a  depth  of  0  feet  5  inches 
below  the  ceiling  beams  and  at  a  point  3  feet  G  inches  from  the  east  wall  a 
parrot  skeleton  was  found.  Most  of  the  bones  were  against  the  south 
wall.  At  a  depth  of  7  feet  2  inches  another  parrot  skeleton  was  found 
at  the  floor  level  in  the  center  of  the  room.  As  already  mentioned,  a 
large  olla  with  a  stone  cover  was  found  in  the  northeast  corner;  a  pitcher 
was  found  in  the  east  corner  near  the  floor  level.  The  following  speci- 
mens were  found  in  the  northeast  corner:  nine  bone  awls,  twelve  bone 
beads,  and  a  bone  die.  The  following  specimens  are  from  the  general 
debris:  ten  manos  and  fragments  of  others,  six  stone  slabs,  sixty  hand 
hammerstones,  a  flint  knife,  a  chalcedony  knife,  a  grinding  stone,  part 
of  a  stone  ax,  a  stone  disk,  natural  concretions,  natural  pebbles,  chalce- 
dony chips  and  cores,  arrow  points,  turquoise  beads,  pieces  of  petrified 
wood,  gypsum,  a  ball  of  white  chalk-like  stone,  a  polishing  stone,  two 
stone  knives,  a  stone  ax,  a  pottery  animal  head,  a  small  pottery  ladle,  a 


264         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

number  of  worked  potsherds,  a  pottery  dipper,  a  pottery  clay  ball, 
potsherds,  pottery  feet,  a  pottery  pipe,  a  number  of  potsherds  with 
worked  edges,  a  clay  jar  stopper,  fine  clay  used  in  preparing  the  slip  for 
pottery  vessels,  arrow  points,  part  of  a  bone  scraper,  a  turtle  carcass, 
three  bone  awls,  and  a  number  of  animal  bones.  The  following  specimens 
were  found  over  a  foot  below  the  floor:  a  hammerstone,  obsidian,  arrow 
points,  turquoise  beads,  yellow  ocher.  pieces  of  jet,  turquoise  matrix, 
two  vessel  handles,  a  fragmentary  bowl,  a  number  of  worked  stones, 
squash  rind,  and  animal  bones. 

Room  79. 

Room  79  is  the  angular  room  forming  the  northeast  corner  of  Estufa 
75.  This  estufa  is  built  in  a  square  enclosure,  the  circular  wall  touching 
the  wall  of  the  enclosure  at  four  points.  The  remaining  space  forms 
angular  rooms  in  the  corners  of  the  square.  The  estufa  wall  formed  a 
convex  side  to  these  rooms.  The  other  two  sides  are  straight.  As  a  rule, 
very  little  was  found  in  rooms  of  this  nature. 

The  northern  part  of  this  room  was  rough,  but  covered  with  plaster. 
There  was  a  doorway  in  this  wall  but  it  was  practically  covered  by  the 
east  wall  of  the  room,  which  shows  that  this  part  of  the  building  had 
been  reconstructed.  West  of  this  was  another  doorway  of  the  same  type, 
that  had  been  closed  with  masoniy.  West  of  this  doorway  and  near  the 
western  corner  were  two  oval  pockets.  The  east  wall  is  exceedingly 
rough  and  has  stones  protruding  from  the  surface.  Some  of  these  pro- 
trude over  5  inches  and  there  are  stones  similar  to  these  in  the  convex 
wall  on  the  southwest  side.  The  only  objects  found  in  this  room  were 
two  manos,  a  fossil  shell,  a  stone  flake,  and  a  few  potsherds.  Below  the 
floor  level,  in  the  center  of  the  room,  a  skeleton  of  a  child  was  found. 
With  it  were  a  number  of  potsherds.  The  burial  of  children  below  the 
floors  of  rooms  seems  to  have  been  a  custom  among  the  people  who  in- 
habited this  pueblo. 

Room  80. 
Room  80  is  north  of  and  next  to  Room  69.  It  is  of  rectangular  form 
and  is  one  of  a  series  running  east  and  west.  The  walls  are  practically 
the  same  as  those  mentioned  in  the  descriptions  of  Rooms  77  and  78. 
Work  in  this  room  was  begun  at  the  eastern  end.  Near  the  west  wall 
and  at  a  depth  of  3  feet  6  inches,  a  painted  stone  mortar  was  found.  The 
accompanying  photograph  (Fig.  109)  shows  this  specimen  in  situ.  This 
mortar  is  also  shown  in  Fig.  110.    It  is  the  most  elaborately  decorated 


Fig.  109.     Painted  Stone  Mortar  in  Room  ! 


265 


Fig.  1 10  (6828).     Design  on  Painted  Stone  Mortar,  Room  ! 
266 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  267 

object  of  this  nature  that  was  found  in  the  pueblo.  On  the  same  level, 
but  east  of  the  mortar,  a  number  of  human  bones  were  found.  They 
were  scattered  throughout  the  debris  and  had  evidently  fallen  from  one 
of  the  upper  rooms.  These  bones  show  evidences  of  having  been  burned 
and  they  were  broken,  as  is  the  case  with  other  human  bones  found  in  the 
pueblos  of  this  group;  from  the  fact  that  they  had  been  in  one  of  the 
upper  rooms,  it  may  be  that  they  had  been  used  for  some  ceremonial 
purpose,  as  it  was  not  the  custom  to  bury  even  portions  of  bodies  in  the 
upper  rooms.  At  least  no  other  evidences  of  such  a  practice  were  found. 
Very  little  material  was  found  in  the  general  debris,  but  when  the  floor 
level  was  reached,  a  mass  of  stone  implements  was  encountered.  Most 
of  these  were  found  on  the  south  side  of  the  room,  and  some  of  the  larger 
specimens  rested  against  the  south  wall. 

The  measurements  of  the  upper  rooms  were:  north  wall,  18  feet 
5  inches;  south  wall,  18  feet  5  inches;  east  wall,  10  feet  2  inches;  west 
wall,  9  feet  11  inches. 

The  specimens  found  were  as  follows:  five  metates,  thirty-one 
manos,  four  stone  slabs,  fifty-three  hand  hammerstones,  a  sandstone 
'grinder,  a  stone  mortar,  a  grooved  hammer,  a  stone  jar  cover,  a  smooth- 
ing stone,  a  number  of  natural  pebbles,  fragments  of  chalcedony  and 
other  stones,  and  fragments  of  stone  slabs.  Other  specimens  associated 
with  the  stone  implements  were  as  follows:  seven  bone  awls,  a  bone 
implement,  two  cut  bones,  a  number  of  deer  bones  and  fragments  of 
antler,  a  number  of  worked  animal  bones,  and  a  porcupine  jaw. 

A  specimen  was  found  in  the  south  side  of  the  room  which  was 
probably  used  ceremonially.  It  was  made  of  pottery  and  was  concavo- 
convex,  being  drilled  on  the  edges,  Fig.  111.  Other  objects  of  pottery 
were  a  handle  of  a  vessel,  a  pottery  foot,  fragments  of  pottery  probably 
used  as  smoothers,  a  number  of  worked  potsherds,  a  fragmentary  corru- 
gated jar,  a  great  many  fragments  of  pottery  vessels,  and  pieces  of 
adobe  showing  finger  impressions. 

After  the  floor  was  removed,  a  series  of  walls  were  found;  some  of 
these  formed  small  rectangular  rooms.  In  these  rooms  the  following 
specimens  were  found:  eleven  hand  hammerstones,  an  adobe  ball,  a 
natural  pebble,  and  a  number  of  potsherds,  some  of  which  were  worked. 


'Painted  mortars  of  less  elaborate  design  were  found  by  Hough,  Bull.  87,  p.  31,  in  the  upper  Gila 
Region.     The  colors  were  red,  yellow,  and  black. 


268        Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Room  81. 
Room  81  is  an  angular  room  forming  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
square  which  surrounds  Estufa  75.  It  is  the  room  which  corresponds 
with  Rooms  74  and  79.  The  masonry  was  practically  the  same  as  that 
of  Room  79,  but  the  walls  had  been  more  carefully  finished  at  the  north 
side.  This  one  especially  was  well  plastered  and  smooth.  In  its  lower  part 
there  was  a  closet,  the  opening  of  which  measured  1  foot  by  6  inches. 
This  closet  extended  1  foot  north  and  2  feet  in  the  opposite  direction. 
The  opening  had  a  sandstone  slab  for  its  base.  A  little  above  and  to  the 
west  of  this  opening,  was  a  smaller  pocket  with  an  oval  opening,  the 
plaster  having  been  rounded  at  the  edges.  It  was  4  inches  high  and  7 
inches  long.     The  west  wall  was  well  plastered  and  contained  a  large 


Fig.  Ill  (6991).     Curious  Pottery  Object  with  Perforations,  Room  80. 

pocket  similar  to  the  one  in  the  north  wall.  Near  its  south  end. the 
plaster  was  over  an  V/2  inches  in  thickness.  The  southeastern  wall 
corresponded  to  the  southwestern  wall  of  Room  79,  and  like  this  one, 
was  oval  in  form.  This  room  measured  as  follows:  north  wall,  5  feet  10 
inches;  southeast  wall,  8  feet  10  inches;  west  wall,  7  feet.  Nothing  of 
interest  was  found  in  this  room. 


Room  82. 
A  small  patch  in  the  center  of  the  north  wall  of  Room  82  marks  the 
only  evidence  of  the  plaster  that  once  covered  this  well-laid  wall.  Near 
the  western  wall  is  a  large  closed  doorway  of  the  old  type.  The  east  wall 
was  also  well  built,  but  entirely  devoid  of  plaster,  and  had  no  openings. 
Though  the  south  wall  bulged,  it  showed  traces  of  having  been  well  built, 
composed  of  small  thick  slabs.    It  may  possibly  have  had  a  doorway  in 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  ,  269 

its  center.  The  west  wall  still  retains  some  remnants  of  plaster  and  its 
upper  part  shows  the  action  of  fire.  Under  the  floor  was  uncovered  a 
partition  wall  which  proved  to  be  the  continuation  of  the  room  found 
below  Room  77  and  formed  a  right-angled  triangle.  These  lower  walls 
bore  no  trace  of  fire.  The  partition  wall  extends  to  the  bottom  of  the 
lower  room  on  the  side  of  Room  82.  There  are  two  additional  small 
angular  rooms  inside  the  floor. 

Room  83. 

In  1897  a  copper  bell  was  found  in  the  southwest  corner  of  this 
room.  (Fig.  112.)  A  section  of  the  first  floor  level  was  left  in  the  corner 
above  mentioned  and  this  was  removed  before 
the  second  floor  was  disturbed.  On  removing 
the  second  floor,  which  was  composed  of  adobe 
and  flat  stones,  a  multiplicity  of  walls  and  fire- 
places was  found.  Near  the  east  wall  was  a 
fireplace  composed  of  flat  stones  around  which 
had  been  loosely  laid  a  ring  of  irregularly  shaped 
pieces  of  sandstone.  In  the  center  of  the  room 
was  a  stone  wall,  part  of  which  formed  a  fire- 
place and  in  the  southwest  corner  there  was 
still  another  fireplace. 

The  space  occupied  by  the  different  floor       Fig.  112  (7osi).  Copper  Bell, 
levels  amounted  to  about  2  feet.    The  south  wall     Room  83-  slightly  enlarged, 
was  built  upon  a  foundation  of  large  stones  that 

extended  from  6  inches  to  1  foot  beyond  the  main  wall.  At  this,  the 
foundation  level,  a  semicircular  layer  of  stones  was  encountered  and 
investigation  proved  it  to  be  the  outer  wall  of  an  old  estufa.  Excavation 
in  this  southwest  corner  uncovered  a  well-formed  estufa  of  the  circular 
type.  The  upper  wall  sloped  outward  to  some  extent  and  was  well 
plastered.  It  was  composed  of  large  stones  and  was  very  crude  as  com- 
pared with  the  estufas  of  a  later  period  in  other  parts  of  the  ruin. 

The  bench  was  3  feet  2  inches  high,  approaching  in  this  respect,  the 
type  found  in  the  cliff-houses.  Those  previously  found  in  the  ruin  con- 
tained a  comparatively  low  bench.  This  bench  was  well  plastered  and 
its  edges  were  rounded.  The  eastern  section  of  the  bench  was  quite  level, 
but  the  western  end  of  the  exposed  arc  dipped  to  such  an  extent  that  it 
left  a  regular  ridge  at  the  edge.  In  the  construction  of  the  bench  a 
boulder  had  been  utilized,  its  position  being  almost  in  the  center  of  the 
arc.    The  floor  of  this  estufa  is  8  feet  below  the  first  floor  level  of  Room  83. 


270         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History .     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Its  western  wall  was  lost  beneath  the  foundation  of  the  west  wall  of 
Room  83,  where  it  passes  the  southeast  corner  of  Room  84.  Beyond  this 
no  explorations  have  been  made.  Its  eastern  part  passes  southward 
under  the  south  wall  of  Room  83  and  it  too  is  lost  in  an  unopened  room. 
This  estufa  is  but  one  of  the  evidences  of  a  lengthened  occupation  and 
belongs  to  the  series  that  stretches  westward  as  far  as  Rooms  57  and  58. 
Below  the  floor  of  the  estufa  the  virgin  sand  was  reached,  this  point 
being  20  inches  below  the  level  of  the  ceiling  beams  of  the  first  room. 

Room  84, 

The  walls  of  this  room  were  plastered  and  their  lower  portions  were 
blackened  by  fire.  The  north  doorway  was  rounded  at  the  top,  had 
wooden  poles  for  a  lintel,  and  a  metate,  with  the  grinding  side  exposed, 
for  a  sill.  The  south  doorway,  also  rounded  at  the  top,  had  plastered 
sides.  The  east  and  west  walls  were  unbroken,  but  in  the  southeast 
corner  of  the  east  wall  there  is  a  depression  about  3  feet  wide  which  runs 
to  the  second  story;  the  lower  wall  north  of  this  bulges  a  trifle  and 
extends  to  the  plastered  section  in  the  northeast  corner.  This  place  was 
overhanging,  was  built  of  stones  and  mortar,  and  bore  no  evidence  of  fire. 
It  was  probably  a  support  of  some  kind  for  the  upper  walls;  at  least  it 
supported  the  cross  beams  at  this  end  of  the  room.  As  evidenced  by  the 
contour  of  the  plaster,  the  beam  did  not  enter  the  wall;  hence,  the  floor 
was  supported  at  the  east  end  by  this  projection.  Near  the  west  wall,  at 
the  same  level  with  the  plastered  section,  there  is  a  hole  in  the  north 
wall  where  a  beam  7  inches  in  diameter  had  entered.  The  fireplace, 
built  of  stone  and  plastered  on  the  inside,  is  about  1  foot  deep. 

The  upper  room  had  also  been  plastered  and  its  walls  showed  no 
blackening.  The  doorways  in  the  north  and  east  walls  were  of  the  square 
type;  in  the  north  wall  the  doorway  was  near  the  center;  in  the  east 
wall  it  was  at  the  south  end,  about  2  feet  from  the  south  wall.  The  west 
wall  simply  abuts  on  the  north  and  south  walls.  The  east  wall  is  solid 
at  the  corners. 

Room  85. 
In  the  southeastern  corner  of  Room  85  there  were  two  bins  or  small 
rooms,  probably  used  for  storing  grain,  Fig.  116.  The  one  in  the  corner 
was  formed  by  a  wall  that  formed  the  arc  of  a  circle,  the  radius  of 
which  was  about  3  feet  9  inches,  taking  the  corner  as  the  center.  The 
south  wall  of  this  bin,  formed  by  the  south  wall  of  the  room,  was  well 
plastered  and  its  surface  unbroken,  save  five  depressions  that  had  been 


Fig.  114.     Under  Wall,  Room  83. 


Fig.  115.     Sandal  Figures  on  North  Wall  of  Room  S3. 


272 


Fig.  145.     Interior  of  Kiva  showing  Ventilator,  Room  162. 


337 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  339 

in  to  be  used  later  if  necessary.  The  wall  around  this  doorway  is  weak- 
ened and  some  of  the  stones  have  fallen  out.  This  wall  is  more  broken 
in  the  upper  central  part  than  at  the  ends  where  it  stands  to  the  height  of 
the  north  and  south  walls. 

Rooms  116  to  190. 
Minor  excavations  were  made  in  a  number  of  rooms  ranging  from 
Rooms  116  to  190.    Nothing  of  special  interest  was  developed  in  these 
excavations  aside  from  the  specimens  shown  in  Figs.  138  to  154. 

FIELD  NOTES  FOR  EXCAVATIONS  IN  BURIAL  MOUNDS. 

June  1st.  Commenced  work  on  a  mound  situated  on  the  southern  side  of  Chaco 
Canon  and  southwest  from  Pueblo  Chettro  Kettle. 

The  first  find  was  a  small  pitcher  on  the  north  line  in  Section  1,  4  feet  4  inches 
from  the  eastern  end  of  the  section.  Further  digging  revealed  the  skeleton  of  a  child. 
The  body  was  lying  northwest  by  southeast,  the  head  toward  the  southern  point. 
The  cranium  was  2  inches  below  the  surface  and  from  the  frontal  bone  to  the  eastern 
stakes  was  a  distance  of  3  feet  &){  inches.  The  distance  from  the  pelvic  bone  to  the 
top  of  the  cranium  was  1  foot  3  inches,  and  from  one  elbow  joint  to  the  other  11^ 
inches — the  cup  rested  upon  the  left  elbow.  The  leg  bones  could  not  be  found.  From 
the  position  of  the  skeleton,  the  head  being  the  uppermost  part,  the  bones  should 
have  been  in  place,  but  there  is  a  possibility  of  their  having  been  washed  out. 

Skeleton  2  was  discovered  six  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  2.  The  right 
temporal  bone  was  1  foot  6%  inches,  from  the  eastern  part  of  the  section.  The  north- 
ern line  of  operations  crossed  the  skeleton  1  inch  below  the  clavicles  where  they  were 
lying  against  the  vertebrae.  The  skeleton  was  lying  on  its  back  with  the  knees  bent 
upward  and  eastward;  it  was  lying  almost  directly  north  and  south,  the  head  being 
at  the  latter  point.  The  body  measured  3  feet  4  inches  in  length  as  it  lay  in  the  ground. 
The  skeleton  was  in  such  a  condition  that  the  bones  could  not  be  preserved. 

Skeleton  3  was  found  3  inches  beneath  the  surface  in  Section  3.  The  distance 
from  the  occiput  to  the  northern  trench  line  was  11  inches  and  this  point  was  2  feet  2 
inches  west  of  the  eastern  line  post.  The  skeleton  was  lying  northeast  by  southwest, 
the  head  toward  the  northeast.  The  arm  bones  were  lying  close  to  the  sides  of  the 
body,  and  the  legs  had  been  pressed  up  against  the  left  side.  Resting  upon  the  right 
shoulder  and  against  the  upper  jaw,  was  a  bowl  (H-49)  9  inches  in  diameter.  It  had 
been  broken  previous  to  interment  as  holes  had  been  drilled  in  the  several  pieces  in 
order  to  mend  it — faint  decorations  on  the  interior  were  noticed. 

Inside  of  this  bowl  was  found  a  square  piece  of  pottery  (H-50).  Resting  against 
the  left  shoulder  was  a  pitcher  7  inches  high  and  3  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top.  It 
had  a  handle  and  was  complete, — faint  ornamentation  on  the  exterior. 

Skeleton  4  was  found  in  Section  4,  10  inches  below  the  surface.  The  body,  that 
of  an  adult,  was  lying  on  its  back  with  legs  drawn  up  toward  the  chin.  It  was  lying 
east  and  west,  the  head  toward  the  east.  The  distance  from  the  eastern  section  stake 
to  the  left  parietal  bone,  was  3  feet  4  inches,  the  greater  part  of  the  body  was  inside  of  the 
section,  but  the  right  shoulder  and  part  of  the  ribs  were  outside,  the  head  was  crushed 
and  the  whole  skeleton  was  verjr  brittle.    Resting  against  the  left  temple  was  a  bowl 


340         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

5^2  inches  in  diameter,  ornamented  on  the  inside  and  of  the  usual  whiteware  (H-52). 
Almost  touching  the  bowl  was  a  pitcher  (H-53),  5  inches  high  and  2/4  inches  in  diam- 
eter at  the  top.  It  has  a  corrugated  handle  and  is  ornamented  on  the  outside.  At 
the  western  part  of  the  skeleton  was  a  large  bowl  (H-54),  part  of  the  pelvis  resting 
upon  the  rim.  To  the  east  of  this  bowl  is  a  large  stone  that  was  probably  placed  in 
position  beside  the  bowl. 

Skeleton  5  was  discovered  1  foot  1  inch  below  the  surface  in  Section  4.  The 
body  was  extended,  lying  northwest  by  southeast.  At  the  head  was  a  large 
bowl  and  in  this,  was  a  smaller  bowl  and  a  pitcher;  at  the  feet  were  large  portions  of 
the  rim  and  sides  of  a  large  corrugated  pot.  The  body  was  in  an  advanced  stage  of 
decay,  in  fact  some  of  the  bones  had  wasted  away.  The  body  measured  5  feet  as  it 
rested  in  the  ground.  The  head  was  4  feet  west  of  the  eastern  section  post  and  5  feet 
south  from  the  northern  line.  The  large  bowl  (11-55)  at  the  head  measured  10% 
inches  and  had  decorations  on  the  interior.  The  smaller  bowl  (H-56),  was  7  inches  in 
diameter,  decorated  inside;  the  pitcher  (H-57)  was  6  inches  high  with  a  3  inch  open- 
ing. The  corrugated  jar  (H-58)  at  the  foot  of  the  skeleton  measured  8%  inches. 
The  skeleton  protruded  1  foot  into  Section  5  and  the  feet  were  3  feet  6  inches  from  the 
northern  line. 

Skeleton  6  was  found  in  Section  1,  4  feet  below  the  surface.  The  body  was  lying 
on  its  back  with  the  head  resting  on  its  left  side,  the  right  arm  was  folded  across  the 
body,  and  the  left  lay  parallel  with  it,  the  femora  were  lying  at  right  angles  to  the 
trunk.  Five  inches  northeast  of  the  upper  jaw  there  stood  a  corrugated  jar  (H-59) 
5%  inches  high  and  3%  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top.  Southeast  of  this  jar  was  a 
water  bottle  (H-60)  8  inches  high  and  l}{  inches  in  diameter  in  the  middle.  This 
bottle  was  broken,  inside  of  it  was  a  smaller  one  (H-61),  also  broken,  4%  inches  in 
diameter  at  the  middle,  and  4}o  inches  high.  The  body  was  lying  northwest  by  south- 
east, the  head  toward  the  former  point.  It  was  in  the  southern  part  of  the  first  section, 
the  head  was  1  foot  1/2  inches  from  the  southern  section  line,  and  2  feet  6  inches  from 
the  western  line.  The  calcaneum  and  a  few  of  the  other  bones  of  the  right  foot  extend- 
ed into  Section  6.     The  body  measured  3  feet  3  inches  in  situ. 

Skeleton  7  was  found  8  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  6 .  The  body  was  lying 
upon  its  back,  inclined  a  little  on  the  right  side.  The  left  arm  was  folded  across  the 
breast,  and  the  right  was  lying  parallel  with  the  side.  The  legs  had  been  doubled  up 
towards  the  chin  and  when  the  flesh  decayed,  fell  a  little  outside  of  the  body,  i.  e., 
to  the  south  of  it.  The  body  measured  3  feet  in  length  and  was  in  fair  condition  com- 
pared with  some  of  those  near  it.  The  body  extended  outward,  to  the  east  of  the  sec- 
tion, the  part  inside,  the  head,  being  6  inches  in  length.  From  the  northern  section 
parts  to  the  left  temporal  bone  was  2  feet  5  inches.  The  body  was  lying  almost  directly 
east  and  west.  Resting  against  the  left  ribs  and  almost  touching  the  middle  section 
of  the  left  humerus,  was  a  pitcher  6  inches  high  and  5  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top. 
One  peculiarity  about  this  pitcher  (H-62)  is  that  the  lines  forming  the  ornamentation 
of  the  exterior  are  red,  something  never  before  observed  on  the  pottery  from  this 
region.  Resting  against  this  pitcher  and  running  south  10  inches  from  it  was  a 
rounded  portion  of  a  broken  corrugated  jar  (H-63). 

Skeleton  8  was  found  in  Section  1,  4  inches  below  the  surface,  i.e.,  measuring 
from  the  uppermost  portion  of  the  cranium,  as  all  such  measurements  are  made. 
The  body  was  lying  northwest  by  southeast,  the  head  toward  the  latter  point.  The 
skeleton  measured  3  feet  4  inches  in  situ,  the  head  projecting  outside  of  the  eastern 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  341 

section  line  7%  inches.  The  distance  from  the  southern  section  part  on  the  eastern 
side  to  the  left  temporal  bone,  was  2  feet  7  inches.  The  femora  had  projected  above 
the  surface  and  were  broken  off  about  the  middle.  The  body  was  greatly  decayed, 
the  face  being  entirely  gone,  and  nothing  was  found  with  it. 

Skeleton  9  was  found  in  Section  6,  3  inches  below  the  surface.  The  body  was 
lying  upon  its  back  with  the  legs  drawn  up  across  the  trunk,  it  measured  2  feet  10 
inches  in  situ  and  was  lying  north  and  south,  the  head  being  toward  the  south.  The 
head  was  1  foot  west  of  the  eastern  section  line  and  2  feet  7  inches  from  the  northern 
line.  Near  the  head  of  the  northeastern  side  was  a  portion  of  a  jar  (H-64),  the  only 
pottery  found  with  the  body.    Resting  near  the  left  femur  was  a  bone  awl  (H-65). 

Skeleton  10  was  found  outside  and  to  the  east  of  Section  6,  and  3  feet  below 
the  surface.  From  the  eastern  section  line  of  Skeleton  6  to  the  lower  jaw  was  3  feet 
1  inch,  and  from  the  northern  section  line,  carried  out,  1  foot.  The  body  was  lying 
north  and  south  and  was  decayed  to  such  an  extent  that  I  had  trouble  in  getting  even 
its  outlines  for  a  photograph.  It  was  the  body  of  a  child  and  resting  against  its  frontal 
bone,  was  a  pitcher  (H-66)  4  inches  high  and  2  inches  in  diameter.  At  the  opening, 
and  just  to  the  north  of  this  was  a  fragment  of  a  vessel  showing  part  of  the  rim  (H-67) . 

Skeleton  11  was  found  in  Section  11  with  the  head  1  foot  2  inches  below  the  sur- 
face. The  body  measured  5  feet  9  inches  as  it  lay  in  the  ground.  It  was  lying  on  its 
back  with  the  legs  bent  upward  and  the  soil  was  so  hard  that  the  bones  had  preserved 
their  upright  position  where  the  flesh  had  decayed.  The  arms  were  stretched  at  the 
sides  and  the  body  was  lying  about  east  and  west,  the  head  toward  the  latter  point. 
The  knees  were  1  foot  below  the  surface.  The  left  temporal  bone  was  5  feet  4  inches 
from  the  northern  section  line  and  2  feet  8  inches  from  the  western  section  line  was  the 
occiput. 

A  body  was  found  in  a  narrow  strip  between  two  holes  that  had  been  dug  by  the 
Wetherill  party  during  the  winter  of  1895-96.  All  that  was  found  of  the  body  was  the 
upper  portion  of  the  cranium  which  was  mashed  almost  flat.  Near  the  fragments  of 
the  skull  were  found  a  broken  jar  of  corrugated  ware  (H-72)  and  a  fragment  of  another 
vessel  (H-73).  These  were  preserved,  but  no  measurements  were  taken  defining  the 
position  of  the  remains,  as  it  was  that  part  of  the  mound  that  had  been  dug  out  by 
other  parties.  About  3  feet  away  from  the  corrugated  jar  in  the  side  of  one  of  the 
holes,  where  a  skeleton  had  been  unearthed,  was  found  a  small  bone  celt  (H-75) 
ornamented  with  lines  running  around  the  implement.  Nothing  else  could  be  found 
in  the  vicinity.  During  the  general  digging  a  shell  ornament  (-H-74)  was  found  in  the 
surface  soil. 

Our  next  place  of  operation  was  a  burial  mound  near  the  mouth  of  the  canon 
that  runs  south  from  Chaco.  It  was  on  the  right  hand  side  facing  south  and  is  in 
reality  in  the  Chaco  limits.  Richard  Wetherill  had  done  some  excavating  here.  One 
of  the  peculiar  things  found  during  his  digging  was  a  stone  grave,  one  stone  of  which 
was  still  in  place.  It  was  about  1  foot  below  the  surface  and  consisted  of  two  large 
flat  stones  placed  on  edge  about  2  feet  apart.  Between  these  the  body  had  been 
placed  and  the  soil  filled  in  upon  it,  then  on  the  sand  were  placed  a  number  of  flat 
stones,  but  these  were  some  inches  above  the  upper  edge  of  the  grave  stones.  I 
mapped  out  a  line  40  feet  long  and  running  about  east  and  west.  This  was  on  the 
southern  side  of  the  mound.  I  divided  this  line  into  five  parts  and  then  squared  each 
part,  thereby  giving  me  five  sections,  each  8  feet  square.  These  sections  were 
numbered,  commencing  from  the  eastern  end. 


342         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Skeleton  12  was  found  in  Section  4  and  was  3  feet  3  inches  below  the  surface. 
The  skeleton  was  lying  west-northwest  and  east-southeast  and  measured  3  feet  3 
inches  in  situ.  From  the  southern  section  line  to  the  top  of  the  skull  was  4  feet  4  inches 
and  from  the  lower  jaw  to  the  eastern  section  line  was  5  inches.  The  body  was  lying 
upon  its  back  with  the  head  facing  east.  The  body  was  lying  with  its  head  toward  the 
northwest  point  of  the  above  position.  The  bones  were  the  softest  we  had  encoun- 
tered and  it  was  therefore  hard  to  get  them  uncovered  for  photographing.  About  1  foot 
6  inches  above  the  body  a  mass  of  stones  was  found,  some  of  them  being  3  feet  long 
by  2  feet  wide.  They  were  quite  thin  but  had  not  been  dressed  in  any  way.  There 
were  seven  or  eight,  which  made  quite  a  layer  over  the  body.  About  half  the  body 
extended  into  Section  3. 

Skeleton  13  was  found  in  Section  7,  about  9  inches  below  the  surface.  The  bones 
lay  about  and  were  greatly  disconnected.  The  head  was  2  inches  north  of  the  south- 
ern section  line  and  5  inches  east  from  the  western  section  line.  The  body  was  lying 
northwest  by  southeast,  the  head  toward  the  northwest.  The  head,  indicated  by  a 
single  piece,  was  just  northwest  of  the  large  bowl  (H-77),  and  probably  the  bowl 
rested  against  it.  Three  feet,  from  the  large  bowl  was  a  smaller  one  (H-78)  broken, 
and  about  6  inches  south  of  this  was  a  sandstone  gourd  (H-79),  broken  in  half,  that 
may  have  been  used.  About  8  inches  of  the  skeleton,  the  femora,  etc.,  projected 
south  into  Section  2.    The  body  was  3  feet  10  inches  long  as  it  lay  in  the  grave. 

Skeleton  14  was  found  in  Section  6  with  the  head  2  feet  below  the  surface.  It 
was  enclosed  in  a  stone  grave.  The  head  was  lying  under  a  large  flat  stone  and  had 
been  flattened  by  it.  From  the  southern  section  line  to  the  skull  was  8  inches  and 
10  inches  east  from  the  western  section  line.  The  large  flat  slab  was  facing  due  north- 
east and  was  standing  on  end  inclined  toward  the  north.  It  was  1  foot  8  inches  long 
and  the  same  in  width.  It  had  no  doubt  originally  rested  in  a  horizontal  position,  but 
had  settled  to  its  present  position,  either  through  the  natural  settling  of  the  sand  or 
from  being  undermined  by  rats.  The  stones  as  they  lay  formed  a  pyramidal  space, 
the  base  being  toward  the  north.  The  side  along  the  large  slab  measured  1  foot  10 
inches,  the  opposite  side,  which  was  formed  by  a  stone  that  had  been  used  to  grind 
axes,  measured  1  foot  9  inches  and  the  base  was  1  foot  3  inches  long.  The  place  worn 
in  the  stone  where  axes  had  been  ground  was  9  inches  long,  4  inches  wide,  and  about 
\x/i  inches  deep  in  the  center.  The  grave  was  photographed,  before  the  stones  were 
removed,  and  a  photograph  was  also  taken  showing  the  head  as  it  rested  under  the 
large  slab. 

In  Section  5  a  rubbing  stone  (H-80)  was  found.  It  was  3  feet  below  the  surface, 
4  feet  north  of  the  southern  section  line,  and  6  inches  west  of  the  eastern  line. 

A  bowl  (H-81)  was  found  in  the  northern  part  of  section  4;  it  was  1  foot  below 
the  surface,  2  feet  4  inches  west  of  the  eastern  line,  and  7  inches  south  of  the  northern 
section  lines    It  was  broken  into  small  pieces,  probably  from  the  weight  of  the  earth. 

A  pendant  made  from  a  piece  of  red  pottery  (H-83),  possibly  a  handle,  that  has  a 
hole  drilled  through  the  narrow  end,  was  found  6  inches  below  the  surface  in  the  center 
of  Section  8. 

A  shell  ornament  (H-84)  was  found  near  a  piece  of  a  child's  skull,  2  feet  below  the 
surface  in  Section  7.  It  was  1  foot  south  of  the  northern  section  line  and  5  feet  west 
of  the  eastern  section  line;  no  other  bones  were  found  near  it. 

Skeleton  15  was  that  of  a  small  child,  measuring  1  foot  10  inches  as  it  lay  in  the 
grave.    It  was  found  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Section  6  and  projected  into  Section 


Fig.  148.     Pietograph  on  Rock  in  Chaco  Canon 


Fig.  149.    Outer  North  Wall  of  Bonito,  looking  northwest  from  Within,  showing  Junction 
of  Old  and  New  Walls. 


344 


Fig.  150.     A  Closed  Doorway. 


Fig.  151.     A  Corner  Doorway. 


345 


Fig.  152.     A  Partly  Closed  Doorway. 


Fig.  153.     An  Open  Doorway. 


346 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  347 

7.  It  was  1  foot  7  inches  below  the  surface  and  was  in  the  gravel  bottom,  whereas  all 
the  other  skeletons  were  in  the  sub-soil.  The  body  was  lying  northwest  by  southeast, 
the  head  toward  the  former  point.  The  body  was  lying  upon  its  back  with  the  arms 
at  the  side;  the  legs  were  at  right  angles  to  the  trunk,  the  right  femur  being  across  the 
pelvis. 

Skeleton  16  was  found  1  foot  below  the  surface  in  Section  9.  In  a  caving  of  the 
bank  the  face  was  brought  to  view  and  when  the  earth  fell  it  carried  with  it  the  greater 
part  of  two  pieces  of  pottery  that  had  been  buried  with  the  skeleton.  One  piece  of  the 
large  bowl  (H-85)  was  left  in  the  bank,  and  the  balance  with  the  corrugated  jar  (H-86), 
was  among  the  clods  of  earth  below  it.  The  head  was  uncovered  enough  to  show  its 
position,  and  the  bank,  pottery  and  all,  was  left  just  as  it  was  when  the  bank  fell. 
The  head  was  1  foot  10  inches  from  the  northern  line  of  Section  9  and  3  feet  7  inches 
from  the  western  line  of  the  same  section.  The  pottery  had  rested  against  the  lower 
jaw,  as  the  piece  in  the  bank  shows.  The  fragments  of  a  red  bowl  (H-91)  were  found 
under  the  corrugated  jar  mentioned  above. 

Skeleton  17  was  found  in  a  fragmentary  condition  just  east  of  Skeleton  15.  It 
was  in  Section  6  and  was  lying  8  inches  below  the  surface.  The  bones  looked  as  though 
they  had  been  thrown  into  the  hole  and  no  definite  direction  could  be  ascertained 
from  the  few  bones  that  remained. 

Skeleton  18  was  found  1  foot  6  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  12.  Only  a  few 
teeth  and  portions  of  the  ribs  were  found  in  position.  In  the  surrounding  soil,  in  rat 
holes,  were  found  fragments  of  vertebrae  and  other  bones.  The  body  was  probably 
lying  northwest  by  southeast,  the  head  toward  the  former  position,  for  at  that  point 
some  teeth  and  fragments  of  the  skull  were  found.  Seven  inches  south  of  the  teeth 
was  a  corrugated  jar  (H-88)  6  inches  deep  and  4%  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top.  One 
foot  one  inch  east  of  this  jar  was  a  bowl  4%  inches  deep  and  8  inches  in  diameter, 
ornamented  on  the  interior  with  a  design  composed  of  broad  lines  (H-89) . 

The  bone  awl  (H-90)  was  found  3  feet  deep  in  Section  9;  it  was  3  feet  south  of 
the  north  section  and  1  foot  east  from  the  western  section  line. 

A  portion  of  a  red  bowl  (H-91)  found  under  the  corrugated  jar  (H-86)  when  the 
pottery  was  removed  from  the  place  where  it  fell  is  mentioned  under  the  description 
of  Skeleton  16. 

In  Section  11  there  were  some  pieces  of  bone  and  there  had  probably  been  a 
skeleton  there,  but  as  there  were  no  vessels  nor  any  implements  near  the  place,  we 
could  not  be  certain  that  it  had  been  an  entire  body. 

Skeletons  13,  14,  15  were  unproductive  and  as  there  was  no  evidence  of  other 
remains,  which  we  ascertained  by  sounding  in  various  places,  I  concluded  to  stop 
operations  in  this  part  of  the  mound,  so  mapped  out  another  section  having  a  front- 
ing of  40  feet  facing  the  west.  It  was  on  the  same  side  of  the  hill  but  further  to  the 
north. 

The  new  trench  line  was  mapped  out  so  that  it  ran  directly  north  and  south.  We 
commenced  at  the  foot  of  the  hill,  which  was  toward  the  east,  and  worked  in  a  westerly 
direction. 

The  first  skeleton,  19,  was  found  1  foot  below  the  surface  in  Section  1,  this  being 
the  one  at  the  southern  end  of  the  trench. 

The  body  was  that  of  an  adult,  probably  a  male,  and  was  lying  on  its  back;  the 
right  hand  was  lying  across  the  abdomen  and  the  left  arm  was  stretched  along  the 
side  of  the  body.     The  femora  were  standing  in  a  perpendicular  position  and  no 


348         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History .     [Vol.  XXVII, 

tibiae  or  fibulae  could  be  found,  and  only  fragments  of  the  foot  bones.  The  left  side 
of  the  superior  maxillary  was  missing  and  was  possibly  carried  away  by  rats.  The 
bones  of  the  body  were  better  preserved  than  any  we  had  found  before,  but  the 
cranium  was  in  a  very  bad  condition.  The  body  was  lying  north  and  south,  the  head 
being  toward  the  south.  From  the  northern  line  of  Section  1,  to  the  pelvic  bone  was  8 
inches,  and  from  the  western  stake  line  to  the  same  point  was  2  feet  5  inches.  The 
body^measured  2  feet  10  inches  in  situ. 


Fig.  154.     Burial  in  Mound  No.  2,  Skeleton  20. 


Skeleton  20  was  found  1  foot  6  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  4.  The  head 
was  2  feet  south  from  the  north  line  of  the  section,  and  2  feet  5  inches  east  of  the 
western  line.  The  body  was  that  of  a  young  person,  the  skull  was  lying  on  its  face 
and  was  in  a  very  poor  condition.  Resting  a  little  above  and  a  little  to  the  north  of 
the  skull  was  a  bowl  (H-92)  6  inches  in  diameter.  It  was  ornamented  on  the  interior 
and  had  a  handle  on  either  side.  Just  below  this  bowl  was  a  pitcher  (H-93)  4}>2  inches 
high  and  2  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top.  Just  helow  the  large  bowl  was  a  frag- 
mentary bowl  (H-94)  which  had  a  peculiar  interior  ornamentation.  About  on  a  level 
with  the  skull,  and  a  little  to  the  east  of  it,  was  a  grooved  stone  (H-95);  it  had  three 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  349 

grooves  on  the  angular  ridge,  and  in  the  east  would  be  termed  a  net-sinker.  About  % 
foot  above  the  head  of  the  skeleton  was  a  fragment  of  a  bowl  (H-96)  but  only  a  portion 
of  the  rim  could  be  made  out.  The  direction  of  the  skeleton  could  not  be  ascertained 
as  rats  had  scattered  the  bones  in  all  directions. 

Skeleton  21  was  found  in  Section  6.  The  head  was  1  foot  8  inches  below 
the  surface,  7  inches  south  of  the  northern  section  line  and  3  feet  4  inches 
west  from  the  eastern  line.  The  body  measured  4  feet  2  inches  in  situ  and  projected 
about  10  inches  into  Section  1.  The  body  was  lying  east  and  west,  the  head  being 
toward  the  latter  point.  About  3}i  inches  north  of  the  head  was  a  portion  of  a  red 
bowl  (H-97)  9%  inches  in  diameter  and  4%  inches  deep.  It  was  ornamented  on  the 
interior.  Inside  of  this  redware  bowl  was  a  fragment  of  a  white  bowl  (H-98)  and 
under  this  was  the  bowl  of  a  ladle  (H-99),  having  a  heavy  pattern  on  the  interior. 
Lying  between  the  femora  was  a  portion  of  a  corrugated  jar  (H-100),  and  just  east  of 
the  body  and  a  few  inches  below  it  was  another  fragment  of  the  same  jar  (H-101), 
its  uppermost  part  almost  touching  the  tibia.    The  body  was  in  a  very  poor  condition. 

Skeleton  22  was  found  1  foot  below  the  surface  in  Section  7  and  only  a  few  bones 
were  intact  to  show  that  there  had  been  a  body  there.  It  was  lying  with  the  head  pos- 
sibly toward  the  west,  as  a  bowl  was  at  that  point;  it  was  1  foot  2  inches  west  of  the 
eastern  line  of  Section  7  and  2  feet  4  inches  south  of  the  northern  line.  About  4  feet 
west  of  the  nearest  bone  was  a  white  bowl  (H-102)  10}2  inches  in  diameter,  orna- 
mented on  the  interior.  The  few  bones  that  remained  were  not  in  good  condition  nor 
were  they  in  their  proper  relation  to  each  other  to  give  a  clew  as  to  the  direction  or 
position  of  the  body. 

Skeleton  23  was  found  10  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  8.  Skeleton  98 
was  that  of  a  child  and  the  bones  were  in  a  very  poor  condition.  The  skull  was  1 
foot  3  inches  west  of  the  eastern  section  line  and  2  feet  5  inches  north  of  the  southern 
line.  The  body  was  lying  east  and  west,  the  head  toward  the  latter  point.  Leaning 
against  the  cranium  and  to  the  south  of  it  was  a  fragment  of  a  large  bowl  (H-103), 
and  inside  of  this  was  a  bowl-shaped  jar  (H-104),  with  an  opening  about  1  inch  in 
diameter,  and  a  perforated  handle  on  either  side.  The  body  measured  1  foot  5  inches 
as  it  lay  in  the  grave. 

Skeleton  24  was  found  10  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  8,  the  head  being 
on  the  same  level  as  that  of  Skeleton  23  and  only  6}i  inches  to  the  northeast  of  it. 
The  body  was  lying  on  its  back,  inclined  a  trifle  to  the  right  side,  the  legs  had  been 
drawn  up,  as  is  usual  in  most  of  the  burials.  It  was  lying  northwest  by  southeast,  the 
head  toward  the  latter  point.  The  head  was  8  inches  west  of  the  eastern  section 
line,  and  3  feet  6  inches  south  from  the  northern  line.  It  measured  3  feet  4 
inches  in  situ.  Lying  to  the  northwest  of  the  cranium  and  4  inches  from  it,  was  a 
portion  of  a  bowl  (H-105),  that  was  part  of  the  bottom  of  a  larger  one.  Inside  of  it 
was  a  corrugated  jar  5}i  inches  high  and  %  inch  in  diameter  at  the  top  (H-106); 
between  the  bowl  and  its  cranium  was  a  bone  awl  (H-107).  The  cranium  was  broken 
into  bits  and  the  whole  skeleton  was  greatly  decayed. 

Skeleton  25  was  found  10  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  9.  It  was  that  of  a 
young  person;  the  bones  were  badly  decayed  and  had  been  scattered  about  by  rats. 
The  body  was  lying  north  and  south,  the  head  being  toward  the  latter  point.  The  body 
measured  1  foot  9  inches  as  it  lay  in  the  grave.  From  the  eastern  section  line  to  the 
head  was  3  feet  2  inches  and  1  foot  3  inches  from  the  northern  section  line  to  the  same 
point.  About  4  inches  south  of  the  head  and  2%  inches  below  it  was  a  red  bowl 
(H-108),  measuring  i%  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top. 


350         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  bone  awl  (H-109)  was  found  1  foot  below  the  surface  in  the  central  part  of 
Section  10,  and  almost  against  the  eastern  section  line. 

Skeleton  26  was  found  in  the  middle  of  Section  7,  all  that  could  be  found  in  a 
sufficient  state  of  preservation  to  allow  of  being  uncovered  was  the  upper  jaw.  This 
piece  was  lying  1  foot  6  inches  below  the  surface;  it  was  3  feet  north  from  the  southern 
section  line,  and  3  feet  4  inches  from  the  eastern  line.  A  fragment  of  a  bowl  (H-110) 
was  lying  just  below  it,  about  2  inches,  and  a  little  to  the  eastward  of  it,  a  large  frag- 
ment of  a  white  bowl  (H-lll),  was  lying  6  inches  west  of  the  jaw,  and  just  below  this 
piece  on  the  southern  side,  and  with  the  edge  lying  under  the  whiteware  bowl  men- 
tioned above,  was  a  very  peculiar  bowl  (H-112);  it  was  4%  inches  in  diameter  and 
2%  inches  deep.  It  was  heavily  ornamented  on  the  interior  and  about  %  inch  below 
the  rim  were  four  perforated  handles,  placed  at  equal  distances  from  each  other. 
Three  inches  south  of  this  bowl  was  a  ball-shaped  corrugated  jar  (H-113).  It  was 
2%  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top  and  3  inches  deep.  Two  inches  further  south,  was  a 
large  fragment  of  a  corrugated  jar  (H-114).  Four  inches  west  of  this  corrugated  jar 
was  a  fragment  of  a  red  bowl  (H-115).  The  body  had  completely  wasted  away  so 
that  the  position  in  the  grave  could  not  be  ascertained. 

Skeleton  27  was  found  in  Section  8,  it  was  1  foot  3  inches  below  the  surface. 
The  body  was  greatly  decomposed,  only  a  portion  of  the  head,  the  occiput,  remaining. 
The  legs  were  drawn  up  and  the  vertebrae  were  so  soft  they  crumbled  when  even  a 
brush  was  applied.  The  body  was  lying  north  and  south,  the  head  being  toward  the 
latter  point,  and  measured  3  feet  5  inches  in  situ.  From  the  eastern  section  line  to  the 
head  was  3  feet,  and  from  the  head  to  the  south  section  line  was  2  feet  10  inches. 
Five  inches  northwest  from  the  head  was  a  fragment  of  a  bowl  (H-116)  and  2  inches 
north  of  this  was  a  water  jar  6  inches  high  and  1%  inches  in  diameter  at  the  mouth. 
There  was  a  corrugated  handle  on  either  side  (H-117). 

Skeleton  28  was  found  10  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  10.  All  that  could 
be  measured  for  photographing  were  the  legs  and  front  of  the  pelvis,  the  other  bones 
had  entirely  wasted  away.  The  leg  bones  were  in  a  very  poor  condition,  their  surfaces 
being  greatly  weathered.  From  the  southern  section  line  was  5  inches  and  from  the 
western  line,  2  feet  7  inches,  from  the  point  of  the  bended  knees  to  the  end  of  the  pelvic 
bone,  2  feet  5%  inches.  The  skeleton  probably  lay  north  and  south,  the  head  being 
toward  the  south  and  no  doubt  extended  some  distance  into  Section  9,  but  no  bones 
were  found  in  this  section.  The  bones  were  very  large,  the  perfect  femur  was  1  foot 
6)2  inches  long  and  the  outer  tibia  was  1  foot  2%  inches.  No  vessels  were  found  with 
the  body. 

Skeleton  29  was  found  1  foot  1  inch  below  the  surface  in  Section  10,  the  head 
being  11  inches  north  of  the  leg  bones  of  Skeleton  28.  The  body  was  lying  northeast 
by  southwest,  the  head  being  toward  the  latter  point.  The  body  was  probably  that 
of  a  woman,  and  lay  on  its  back,  the  head  being  some  inches  higher  than  the  rest  of  the 
body.  The  skull  was  crushed  and  the  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  were  missing  from  age. 
Only  five  teeth  remained  in  the  inferior  maxillary.  The  body  measured  2  feet  8  inches 
in  situ.  The  legs  were  drawn  up  across  the  body  and  some  of  the  vertebrae  and  ribs 
were  missing,  probably  the  result  of  a  rats'  burrow.  The  head  was  3  feet  north  from 
the  south  line  and  3  feet  10  inches  from  the  west  line.  A  little  to  the  west  and  slightly 
above  the  head  was  a  fragment  of  a  pitcher  (H-118). 

Skeleton  30  was  found  7  inches  below  the  surface,  all  that  was  found  of  the  skele- 
ton was  the  occiput  and  two  femurs,  which  were  crossed.    The  head  was  9  inches 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  351 

east  of  the  western  line  of  Section  10,  and  2  feet  10  inches  north  of  the  southern  sec- 
tion line.  The  bones  were  2  feet  northwest  of  the  head,  and  from  the  northern  line 
to  the  point  where  the  bones  cross  was  2  feet  11  inches.  The  femora  were  crossed  on 
the  section  line,  half  of  them  thereby  lying  in  Section  15.  Resting  against  the  cranium 
was  a  pitcher  (H-119),  it  was  6  inches  high  and  3  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top.  Rest- 
ing against  the  pitcher  on  the  northwestern  side  was  a  bowl  5  inches  high  and  4  inches 
in  diameter  at  the  opening,  and  heavily  ornamented  on  the  exterior. 


352  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


TABULATED  DATA. 

A  general  discussion  of  Bonito  culture  will  be  published  later.  In  the  meantime 
we  present  a  table  showing  the  dimensions  of  the  rooms  excavated  and  the  approxi- 
mate distribution  of  artifacts.  These  will  not  only  give  an  idea  of  the  relative  number 
of  finds  for  each  type  of  artifact  but  show  their  distribution  in  the  ruin.  The 
numerals  under  the  various  headings  in  the  tables  indicate  the  number  of  such  artifacts 
recognized  by  the  excavator,  but  in  some  cases  the  number  of  fragments  and  other 
insignificant  forms  was  so  large  that  no  exact  count  was  made.  These  are  designated 
by  an  x.  The  dimensions  of  rooms  are  from  inside  measurements. The  tables  were  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  B,  T.  B.  Hyde. — Editor. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  289 

stone  slab.  The  stones  were  blackened  and  calcined,  and  were  therefore 
exceedingly  friable  and  delicate.  The  new  or  upper  floor  level  was  over 
1  foot  above  the  sill  of  the  doorway  in  the  south  wall,  and  upon  this 
rested  the  large  double  metatc  with  a  hole  in  the  center. 

A  number  of  interesting  specimens  were  found  in  the  floor,  Figs. 
118-122. 

Room  80. 

Room  86  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  unworked  rooms; 
on  the  south  it  joins  Room  78  and  on  the  east,  Room  87.  It  is  one  of  the 
second  series  of  rooms  south  of  the  north  wall  and  is  built  much  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  outer  wall  at  this  point. 

The  north  wall  seems  to  have  been  repaired  at  its  upper  eastern 
part,  since  the  western  and  lower  part,  composed  as  it  is  of  large  flat 
stones,  conforms  to  the  old  style  of  building.  This  wall  is  still  standing 
almost  to  the  height  of  the  third  story. 

The  east  wall  abuts  on  the  north  and  south  walls  and  shows  the  same 
class  of  work  as  the  eastern  part  of  the  north  wall,  the  three  stories  being 
composed  of  well-laid  selected  stones. 

The  south  wall  is  new  at  its  east  end;  it  is  made  of  faced  stones, 
presenting  an  oval  appearance  and  these  are  chinked  with  smaller 
stones.  This  style  of  wall  was  apparently  restricted  to  the  second  story; 
the  lower  part  was  strong,  but  not  as  well  built  as  the  upper  part.  In 
the  lower  part  of  this  wall  was  a  doorway;  west  of  the  doorway  the 
wall  is  composed  of  rough  stones  and  is  evidently  old.  There  is  evi- 
dence that  it  was  faced  with  small  pieces  of  sandstone.  This  wall  ex- 
tends to  the  second  story  where  it  joins  the  east  wall.  The  western 
part  of  the  wall  is  in  a  state  of  decay  which  stands  out  more  forcibly 
when  compared  with  the  well-built  wall  at  the  east  end. 

The  west  wall  is  composed  of  large  flat  irregular  stones,  such  as  are 
generally  found  in  the  old  walls.  It  abuts  on  the  north  and  south  wall 
and  its  surface  is  very  rough  and  uneven. 

The  north  wall  is  1  foot  10  inches  thick;  the  east,  2  inches  thick; 
and  the  south,  1  foot  11  inches  thick.  The  room  was  cleared  to  the  floor 
level  and  then  dug  to  a  depth  of  several  feet  below  that  plane.  A  number 
of  large  stones  and  metates  were  found  below  the  floor  level. 

Room  87. 
On  the  north  Room  87  is  bounded  by  an  unworked  room;  on  the 
south  it  joins  Room  80.    It  is  really  one  of  the  several  series  of  rooms 
south  of  the  north  wall,  but  there  is  a  small  angular  space  between  the 


290         Anthropological  Paper."  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

north  wall  of  the  room  north  of  this  one  and  the  outer  wall,  that  is  formed 
by  a  wall  that  runs  southeast  from  the  outer  wall  and  joins  it  at  a  point 
just  abreast  of  Room  86. 

Room  87  is  standing;  to  the  height  of  the  second  story  on  the  north 
side  and  also  the  north  part  of  the  east  and  west  walls.  The  floor  of  this 
room  rested  upon  a  foundation  of  old  walls  and  was,  therefore,  not  as 
deep  as  Room  86. 

The  north  wall  is  built  mostly  of  well-laid  small  stones.  The  sur- 
face stones  are  a  facing  for  the  rough  inner  wall  and  are  laid  without 
mortar,  giving  an  appearance  similar  to  the  east  wall  of  Chettro  Kettle. 

In  the  center  of  the  first  floor  wall  there  is  a  doorway  of  the  rect- 
angular type,  the  sides  very  straight  and  even  for  unplastered  surfaces. 
There  is  a  weak  place  above  this  doorway  that  marks  the  only  real 
defect  in  the  wall.  At  either  end  of  this  wall,  1  foot  6  inches  below  the 
ceiling  beams  and  about  8  inches  from  either  end  wall,  are  square  open- 
ings. The  opening  in  the  eastern  end  is  the  better  of  the  two,  but  this 
is  in  poor  condition.  They  were  probably  about  1  foot  by  \}A  inches  and 
may  have  been  ventilators. 

The  ceiling  beams  ran  north  and  south,  as  shown  by  the  large  beam 
holes  in  the  wall.  The  upper  part  of  the  wall,  above  the  ceiling  beams, 
was  made  of  the  same  sized  stones  and  built  in  the  same  fashion  as  the 
lower  part.  There  was  a  rectangular  doorway  in  the  upper  part,  but  the 
top  of  it  had  fallen  with  the  wall. 

Near  the  east  wall  were  three  beam  holes  about  6  inches  to  1  foot  in 
diameter;  a  large  one  was  about  1  foot  4  inches  and  two  small  ones  about 
8  inches  in  diameter  in  the  center.  There  were  two  large  beam  holes 
midway  of  the  eastern  and  western  wall. 

The  south  wall  was  built  like  the  north  wall  and  had  a  rectangular 
doorway  in  the  center.  This  is  closed  with  carefully  laid  stones.  The 
wall  is  in  good  condition  and  at  the  west  end  extends  to  the  ceiling  beams. 

The  east  wall  also  has  the  same  technique  as  the  two  previously 
described.  At  one  time  there  was  a  doorway  in  the  center  of  this  wall, 
that  is  now  entirely  devoid  of  shape ;  the  stones  at  the  top  and  sides  have 
been  displaced  and  the  opening  filled  with  debris.  The  wall  stands  to 
the  height  of  the  ceiling  beams  and,  at  its  north  end,  to  the  height  of  the 
north  wall  which  is  fully  7  feet  above  the  ceiling  beam  level. 

The  west  wall,  built  like  the  other  three,  presents  a  solid  unbroken 
appearance.  At  its  south  end  it  stands  to  a  height  of  4  feet  above  the 
ceiling  beams  and  at  its  north  end,  fully  8  feet  above  that  level.    The 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  291 

respective  measurements  of  the  walls,  showing  their  thickness,  are  as  fol- 
lows: north,  2  feet;  south,  1  foot  10  inches;  east,  2  feet;   west,  2  feet. 

On  a  level  with  the  floor,  as  before  mentioned,  are  the  tops  of  a 
number  of  old  walls.  On  removing  the  floor  it  was  found  that  the  space 
was  occupied  with  these  walls,  save  for  an  angular  space  in  the  center 
and  the  narrow  end  of  another  in  the  northeast  corner.  These  walls 
were  thick  and  massive  and  were  built  of  the  large  flat,  rough-edged 
stones  that  characterize  the  material  of  the  old  walls.  The  north  and 
west  sides  of  the  large  angular  room  still  retain  a  good  portion  of  the 
plaster  with  which  they  had  been  covered  and  which  was  blackened  as 
though  by  long  use.  A  wall  runs  parallel  with  the  south  wall  of  the  room 
and  joins  another  that  runs  northwest  and  southeast,  near  the  east  wall; 
this  second  wall  abuts  on  the  west  wall  of  this  lower  series,  as  does  also 
the  first  mentioned.  The  west  wall  does  not  rest  against  the  west  wall 
of  the  room,  but  the  space  between  them  is  almost  filled  by  the  stones 
on  which  the  upper  wall  rests  (Fig.  155). 

The  north  wall  seems  to  act  as  a  support  for  the  upper  wall,  as  is 
the  case  with  the  south  wall;  the  east  wall  is  built  squarely  across  the 
top  of  the  old  walls.  The  room,  or  pointed  space,  in  the  northeast  corner, 
extends  under  the  east  wall  and  forms  part  of  the  network  of  rooms 
below  the  floor  level  of  Room  88.  The  east  and  west  walls  of  this  upper 
room,  abut  on  the  north  and  south  walls,  as  do  all  of  the  end  walls  of 
this  series,  whicli  extends  to  Room  99. 

Room  88. 
Room  88  lies  just  east  of  and  adjoins  Room  87.  To  its  north  is  an 
unworked  room;  on  the  east  lies  Room  89;  and  on  the  south  it  is  flanked 
by  Rooms  77-82.  This  room  has  the  same  general  appearance  as  Room 
87.  The  walls  are  of  the  same  material  and  built  in  the  same  manner. 
The  north  wall  has  a  rectangular  doorway  in  the  central  part,  about  1 
foot  above  the  floor;  in  the  upper  part,  near  the  east  and  west  walls, 
there  are  square  openings  like  those  found  in  the  north  wall  of  Room  87. 
These  openings  are  like  those  in  the  outer  wall  of  the  pueblo  and  it  is 
more  than  possible  that  this  was  at  one  time  the  outer  wall  of  the  build- 
ing. The  lintel  poles  were  still  in  place  in  the  square  opening  near  the 
east  wall.  These  poles  were  fully  3  inches  in  diameter.  The  wall  stood 
to  a  height  of  over  8  feet  above  the  ceiling  beams  and  had  a  doorway  in 
its  upper  part.  Only  a  portion  of  the  sides  of  the  doorway  is  still  in 
place.  Large  pieces  of  the  wall  above  the  square  openings  have  fallen, 
but  the  greater  part  is  in  good  condition. 


292         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History .     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  east  wall  is  solid,  not  even  a  doorway  breaking  its  surface.  It 
is  somewhat  bulged  near  the  floor,  but  is  otherwise  in  good  shape.  The 
south  wall  is  in  a  good  state  of  preservation  near  the  east  end;  in  fact 
the  only  bad  place  is  near  the  west  wall  where  a  large  section  has  fallen 
out.  There  is  a  closed  doorway  of  the  old  T  type  with  well-defined  lines, 
in  the  east  center  of  the  wall.  The  stones  with  which  it  is  closed  are 
well  laid. 

The  west  wall  shows  the  same  broken  place  in  the  center  as  on  its 
side  in  Room  87.  This  may  have  been  a  doorway,  but  there  is  absolutely 
no  evidence  of  it  on  this  side.  Barring  this  defect,  the  wall  is  in  good 
condition,  and  stands  to  the  height  of  the  ceiling  poles,  which  may  be 
seen  at  its  north  end  where  the  wall  towers  8  feet  above  them.  This  high 
section  is  only  2  feet  6  inches  wide  at  its  lower  part. 

The  east  and  west  walls  abut  on  the  north  and  south  walls  and  all 
are  devoid  of  plaster.  In  this  room  there  is  a  continuation  of  the  walls 
found  at  the  floor  level  in  Room  87 ;  they  form  four  places  in  this  room  all 
of  which  extend  into  other  rooms.  The  one  in  the  west  end  extends  under 
the  west  wall  of  the  room  and  ends  in  an  acute  angle  in  Room  87  (Fig. 
124). 

The  southwest  wall  of  the  central  room  passes  under  the  south  wall 
of  the  upper  room,  as  does  also  its  southeast  wall.  Just  southeast  of  the 
large  space,  with  the  same  wall  for  its  base,  is  another  angular  room;  its 
northeast  and  northwest  walls  form  a  right  angle,  the  south  upper  wall  is 
the  hypothenuse,  the  acute  angle  is  lost  under  the  east  wall. 

The  fourth  space  is  in  the  northeast  corner  and,  with  the  east  wall 
of  the  room  as  a  perpendicular,  forms  a  right-angled  triangle  with  the 
base  on  the  north  side.  Unlike  those  in  Room  87,  these  lower  walls  are 
only  1  foot  thick,  although  their  width  is  about  the  same. 

The  wall  running  northwest  and  southeast  seems  to  end  where  it 
meets  the  north  upper  wall  and  extends  under  the  east  wall  at  its  other 
end.  The  wall  in  the  southeast  end  abuts  on  this  wall  and  passes  under 
the  south  wall.  The  wall  running  parallel  to  it  in  the  west  central  part 
of  the  floor  area  abuts  on  the  same  wall  as  the  others,  and  also  abuts  on 
a  mass  of  masonry  in  the  southwest  corner.  These  walls  are  all  built 
upon  the  natural  yellow  sand. 

There  is  a  bench  a  little  over  1  foot  wide  that  runs  along  the  north 
wall;  in  it  are  four  places  where  posts  have  probably  rested;  they  aver- 
age about  10  inches  in  diameter.  The  upper  walls  show  the  following 
thicknesses:  north,  2  inches;  south,  1  foot  10  inches;  east,  1  foot  10 
inches;  west,  2  feet. 


1920.] 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  29.3 


Room  89. 
Room  89  is  also  one  of  the  series  of  rooms  running  east  and  west  of 
which  Room  99  forms  the  eastern  limit.    It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
an  unnumbered  room,  on  the  south  by  Room  90,  on  the  east  by  Room  98, 
and  on  the  west  by  Room  88. 

The  north  wall  is  built  of  various  sized  stones,  no  continuity  of  size 
of  material  or  manner  of  laying  is  shown.  The  lower  part  is  in  good 
condition  and  still  retains  the  greater  part  of  its  plaster,  but  the  upper 
part  is  warped  and  in  places  stones  have  fallen  out.  At  one  place,  near 
the  ceiling  beams  and  only  a  few  feet  from  the  west  wall,  a  few  stones 
have  fallen,  disclosing  a  timber  built  into  the  wall.  It  is  laid  horizontally 
and  was  evidently  used  as  a  strengthening  medium.  It  is  just  above  one 
of  the  square  holes  and  no  doubt  served  as  a  lintel  to  the  ventilator, 
which,  however,  seems  to  have  been  closed  with  stones.  There  is  another 
of  these  square  places  near  the  east  wall,  thereby  following  out  the  same 
order  as  in  Rooms  87-88. 

A  doorway  in  the  lower  part  of  this  wall  is  of  the  rectangular  type 
and  has  eight  poles  for  the  lintel;  these  average  2  inches  in  thickness. 
At  the  northern  limit  of  this  doorway,  l}/2  inches  below  the  main  lintel, 
are  two  poles  the  space  between  them  being  filled  with  stones.  The  door- 
way was  half  full  of  debris,  the  lower  part,  however,  was  closed  with  a 
well-laid  plastered  wall.  Judging  from  the  holes  in  the  wall  at  the  ceiling 
level,  there  must  have  been  eight  large  beams  running  north  and  south. 

The  second  story  wall  is  of  the  same  style  of  masonry  as  the  lower 
story,  but  was  evidently  built  after  the  lower  wall,  for  it  is  fully  3  inches 
north  of  the  lower  wall  surface.  This  may  have  been  because  the  upper 
wall  was  built  over  the  roof  of  the  lower  room  and  thereby  made  a  per- 
fect joint  impossible.  The  story  is  in  good  condition  and  has  a  doorway 
in  the  center.  It  is  rectangular  in  form  and  has  a  peculiar  jog  on  either 
side;  near  the  north  end  the  top  of  this  doorway  has  fallen.  At  the  east 
end  of  the  room  the  third  story  is  in  evidence,  a  pile  of  wall  about  8  feet 
long  and  6  feet  high  being  still  in  position.  From  the  floor  to  the  second 
story  ceiling  beams  is  a  distance  of  19  feet,  thereby  making  over  22  feet 
of  wall  on  the  west  side  of  this  room. 

The  south  wall  is  bulged  and  buckled  to  such  an  extent  that  it  is 
almost  a  wreck  at  the  west  end.  It  is  similar  to  the  north  wall  in  its 
masonry,  and  retains  a  great  portion  of  the  plaster,  most  of  which  is, 
however,  in  patches. 

The  only  intentional  break  in  the  surface  is  a  doorway  of  the  old 
wide-topped  type  near  the  east  end;  the  lower  part  is  closed  with  large 


294         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

stones  and  the  upper  part  filled  with  debris.  The  outlines  are  fairly 
plain,  but  the  height  could  not  be  ascertained  owing  to  the  falling  of 
the  wall  which  carried  part  of  it  away. 

The  east  wall  is  solid  and  presents  an  unbroken  surface,  the  masonry 
being  the  same  as  in  the  other  Avails.  Over  fifteen  poles  can  be  counted 
at  the  ceiling  level,  and  above  them  the  wall  of  the  second  story  rises 
to  the  height  of  the  beam  holes  in  the  north  wall.  The  surface  has  no 
opening  in  it,  and  although  warped  laterally  at  its  center,  is  still  in  fair 
condition.    This  wall  abuts  on  the  north  and  south  walls. 

The  west  wall  stands  almost  to  the  first  ceiling  level  and  abuts  on 
the  north  and  south  walls;  it  has  quite  a  patch  of  plaster  on  the  lower 
part  and  the  masonry  does  not  form  that  of  the  other  walls.  There  is 
not  a  break  in  its  surface,  all  the  stones  being  intact. 

The  floor  of  this  room  was  rather  uneven ;  no  fireplaces  were  found 
in  it.  The  measurements  of  the  walls  gave  the  following  thicknesses: 
north,  1  foot  9  inches:  south,  1  foot  10  inches;  east,  1  foot  10  inches; 
west,  1  foot  11  inches. 

Room  90. 

Room  90  is  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  ruin  and  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Room  89;  on  the  south  by  the  estufa,  Room  75;  on  the 
east  by  Room  20;  and  on  the  west  by  Room  82.  It  is  one  of  a  series 
extending  east  and  west  and  its  walls,  except  at  the  east,  have  fallen  so 
that  not  even  the  entire  first  story  remains. 

The  north  and  south  walls  are  only  a  trifle  over  7  feet  in  height.  The 
walls  are  rough  and  in  poor  condition,  especially  the  west  end  of  the 
north  wall  which  contained  two  pockets  and  a  doorway.  The  latter 
was  of  the  rectangular  type  and  was  filled  with  debris  from  the  fallen 
wall.  The  wall  directly  above  it  was  completely  destroyed,  the  space 
being  filled  with  debris.  The  pocket  in  the  western  part  of  this  wall  was 
rectangular  in  shape,  its  larger  side  ran  parallel  with  the  floor  and  a  flat 
stone  served  as  the  bottom.  It  was  about  1  foot  10  inches  long  and  10 
inches  high,  extending  into  the  wall  a  distance  of  1  foot  9  inches.  The 
back  of  the  base  was  composed  of  flat  stones  which  looked  like  manos; 
these  were  laid  side  by  side,  their  ends  pointing  north  and  south. 

The  pocket  in  the  eastern  end  of  the  wall  was  1  foot  Z}4  inches  long 
by  9  inches  high,  and  1  foot  4  inches  deep.  It  too  had  a  flat  stone  ex- 
tending the  full  width  of  the  pocket  and  forming  a  base  for  the  front  part. 
Both  of  these  pockets  were  comparatively  rough  but  probably  presented 
a  better  appearance  when  the  plaster  was  in  good  condition.  ,  At  one 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonilo.  295 

time  the  whole  wall  had  been  plastered  but  most  of  it  on  the  upper  part 
had  fallen. 

The  south  wall  was  in  good  condition  and  was  composed  of  small 
stones;  these  were  particularly  small  at  the  upper  part  of  the  west  end. 
There  was  a  doorway  of  the  old  broad  type  in  the  center  that  had  been 
carefully  close,d  with  large  stones  and  covered  with  plaster.  This  was 
the  only  break  in  the  wall.  As  was  the  case  with  the  north  wall,  only 
the  lower  plaster  remains. 

The  east  wall  was  rather  rough  in  construction  and  its  center  was 
pierced  by  a  rectangular  doorway  that  led  into  Room  20.  Most  of  the 
plaster  had  disappeared  and  the  wall  had  bulged  a  little  on  either  side  of  the 
doorway.  The  lintel  of  the  doorway  was  composed  of  six  poles  in  an 
advanced  stage  of  decay. 

The  west  wall  was  strongly  built  and  well  faced,  the  only  defect 
being  a  slight  bulge  in  the  center.  There  was  a  small  pocket  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  north  end  which  looked  as  though  a  few  stones  had  been  pulled 
out,  as  there  was  no  evidence  of  its  having  been  used  or  plastered.  A 
small  patch  of  plaster  showing  evidences  of  fire  and  smoke  remained  near 
the  central  part  of  the  floor. 

The  room  is  not  due  east  and  west,  the  east  and  west  walls  being  20° 
east  of  north.  Nothing  of  great  interest  was  found  during  the  removal 
of  the  debris.  The  usual  potsherds,  bones,  etc.,  were  encountered  and 
when  the  floor  level  was  reached  a  great  many  metates  and  stone  slabs 
were  found.  When  the  dirt  was  cleared  away  the  upright  slabs  were 
found  to  be  the  walls  of  bins.  To  the  north  of  one  series  was  found  some 
plaster  that  had  once  contained  a  series  of  metates.  A  large  metate  had 
probably  fallen  from  the  floor  above,  as  it  rested  on  a  layer  of  dirt  that 
was  over  the  best-preserved  metate  rest.  There  was  a  pile  of  stones  near 
the  central  part  resting  against  the  south  wall;  these  too  had  probably 
fallen  from  the  upper  floor  like  the  flat  metate  in  the  northwest  corner. 
A  large  metate,  with  a  hole  in  the  bottom,  rested  upon  the  floor  and  was 
probably  a  part  of  the  furniture  of  the  room. 

When  the  floor  was  cleared  a  series  of  bins  was  uncovered.  The}'  ran 
parallel  with  the  walls  at  the  sides  of  the  room  and  extended  from  the 
west  wall  to  within  1^2  feet  of  the  east  wall.  There  were  ten  in  all; 
the  row  was  not  straight  but  formed  an  elongated  arc,  the  convex  side  of 
which  was  toward  the  north  wall.  All  the  bins,  with  one  exception,  had 
flat  stones  for  the  bottom.  These  were  surrounded  with  mortar  that 
was  rounded  at  the  corners  and  sloped  upward  to  the  sides.    The  distance 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  297 

from  the  edge  of  the  metate  slope  to  the  bottom  of  the  bins  was  from  2  to 
3  inches.    (Fig.  125). 

Room  91. 
This  room  is  situated  over  Room  3.  An  opening  was  made  in  its 
southeast  corner  in  1896  to  make  an  entrance  to  the  series  of  open  rooms 
that  run  northward  from  Room  3.  The  lower  part  of  Room  3  was  heavily 
walled,  the  plaster  in  some  places  being  fully  2  inches  thick.  The  room 
may  have  been  used  as  an  estufa  or  council  room,  but  if  so,  the  usual 
bench  was  missing.  The  opening  in  the  room  was  in  the  southeast  part 
and  on  the  wall  beams  was  surrounded  with  bunches  of  cedarbark  tied 
with  yucca  cords. 

The  floor  was  laid  upon  four  large  timbers  that  ran  east  and  west; 
they  were  natural  logs  which  measured  nearly  1  foot  in  diameter.  They 
extended  about  1  foot  into  the  western  wall  and  protruded  fully  S  feet 
beyond  the  eastern  wall.  The  two  northernmost  logs  were  surrounded 
at  their  eastern  ends  with  strips  of  cedar  that  extended  the  whole  width 
of  the  wall  which  was  2  feet  thick.  These  pieces  were  used  as  packing  in 
the  same  way  that  small  flat  stones  are  used  around  smaller  beams.  The 
strips  were  not  only  in  evidence  on  the  lower  part  of  the  beam,  but  com- 
pletely encircled  it. 

The  western  wall  of  this  room  was  rather  uneven  and  had  tipped 
towards  the  west  until  there  was  a  distance  of  four  inches  between  it  and 
the  top  part  of  the  northern  wall.  It  had  been  covered  with  a  thick 
layer  of  plaster  which  remained  in  place  over  the  greater  part  of  the 
northern  half,  where  numerous  layers  could  be  noted.  There  was  a 
closed  doorway  near  the  south  end,  or  at  least  an  opening  that  had  been 
filled  after  the  wall  was  built,  but  the  lines  could  not  be  definitely  ascer- 
tained, owing  to  the  dilapidated  condition  of  this  part  of  the  wall. 

The  north  wall  was  completely  covered  with  plaster,  all  but  the 
outer  layer  being  in  good  condition.  A  square  doorway  in  the  west 
central  part  was  closed  and  completely  covered  with  plaster.  This  wall 
presented  a  very  uniform  surface  and  was  1  foot  thick. 

The  northeast  corner  was  in  good  condition,  the  plaster  being  intact 
and  solid.  The  east  wall  was  2  feet  thick  and  made  of  good-sized  stones 
that  were  laid  in  the  general  way,  no  special  plan  being  carried  out  so 
far  as  specialized  manipulation  is  concerned.  It  was  well  plastered  and 
presented  a  flat  surface,  the  joint  with  the  south  wall  being  firm  and 
strong,  although  the  south  wall  was  not  built  into  it. 


298        A  nthropological  Papers  A  merican  Museum  of  Natural  History.      [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  south  wall  was  solid  and  in  good  condition,  the  surface  had  been 
plastered  but  the  greater  part  had  fallen.  The  doorway  in  the  west 
central  part  was  of  the  square  type,  and  extended  about  6  inches  above 
the  ceiling  beams  to  the  top  of  the  standing  wall.  As  there  was  fully  6 
inches  of  adobe  above  the  floor,  the  door  evidently  commenced  at  the 
floor  level. 

The  stones  in  this  wall  were  somewhat  smaller  than  in  the  east  wall, 
but  were  laid  in  the  same  manner  as  were  those  in  the  other  walls  as  near 
as  could  be  ascertained.  The  walls  of  this  room  were  standing,  on  an 
average  of  about  5  feet  above  the  floor  beams  and  were  about  the  same 
level  as  those  of  the  rooms  west  of  it. 

The  beams  forming  the  support  for  the  floor  were  in  good  condi- 
tion save  where  they  extended  into  the  room  east  of  Room  91.  In  clear- 
ing out  Room  3,  an  opening  was  found  just  east  of  the  fireplace,  but  at 
that  time  the  outlet  was  not  found.  However,  in  digging  down  to  the 
beams  in  the  room  east  of  Room  91 ,  a  square  opening  was  encountered 
that  was  probably  the  upper  end  of  the  air  passage  from  Room  3.  It 
was  near  the  southeast  wall  of  Room  91  and  was  left  for  investigation 
when  the  room  in  which  it  is  situated  was  worked. 

Room  92. 

This  room  is  directly  north  of  Room  91 ;  its  exact  direction  is  north- 
west and  southeast.  This  room  was  filled  with  the  stones  and  dirt  of  the 
fallen  walls  to  within  about  2  feet  of  the  floor.  Here  the  material  from 
the  upper  floor  was  encountered;  it  could  be  kept  separate  from  the 
deposit  on  the  main  floor  as  a  stratum  of  sand  had  washed  in  and  covered 
the  floor  to  a  depth  of  from  5  inches  to  1  foot,  until  the  floor  of  the  upper 
room  was  buried. 

The  charred  ceiling  beams  of  the  room  were  found  throughout  the 
debris  and  a  great  deal  of  corn  was  found  on  the  fallen  floor.  A  bunch  of 
bean  bushes  was  found  in  the  west  central  part  of  the  room  and  masees 
of  beans  from  the  same  plant,  that  were  still  green;  corn  on  the  cob;  and 
beans  in  the  pod  were  encountered.  After  the  material  from  the  fallen 
floor  had  been  examined,  the  lawyer  of  stratified  sand  had  to  be  removed 
to  reach  the  main  floor.  The  sand  was  almost  as  hard  as  mortar  and  a 
pick  had  to  be  used  to  remove  it.    The  flow  had  been  from  the  southwest. 

In  the  material  on  the  main  floor  a  jaw  of  a  cinnamon  bear  was  found, 
also  fragments  of  two  claws  and  a  quantity  of  hair  besides  the  general 
material  from  such  a  room.  The  room  was  very  dry  and  the  finds  were, 
therefore,  well  preserved.    The  floor  was  covered  with  adobe  and  there 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  299 

was  a  large  flat  fireplace  in  the  west-central  part.  The  bottom  of  this 
fireplace  was  well  smoothed  and  only  a  trifle  below  the  floor  level.  At 
one  time  it  had  probably  been  surrounded  by  a  ridge  about  3  inches  high 
and  8  inches  wide,  but  only  a  portion  on  the  north  remained  intact. 

The  beam  that  supported  the  center  of  the  room  was  broken  and  had 
let  that  part  of  the  floor  down  several  inches,  causing  a  very  pronounced 
slant  toward  the  west  wall. 

The  west  wall  (northwest)  was  in  about  the  same  condition  as  the 
corresponding  wall  of  Room  91,  of  which  it  was  a  continuation.  It  had 
retreated  from  the  end  of  the  south  wall  about  3  inches  and  from  the 
north  wall  about  2  inches.  The  surface  had  been  covered  with  a  thick 
layer  of  plaster,  but  the  greater  part  of  it  had  fallen.  The  wall  itself 
was  very  poorly  constructed;  it  was  composed  of  small  slabs  laid  in 
mud  with  no  attempt  at  facing.  In  the  finished  room  the  plaster  was 
relied  upon  to  cover  up  these  defects. 


Fig.  126  (7662).     Stone  Pointed  Drill,  Room  92. 

The  doorway  in  the  central  part  was  of  the  old  type,  narrow  at  the 
bottom  and  broad  at  the  top,  possibly,  as  has  been  suggested,  to  allow  a 
person  to  enter  with  a  bundle  on  his  back.  This  doorway  was  filled  with 
stones  and  dirt  that  might  have  been  placed  there  by  the  old  people,  but 
which  is  probably  the  debris  from  the  fallen  walls.  The  north  wall  was 
probably  originally  plastered,  but  hardly  a  vestige  of  it  remains.  This 
wall  is  solidly  built,  being  composed  of  large  faced  stones  chinked  with 
smaller  ones;  it  simply  abuts  on  the  east  and  west  wall  and  is  nearly  3^ 
feet  thick.  The  only  break  in  its  surface  is  at  the  west  end  where  there 
is  a  doorway.  It  is  about  4  inches  above  the  floor  and  of  the  usual  rect- 
angular type.  The  plaster  on  its  western  side  is  still  intact,  but  on  the 
opposite  side  most  of  it  has  disappeared. 

The  wall  at  this  side  (east)  back  to  the  wall  of  the  next  room,  which 
is  a  distinct  and  individual  wall,  is  2  feet  2  inches.  The  lintel  is  com- 
posed of  four  heavy  well-preserved  beams,  each  5  inches  in  diameter. 
The  places  where  they  have  been  let  into  the  walls  are  chinked  with  small 
stones  and  mud,  as  though  the  door  had  been  broken  through  after  the 
wall  was  built.  The  first  lintel  beam  runs  eastward  from  the  eastern 
side  of  the  doorway  to  a  distance  of  5  feet  4  inches;  its  entire  length 


300         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

may  be  traced  by  a  series  of  small  stones  that  were  placed  around  and  in 
front  of  it.  The  chinking,  on  closer  examination,  shows  that  it  had  fallen 
out.  Very  little  care  had  been  taken  in  replacing  it,  as  the  stones  pro- 
trude beyond  the  side  walls.  A  portion  of  the  upper  part  of  the  wall,  over 
the  doorway,  has  fallen,  but  the  other  parts  of  this  wall  are  in  good  condi- 
tion. 

The  east  wall  is  composed  of  good-sized  stones,  which  are  well  laid. 
Almost  all  the  plaster  has  disappeared  but  the  wall  is  in  good  condition 
save  at  a  point  below  the  doorway,  where  the  stones  are  displaced.  This 
doorway  is  of  the  rectangular  type  and  is  filled  with  debris. 

The  south  wall  is  very  solid  and  exceedingly  well  made.  It  is  com- 
posed of  medium-sized  stones  chinked  with  smaller  ones,  the  chinking 
being  forcibly  noticeable  around  the  doorway.  This  doorway  is  of  the 
rectangular  type  and  the  sides  are  well  laid.  The  wall  had  been  plastered, 
but  very  little  of  it  remained.  Below  the  door  the  wall  had  fallen,  and, 
at  the  west  end  there  was  a  space  of  about  3  inches  where  the  west  wall 
had  fallen  away  from  it.  This  wall  is  1  foot  thick  and  is  separated  by  a 
large  log  that  rests  upon  a  comparatively  thin  wall. 

Room  93. 

Room  93  is  the  second  room  south  of  the  darkroom  and  is  one  of  the 
outer  rooms  at  the  northwest  corner  of  the  ruin.  The  longer  axis  of  this 
room  is  northeast  and  southwest.  The  walls  of  this  room  were  well 
made  and  were  thicker  than  the  average  wall. 

The  north  wall  (northwest)  was  composed  of  large  stones  chinked 
with  smaller  pieces  of  sandstone  and  had  a  doorway  of  the  usual  rect- 
angular type,  in  the  northeast  end,  with  ten  poles  for  a  lintel.  This  wall 
was  unbroken,  save  for  the  doorway;  the  wall  was  broken  below  the 
level  of  the  ceiling  beam  at  the  southwest  end,  but  at  the  northeast  end  it 
reached  a  height  of  20  feet  above  the  floor.  The  ceiling  poles  were  about 
1  foot  in  diameter  as  evidenced  by  the  openings  that  still  remain  in  the 
wall. 

The  southeast  wall  was  composed  of  large  dressed  stones,  the  chink- 
ing being  done  with  very  thin  pieces  of  sandstone.  There  was  a  doorway 
in  the  central  part  of  the  room  and  about  1  foot  13^2  inches  below  the 
ceiling  beams;  it  was  of  the  rectangular  type  and  had  poles,  about  2 
inches  in  diameter,  for  a  lintel.  In  the  northeast  part  of  the  wall  is  a 
nearly  square  opening,  1  foot  by  16  inches,  that  has  a  flat  stone  for  the 
top  and  was  probably  used  for  passing  things  between  the  rooms. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bontio.  301 

This  door  opening  was  in  good  condition,  but  the  doorway  was 
broken  at  the  top.  The  wall  was  standing  to  a  good  height  at  the  south- 
west end,  but  at  the  northeast  had  fallen  to  the  level  of  the  ceiling  beams. 
This  wall  was  1  foot  Q}A  inches  thick. 

The  southwest  wall  is  built  in  the  same  firm  manner  as  the  other  two 
and  has  the  same  form  of  chinking.  There  is  a  doorway  of  the  rect- 
angular type  in  the  center;  it  has  poles  for  a  lintel  and  is  in  good  condi- 
tion. The  wall  is  standing  to  a  height  of  1  foot  above  the  doorway  and  is 
1  foot  43^  inches  thick;  it  is  not  built  into  the  southeast  wall,  but 
simply  abuts  on  it,  as  it  does  on  the  northwest  wall. 

The  northeast  wall  presents  an  unbroken  surface.  It  is  one  of  the 
walls  that  radiate  from  the  outer  wall,  and  stands  to  a  height  of  20  feet 
above  the  floor;  it  passes  the  southeast  wall  and  extends  southeastward, 
forming  the  northeast  wall  of  Room  101  and  the  southwest  wall  of  Rooms 
100-104.  It  is  built  of  the  same  large  stones  as  the  other  walls  of  the 
room  and  chinked  in  the  same  manner;  it  is  1  foot  7  inches  thick. 

The  northwest,  or  outer  wall,  of  the  room  is  2  feet  2  inches  thick  and 
since  it  forms  the  outer  wall  of  the  ruin  is  solidly  built.  All  the  walls  were 
devoid  of  plaster,  but  may  have  been  covered  when  the  room  was  new. 
Because  this  is  one  of  the  outer  rooms  of  the  ruin,  the  walls  on  the  north- 
west and  southeast  sides  are  rounded  to  some  extent. 

A  well-smoothed  floor  was  found,  but  very  little  of  interest  was 
brought  to  light  from  the  debris. 

Room  94. 

Room  94  is  one  of  the  outer  rooms  at  the  northwest  end  of  the  pueblo ; 
it  is  southwest  of  and  near  Room  93  and  is  bounded  by  Room  102  on 
the  southeast.  The  north  wall  (northwest)  was  in  fairly  good  condition 
at  the  northeast  end,  but  the  southwest  end  had  fallen  and  was  simply 
a  mass  of  debris.  There  was  a  doorway  in  the  upper  part  of  the  northeast 
end  that  was  almost  square,  but  it  too  had  suffered  by  the  falling  of  the 
wall. 

The  northeast  wall  was  in  fair  condition  and  was  built  of  large  faced 
stones  which  were  chinked  with  small  pieces  of  sandstone.  This  was 
the  typical  wall  of  the  outer  series  and  stood  out  in  strong  contrast  to 
the  rough  inner  walls.  There  was  a  decayed,  rectangular  doorway  in  the 
upper  central  part. 

The  southeast  wall  was  in  fine  condition  and  was  built  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  other  walls.  It  was  intact,  but  bulged  somewhat  near  the 
top.  There  was  no  doorway  in  this  wall  and  its  surface  was  practically 
devoid  of  plaster. 


302         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  southwest  wall  had  fallen  at  its  northwest  end,  but  its  southeast 
part  was  in  good  condition  and  showed  that  it  had  been  of  the  same 
workmanship  as  the  other  three.  There  had  been  a  doorway  in  the  upper 
part;  although  still  definable,  it  was  badly  damaged.  The  floor  of  this 
room  was  well  plastered,  but  about  its  center  was  a  wall  2  feet  wide  that 
ran  parallel  with  the  end  walls,  its  surface  being  on  the  floor  level. 

Room  95. 

Room  95  is  fourth,  southwest  of  the  old  darkroom,  its  true  position 
by  the  compass  is  northeast  by  southwest,  its  longer  axis  being  the  one  in 
question. 

The  walls  of  this  room  were  almost  completely  destroyed,  as  though 
forces  other  than  natural  elements  had  played  a  part  in  their  destruction. 

The  north  wall  (northwest)  was  completely  demolished  and  only  a 
portion  of  the  oppposite  wall  was  in  evidence.  This  was  at  the  floor  level 
and  showed  that  it  had  been  a  strong  well-built  wall  at  one  time.  The 
wall  was  built  like  the  others  of  the  outer  series,  being  the  chinked  form. 

The  east  wall  had  fallen,  save  at  the  south  end,  where  it  was  still 
intact;  it  was  1  foot  6  inches  thick  and  abutted  on  the  north  and  south 
walls.  It  was,  however,  carefully  built  and  was  of  the  same  type  of 
masonry  as  the  other  walls  of  the  series. 

The  west  wall  was  standing  to  a  considerable  height  where  it  joined 
the  south  and  north  walls,  but  was  only  about  1  foot  high  in  the  center. 
It  was  1  foot  7  inches  thick  and  composed  of  the  same  faced  stones  as 
the  main  walls.  This  wall  abutted  on  the  north  and  south  walls  and 
had  suffered  with  the  others  when  this  part  of  the  building  fell,  as  shown 
by  a  large  crack  in  the  center. 

Room  96. 

Room  96  is  the  fifth  of  the  outer  series  that  stretches  southwest 
from  the  old  darkroom.  Its  larger  axis  is  22°  east  of  north,  but  for  con- 
venience' sake,  the  walls  are  given  as  north,  south,  etc. 

The  north  wall  is  composed  of  large  faced  stones  which  are  chinked 
with  thin  pieces  of  sandstone.  It  is  5  inches  high  where  it  rests  against 
the  east  wall,  but  has  fallen  at  the  center  and  west  end.  This  wall  is 
1  foot  7  inches  thick  and  is  built  upon  a  foundation  of  sand  that  is  thickly 
sprinkled  with  charcoal. 

The  south  wall  is  of  the  same  solid  character  as  the  others,  but  in- 
stead of  abutting  at  the  east  end  it  passes  on  and  is  embedded  in  the 
east  wall ;  at  the  west  end  it  abuts  on  the  outer  wall.    There  is  a  doorway 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  303 

in  the  center  of  this  wall  which  is  narrow  at  the  top  and  flaring  at  the 
bottom.  The  sides  are  1  foot  7  inches  thick  and  present  a  very  even 
surface.  Eight  poles  form  the  lintel  and  they  range  from  2  inches  to  3 
inches  in  diameter.    This  wall  extends  about  5  feet  above  the  ceiling  level. 

The  east  wall  presents  an  unbroken  surface,  composed  of  the  same 
faced  stones  and  chinked  in  the  same  style  as  the  other  walls.  Evi- 
dently it  stood  in  as  good  condition  as  when  built,  save  for  the  slant 
toward  the  west,  which  gave  it  a  rather  uncanny  appearance  to  one  at 
work  below  it.  It  stood  to  the  height  of  the  ceiling  poles  for  over  two- 
thirds  of  its  length,  but  at  the  north  end,  about  2  feet  of  its  height  had 
disintegrated. 

There  is  a  wall  about  7  feet  in  height  standing  above  the  ceiling 
level  at  the  south  end  of  this  wall.  It  is  about  3  inches  east  of  the  room 
wall  surface  at  the  south  end,  and  fully  1  foot  east  of  the  surface  where  it 
ends,  a  distance  of  7  feet  6  inches  north  of  the  south  wall  of  the  room. 
This  upper  wall  is  1  foot  8  inches  thick. 

The  west  wall  was  massive  in  appearance  at  its  south  end  and  re- 
tained this  characteristic  for  a  distance  of  over  8  feet.  Beyond  this 
point  the  lower  part  of  the  wall  could  be  traced  for  a  few  feet,  but  further 
on  there  are  no  evidences  that  a  wall  had  ever  been  in  place,  the  space 
it  had  occupied  being  simply  a  mass  of  debris.  Very  large  stones  were 
used  in  the  construction  of  this  wall  and  it  almost  seems  as  though  there 
must  have  been  some  other  force  besides  the  falling  upper  walls,  to  cause 
such  an  utter  annihilation  of  so  strong  a  piece  of  masonry. 

At  a  point  8  feet  5  inches  from  this  south  wall  there  is  a  perpendicular 
line  of  stones  that  evidently  mark  the  site  of  a  doorway;  its  bottom  stone 
is  about  2  feet  above  the  'floor  level,  and  above  it,  for  6  inches,  there  is  a 
regular  chinked  wall,  therefore  this  doorway  must  have  been  closed. 
The  south  side  of  the  doorway  stands  to  a  height  of  3  feet  above  the 
stone  base  or  sill,  and  at  this  point  the  wall  has  fallen.  The  wall  stands 
to  the  height  of  the  ceiling  beams  for  a  distance  of  about  4  feet  from  the 
south  wall  and  is  1  foot  9  inches  thick,  being  the  outer  wall  of  the  series 
it  passes  on  toward  the  south. 

The  east  wall  of  this  room  is  the  eastern  limit  of  the  new  walls. 
At  the  point  where  the  south  wall  of  Room  96  joins  the  east  wall,  the 
old  and  new  walls  are  only  1  foot  4  inches  apart.  At  the  end  of  the  upper 
wall,  7  feet  6  inches  north  of  the  south  wall,  the  distance  from  the  old 
wall  to  the  inner  room  is  6  feet  6  inches.  The  upper  wall  is  1  foot  8  inches 
thick  and  the  bench  formed  by  the  top  of  the  east  wall  of  Room  96,  west 
of  the  upper  wall,  is  over  1  foot;   therefore,  the  east  wall  of  Room  96 


304         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

must  be  over  2  feet  8  inches  thick,  or  else  the  upper  wall  is  built  partly 
upon  the  filling  between  the  walls.  The  old  wall  behind  Room  96  is 
made  of  flat  undressed  stones  and  appears  to  be  almost  a  dry  wall.  At 
this  point  it  is  1  foot  2  inches  thick.  This  outer  series  of  rooms  com- 
mences at  the  northeast  part  of  the  ruin  and  extends  to  the  extreme 
southwest  part.  It  was  evidently  built  to  round  out  the  contour  of  the 
pueblo. 

Room  97. 

This  room  is  directly  under  Room  92  and  is  of  the  same  form.  It  is 
almost  due  northwest  and  southeast  on  its  larger  axis,  as  shown  by  the 
compass. 

The  southwest  wall  of  this  room  is  the  northeast  wall  of  the  square 
estufa,  Room  3,  and  extends  to  the  ceiling  timbers  where  its  top 
is  formed  by  a  beam  about  8  inches  in  diameter,  that  extends  its 
whole  length,  and  enters  the  northwest  wall.  Near  the  southeast  wall, 
it  is  supported  by  an  upright  timber.  This  wall  was  roughly  built  and 
heavily  plastered,  the  plaster  in  some  places  being  2  inches  thick.  This 
covered  the  irregular  stones  and  gave  the  wall  a  fairly  even  surface. 
The  wall  was  blackened  with  a  grimy  soot  and  its  surface  was  almost 
covered  with  finger  marks.  To  the  northwest  of  the  doorway  there  were 
bear  tracks,  made  by  pressing  the  closed  fist  against  the  plaster  and  then 
adding  the  toes  with  the  end  of  the  finger;  nail  marks  were  also  to  be  seen 
and  these  were  succeeded  by  snake-like  lines.  The  whole  face  of  this 
part  of  the  wall  had  seemingly  served  as  a  blackboard  when  the  plaster 
was  still  moist.    (Fig.  126.) 

The  surface  southeast  of  the  doorway  had  also  received  attention. 
There  were  two  perfect  impressions  of  a  hand  that  gave  very  good  paper 
casts,  also  a  snake-like  series  of  finger-nail  marks,  and  numerous  other 
finger  marks  and  scratches. 

The  doorway  in  this  wall  was  peculiar,  owing  to  its  narrowness  and 
great  height.  It  had  extended  from  the  cross  beam  at  the  top  of  the 
wall  to  within  2  feet  of  the  floor,  but  it  now  has  its  upper  part  closed  with 
large  stones  and  mortar;  its  sides  are  rounding  and  it  has  a  flat  stone 
for  the  sill.  The  southeast  side  is  comparatively  straight,  but  the 
opposite  one  is  concaved  near  the  bottom. 

This  is  a  dividing  wall  and  simply  abuts  on  the  northwest  and  south- 
east walls.  The  part  to  the  southeast  of  the  doorway  is  in  good  condi- 
tion, save  in  a  few  places  where  pieces  of  plaster  had  fallen,  but  the 
northwest  part  was  bulged  and  cracked.    Near  the  top  was  a  crack  about 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  305 

1H>  inches  wide  between  the  northwest  end  of  this  wall  and  the  north- 
west wall,  but  at  the  bottom  it  is  intact  and  not  separated. 

The  northwest  wall  had  also  been  covered  with  a  heavy  coating  of 
plaster  but  it  had  fallen  in  many  places,  exposing  sharp  edges  of  irre- 
gularly shaped  stones.  The  fallen  plaster  had  been  displaced  while  the 
room  was  still  occupied,  for  the  exposed  stones  are  covered  with  the 
same  scales  of  grimy  soot  that  blacken  the  plaster. 

The  doorway  in  the  southwest  central  part  is  of  the  rectangular 
form  and  has  five  two-inch  poles  for  a  lintel.  These  poles,  as  well  as  the 
sides  of  the  doorway,  have  received  the  same  layer  of  soot  as  the  wall, 
and  therefore,  present  a  very  dirty  appearance. 

The  wall  itself  is  solid  and  well  preserved,  the  fallen  plaster,  however, 
gives  it  a  very  rough  appearance. 

The  northeast  wall  of  this  room  presents  a  surface  that  stands  out 
in  strong  contrast  when  viewed  in  connection  with  the  walls  just  described. 
It  is  made  of  large  stones  chinked  with  smaller  ones  and  is  about  the 
same  type  of  wall  as  that  seen  in  the  outer  series  of  the  west  side  of  the 
pueblo.  The  stones  have  been  selected  and  the  surface  is,  therefore, 
quite  even,  though  the  wall  is  devoid  of  plaster. 

There  is  a  doorway  in  the  northwest  corner  that  proves  conclusively 
that  this,  the  northeast  wall,  is  a  new  one,  and  that  the  other  two,  the 
northwest  and  southwest,  are  older.  The  northwest  side  of  this  doorway 
is  a  continuation  of  the  northwest  wall,  has  the  same  blackened  plaster, 
and  all  the  characteristics  of  that  wall.  It  ends  in  an  old  smoke-begrimed 
doorway  that  was  the  doorway  of  the  old  room.  The  lintel  poles,  and  in 
fact  the  whole  opening,  is  black,  whereas  the  lintel  poles  and  the  south- 
east side  of  the  new  doorway  are  bright  and  clean,  as  though  but  a  few 
years  old.  There  are  six  lintel  poles  in  the  new  opening,  ranging  from 
2  inches  to  4  inches  in  diameter.  The  outer  one  extends  5  inches  beyond 
the  side  of  the  doorway,  its  whole  surface  being  exposed  in  the  face  of 
the  wall.  A  place  was  dug  in  the  southwest  wall  for  the  insertion  of  the 
lintel  poles  and  the  space  about  them  was  filled  in  with  small  stones  and 
plaster,  whose  whiteness  stands  out  strongly  against  the  blackness  of  the 
wall.  It  is  a  rectangular  doorway  and  the  unplastered  southeast  side 
is  2  feet  2  inches  thick.  The  old  wall  beyond  it  is  about  1  foot  4 
inches  thick  and  the  doorway  joins  the  new  one  at  an  angle,  the  slant 
being  toward  the  southwest. 

The  surface  of  the  northeast  wall  had  evidently  never  been  plas- 
tered; it  is  bulged  in  some  places  and  depressed  in  others,  but  not  enough 
to  weaken  the  upper  wall. 


306  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

There  is  a  beam  about  6  inches  in  diameter,  that  can  be  traced  for  a 
distance  of  about  6  feet  from  the  northeast  wall;  it  evidently  runs  the 
whole  length  of  the  wall,  as  did  the  one  on  the  opposite  wall.  As  this 
is  one  of  the  old  blackened  timbers,  it  could  not  have  been  put  in  when 
the  new  wall  was  built,  nor  could  it  have  served  as  part  of  the  northeast 
wall  of  the  old  lower  room;  therefore,  it  must  have  supported  an  upper 
wall  which  was  torn  down  when  this  part  of  the  pueblo  was  being  re- 
modeled. At  the  northwest  end  of  the  new  wall  it  emerges  and  passes 
northwest  at  an  angle  until,  where  it  enters  the  northwest  wall,  it  just 
rests  against  the  northeast  wall.  This  beam  supported  the  ceiling  poles 
which  ran  northeast  and  southwest,  and  its  northeast  end,  judging  from 
the  angle,  probably  enters  the  old  wall  near  or  in  the  northeast  corner. 

The  southeast  wall  was  irregular  and  of  the  wattle  type.  Its  north- 
east end  was  exposed,  showing  the  upright  poles  and  the  bundles  of 
willows  tied  to  them.  The  space  between  the  cross  bunches  of  willows 
had  been  filled  with  stones  and  clay,  and  the  surface  plastered.  This 
had  been  part  of  the  old  room  and  had  been  plastered  over  when  the 
new  wall  was  built.  The  old  blackened  plaster  may  be  seen  where  the 
wattle  wall  that  juts  into  the  room  joins  the  southeast  wall. 

There  was  a  bench  that  ran  from  the  northeast  wall  to  the  jutting 
wall.  It  was  built  like  the  northeast  wall  and,  as  it  is  unplastered,  was 
probably  a  part  of  the  new  structure. 

The  portion  of  the  southeast  wall  to  the  southwest  of  the  jutting 
piece  had  been  filled  in  with  a  new  unplastered  wall.  The  old  blackened 
poles  were  in  place  on  either  side  of  it,  and  in  the  southwest  corner  the 
old  blackened  plaster  was  in  place.  There  was  a  doorway  in  the  ceiling 
in  this  corner  and  in  the  plaster  near  the  top  of  the  corner,  there  was  a 
depression  in  the  plaster  to  help  in  making  an  exit.  The  wattle  beams, 
at  the  ceiling  level,  were  tied  with  split  willows  and  yucca  cord. 

The  wall  that  jutted  into  the  room  was  of  the  wattle  type  and  ran 
to  the  ceiling  level  at  the  southeast  end,  but  was  lower  at  its  northwest 
limits.  (Fig.  127).  It  was  a  part  of  the  old  room  and  its  sides  still  show 
the  soot  and  smoke,  but  not  as  much  as  the  side  and  end  walls.  It  is 
composed  of  seven  or  eight  upright  poles  that  are  bound  laterally  with 
bunches  of  willows,  and  tied  with  withes  of  the  same  material.  At  its 
northwest  edge  there  is  a  bundle  of  willows  resting  against  the  upright 
pole  and  over  these  is  the  thick  plaster.  The  whole  surface  is  thickly 
plastered;  on  the  southwest  side  there  are  nail  marks  and  scratches  in 
its  surface. 


308         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII , 

On  the  opposite  side,  about  1  foot  from  the  southeast  wall  and  the 
same  distance  from  the  ceiling  beams,  is  a  cup-shaped  place  similar  to 
the  one  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  southeast  wall.  There  was  a  bin 
in  the  southwest  recess,  formed  by  two  flat  stones  placed  on  edge. 

There  is  a  large  fireplace  in  the  center  of  the  room  and  another  in  the 
recess  in  the  northeast  corner.  Just  northwest  of  the  latter  there  is  what 
had  evidently  been  a  support  for  a  post.  It  is  composed  of  a  platform  of 
plaster  on  which  rests  a  ring  of  thin  pieces  of  wood  that  stand  on  end, 
and  which  probably  formed  the  packing  about  the  post:  these  sticks 
are  enclosed  in  a  jacket  of  plaster. 


Fig.  128.     View  of  Room  97,  looking  Northeast. 


Room  98. 

Room  98  is  next  to  the  east  one  of  the  series  that  stretches  east  and 
west  in  the  north  part  of  the  ruin  and  of  which  Room  86  is  the  most 
western  one  worked.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  an  un worked  room, 
on  the  south  by  Room  20,  on  the  east  by  Room  99,  and  on  the  west  by 
Room  89. 

The  north  wall  is  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation,  the  masonry  of  the 
lower  level  is  built  up  of  stones,  seemingly  used  regardless  of  size  or 
appearance  in  the  wall.    There  is  a  doorway  of  the  rectangular  type  in  the 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  309 

lower  central  part  that  has  had  what  seems  to  have  been  a  board  lintel. 
Only  a  laj'er  of  wood  dust  remains  to  judge  by,  so  it  may  have  been  built 
of  poles.    It  is  filled  with  stones  and  debris  and  the  lower  part  is  plastered. 

There  are  two  ventilators  in  this  wall  situated  1  foot  below  the 
ceiling  beams  and  near  either  end  wall.  The  one  near  the  east  wall  has 
been  filled  with  stones  and  the  lintel  poles  may  still  be  seen. 

The  second  story  is  about  the  same  as  in  Room  89.  In  the  center  is 
a  rectangular  doorway  that  has  three  lintel  poles  in  place  at  its  northern 
limit.  There  are  two  poles  in  place  below  the  lintel.  These  form  the 
top  of  a  secondary  opening  made  by  building  a  narrow  wall  against 
either  side  of  the  original  doorway  and  formed  a  rest  for  the  stone  door. 
In  building  this  second  story  the  joint  was  made  so  that  there  is  only  a 
trifling  difference  between  the  surface  of  the  two  walls,  but  not  so  with 
the  third  story  wall  part  of  which,  including  the  side  of  a  doorway,  is 
still  standing.  The  face  of  this  top  wall  is  fully  4  inches  north  of  the 
second  story  wall.  This  top  wall  is  standing  a  little  higher  than  its 
neighboring  part,  over  the  next  room,  Room  89. 

The  south  wall  is  more  compactly  built  than  the  north  wall  and  has 
more  faced  stones  in  its  surface.  It  is  in  very  good  condition,  save  over 
the  doorway  in  the  center,  and  still  retains  the  plaster  on  the  lower  part. 

There  are  two  doorways,  both  in  the  eastern  part,  and  only  a  little 
over  1  foot  apart.  The  one  near  the  east  wall  is  very  small  and  of  the 
"T"  type,  the  lower  part  was  a  little  over  2  feet  high  and  only  1  foot  3 
inches  wide,  while  the  bar  section  was  only  2  feet  8  inches  wide  by  11 
inches  in  height.  The  lower  portion  is  filled  with  a  well-laid  wall,  while 
the  upper  part  is  full  of  debris. 

The  doorway  just  west  of  this  is  of  the  rounded  rectangular  type; 
it  is  in  the  center  of  a  square  of  masonry  about  3  feet  10  inches  by  4  feet. 
This  place  had  been  left,  it  seems,  when  the  wall  was  built.  A  pole  run- 
ning along  its  top  may  have  served  as  a  lintel,  but,  at  all  events,  this 
space  has  been  filled  in  with  a  solid  wall  and  only  a  small  doorway  left, 
under  which  are  two  steps.  The  wall  above  this  square  place  has  fallen, 
but  at  the  north  and  west  ends  it  stands  from  1  foot  to  4  feet  above  the 
ceiling  level. 

The  east  wall  is  standing  to  the  height  of  the  second  story  ceiling- 
level.  The  masonry  is  the  same  as  in  the  other  walls  and  the  lower  part 
is  still  plastered. 

There  is  a  closed  doorway  near  the  floor  at  about  the  center  of  the 
wall;  it  is  rectangular  in  form  and  filled  with  large  stones  and  covered 
with  plaster.    At  the  first  ceiling  level  the  ends  of  the  poles  may  be  seen 


Fig.  129.     East  and  South  Wall  of  Room  99. 


310 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  311 

in  the  wall  above  these  poles.  The  wall  is  weathered  and  most  of  the 
chinking  has  fallen  from  between  the  stones.  This  wall  abuts  on  the 
north  and  south  walls. 

The  west  wall  presents  an  unbroken  surface  from  floor  level  to  top, 
save  where  the  poles  have  rested  at  the  ceiling  level.  The  masonry  is 
about  the  same  as  in  the  other  walls,  although  in  the  lower  part  there 
has  been  more  of  an  attempt  to  alternate  layers  of  large  and  small  stones. 


Fig.  130.     Doorway  in  Room  99. 

This  wall  abuts  on  the  north  and  south  walls  and  stands  almost  to  the 
height  of  the  second  story  ceiling  level. 

The  floor  of  this  room  is  rough  and  uneven  and  no  fireplaces  were 
noted.  The  floor  was  calcined  in  a  great  many  places  which  may  mark 
the  old  cooking  places. 

The  steps  under  the  doorway  in  the  south  wall  are  worthy  of  special 
mention,  as  they  are  about  the  finest  and  best  preserved  found  in  the 
ruin.    There  was  a  similar  step  in  the  opposite  side  of  the  wall  in  Room 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  313 

20.  The  step  in  this  room  is  built  of  stones  and  entirely  covered  with 
plaster.  There  are  two  steps  in  the  block,  the  first  or  lower  one,  is  1 
foot  high  and  8  inches  deep  and  2  feet  1  inch  wide  over  all;  the  second 
one  is  1  foot  1  inch  high,  11  inches  deep  and  2  feet  wide,  making  the  whole 
step  a  little  over  2  feet  high.  Two  stones  project  from  the  wall  that 
seems  to  have  been  a  part  of  it  and  which  would  have  made  it  2  inches 
higher. 

The  measurements  of  the  thicknesses  of  the  four  walls  gave  the 
following  results:  north,  1  foot  6  inches;  south,  1  foot  10  inches;  east,  1 
foot  10  inches;  west,  1  foot  10  inches. 

Room  99. 

Room  99  is  one  of  the  series  of  rooms  that  runs  east  and  west  along 
the  northern  part  of  the  pueblo.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  an  un- 
excavated  room,  on  the  south  by  Room  60,  and  the  northeast  by  an  un- 
excavated  room,  on  the  southeast  by  Room  70,  and  on  the  west  by  Room 
98.  This  room,  on  its  shorter  axis,  is  about  20°  east  of  north,  but  the 
walls  are  mentioned  as  north,  south,  east,  and  west  for  convenience. 
(Fig.  129.) 

The  wall  is  built  of  various  sizes  of  sandstone  slabs;  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  wall  they  are  mostly  small,  but  above  the  ceiling  level  large 
stones  predominate.  The  lower  story,  at  least,  was  well  plastered  at 
one  time,  as  shown  by  the  plaster  that  is  still  in  place  on  the  lower  part 
of  the  wall.  There  is  one  of  the  ventilators,  post  holes,  or  whatever  they 
may  have  been,  about  5  feet  6  inches  above  the  floor  level  and  10  inches 
from  the  west  wall;,  it  is  about  1  foot  6  inches  high  and  1  foot  wide,  and 
is  now  filled  with  a  well-laid  wall  of  small  pieces  of  sandstone. 

There  are  evidences  of  a  second  opening  at  the  point  where  the 
northeast  wall  joins  this  one,  but  its  limits  are  undefinable,  owing  to  the 
fallen  condition  of  this  part  of  the  wall. 

One  of  the  finest  doorways  (Fig.  130)  thus  far  observed  in  the  ruin 
is  situated  about  midway  of  this  wall,  its  extreme  measurements  show 
2  feet  1  inch  at  the  top  and  2  feet  4  inches  at  the  bottom,  and  a  height 
of  3  feet  3  inches  on  the  east  and  3  feet  3j/->  inches  on  the  west  side.  The 
sill  is  made  of  two  large  slabs  of  sandstone,  one  at  each  side  of  the  wall, 
the  small  space  between  them  being  filled  with  small  slabs  and  plaster. 
The  lintel  was  composed  of  poles,  but  only  a  few  burned  pieces  remain  in 
place.  The  stone  sill  protrudes  into  this  room  about  2^2  inches,  but  the 
mortar  had  been  applied  to  the  under  part,  which  was  almost  on  the 
floor  level,  thereby  making  a  solid  front.    Four  inches  north  of  the  face 


314         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.      [Vol.  XXVII, 

of  the  wall,  the  doorway  lessened  in  width  by  a  wall  on  either  side.  This 
wall  averages  about  4  inches  in  thickness  and  slants  towards  the  north. 
The  base  is,  as  before  stated,  4  inches  north  of  the  face  of  the  wall,  while 
at  the  lintel  level  it  is  a  little  over  1  foot  from  the  same  plane.  The 
lintel  beams  are  2  feet  7  inches  above  the  sill  and  seem  to  have  extended 
only  a  few  inches  south  of  the  jog  in  the  sides  of  the  doorway.  The  whole 
doorway,  with  the  exception  of  the  sill,  had  been  covered  with  plaster, 
and  that  on  the  sides  was  quite  thick  and  in  almost  perfect  condition. 
The  sloping  sides  were  the  means  employed  for  holding  the  stone  door  in 
place,  as  the  sloping  surface  would  preclude  the  possibility  of  its  falling, 
and  then  too  in  case  of  an  attack,  could  be  readily  applied  to  prevent 
intrusion.  The  slanting  wall  extends  to  the  northern  limits  of  the  main 
wall  and  the  plaster  is  there  rounded  to  form  the  sides  of  the  doorway.  As 
this  side,  the  north,  is  so  much  smaller  than  the  south  side  of  the  doorway, 
and,  as  there  is  seemingly  no  way  of  fastening  this  side,  and  again  as  the 
openings  in  the  upper  part  are  the  same  as  those  in  the  present  outer 
wall,  it  seems  highly  probable  that  this  wall  was  at  one  time  a  part  of 
the  north  wall  of  the  building,  or  main  pueblo. 

The  south  wall,  or  at  least  that  portion  below  the  ceiling  beam,  is 
built  in  the  same  manner  as  the  north  wall,  the  spaces  between  the  large 
stones,  however,  show  more  chinking  than  in  the  other  wall. 

There  is  a  rectangular  doorway  in  the  center  of  the  wall;  the  sill 
is  a  stone  nearly  2  inches  thick,  that  extends  the  whole  width  of  the  door- 
way.  The  lower  part  of  the  sill  is  1  foot  4  inches  above  the  first  floor 
level.  The  doorway  has  been  closed  with  large  stones  and  the  surface 
was  plastered  as  in  Room  60.  The  sides  are  of  the  regular  form  and  still 
retain  a  good  coat  of  plaster.  The  wall  above  this  doorway  has  bulged 
a  little,  but  where  the  upper  wall  joins  it,  forms  a  bench  nearly  6  inches 
wide.  The  bench  tapers  toward  the  east  and  west  and  is  lost  in  the  wall 
at  a  point  3  feet  west  of  the  southeast  wall,  but  is  still  in  evidence  at  the 
west  end. 

The  greater  part  of  the  surface,  below  the  ceiling  beam  level  is 
covered  with  plaster;  west  of  the  doorway  it  is  black  and  crumbling 
from  the  fire  that  raged  in  this  end  of  the  room. 

The  second  story  wall  is  built  of  smaller  slabs  than  the  lower  part 
and  there  are  evidences  of  three  doorways  in  its  surface.  The  one  near 
the  west  end  is  of  the  rectangular  type  and  is  still  standing.  The  one  in 
the  center  is  only  recognizable  by  a  portion  of  the  west  side  that  remains. 
The  third  is  a  corner  doorway  about  4  inches  from  the  southeast  wall. 
It  runs  northeast  and  southwest,  and  its  sides  are  built  of  large  faced 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  315 

stones;  it  is  standing  to  a  height  of  about  2  feet.  This  wall  abuts  on  the 
southeast  wall  and  thus  shows  the  eastern  limit  of  the  south  wall  of  the 
series  that  has  been  explored  as  far  west  as  Room  66. 

The  northeast  wall  is  a  cross  wall  that  abuts  on  the  north  and  south- 
east ones;  it  is  evidently  of  the  same  period  as  the  other  walls  and  is  of 
the  same  type  of  masonry.  It  runs  northwest  and  southeast  and  most  of 
the  plaster  with  which  it  was  covered  is  still  in  evidence. 

Three  feet,  nine  inches  above  the  first  floor  level  and  1  foot  2  inches 
southeast  of  the  north  wall,  is  a  pole,  2  inches  in  diameter,  that  protrudes 
1  foot  2  inches  from  the  wall.  One  foot  one  inch  southeast  of  this  pole 
and  about  2  inches  higher,  is  a  piece  of  deer  antler  embedded  in  the  wall, 
and  probably  used  as  a  peg. 

In  the  southeast  corner,  about  1  foot  from  the  floor  level  and  1 3^  feet 
from  the  southeast  wall,  the  end  of  a  log,  about  5  inches  in  diameter, 
protrudes  about  2  inches  from  the  wall;  8  inches  northwest  of  this  and 
on  the  same  level,  is  a  smaller  one  that  also  projects  about  1}4  inches. 

Two  stones  break  the  smooth  surface  in  this  part  of  the  wall,  other- 
wise it  is  comparatively  even.  There  is  a  break  in  the  plaster  about  ljH> 
feet  from  the  southeast  wall  near  the  ceiling  level,  and  it  has  brought  to 
light  the  outlines  of  what  seems  to  have  been  an  old  doorway.  At  its 
lower  limits  there  is  a  beam  that  shows  about  6  inches  of  its  surface,  but 
what  office  it  holds  in  relation  to  the  old  opening,  which  is  now  closed 
with  stones,  is  not  evident.  This  wall  is  standing  to  the  level  of  the  ceil- 
ing beams  and  is  in  fairly  good  condition. 

The  southeast  wall  presents  the  best  surface  to  be  seen  in  the  room. 
It  is  built  of  large  faced  stones  and  chinked  with  unusually  thin  pieces  of 
sandstone.  Almost  all  the  plaster  below  the  ceiling  level  is  intact,  and 
the  only  breaks  in  the  surface  are  a  doorway  and  a  wall  pocket,  the  latter 
is  1  foot  10  inches  above  the  first  floor  level  and  is  6  inches  high,  9  inch 
wide,  and  11  inches  deep.  A  large  flat  stone  forms  the  top  while  the  bot- 
tom is  formed  by  parts  of  two  ordinary  wall  stones.  The  bottom  and 
sides  are  covered  with  a  heavy  coating  of  plaster.  This  pocket  is  1  foot 
5  inches  northeast  of  the  south  wall. 

One  foot  one  inch  above  the  top  of  the  pocket,  is  a  doorway,  almost 
as  wide  as  high,  and  with  corners  rounded  with  a  heavy  layer  of  plaster; 
the  top  and  base  were  in  bad  condition  as  a  great  many  of  the  stones  had 
been  loosened  by  the  fall  of  the  debris  from  above.  This  wall  runs  north- 
east by  southwest  and  forms  the  east  wall  of  Room  60.  The  ends  of  small 
poles  still  remaining  in  the  side  walls  of  the  doorway  show  that  the  lintel 
had  been  of  wood. 


316         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  west  wall  is  in  good  condition  and  towers  fully  10  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  ceiling  beams.  The  masonry  is  the  same  as  in  the  other 
walls,  and  the  only  break  in  the  surface  is  caused  by  a  retangular  door- 
way in  the  central  part,  but  it  has  been  closed  and  plastered  over.  A 
little  plaster  remains  in  the  lower  area,  but  most  of  it  has  fallen.  There 
is  a  slight  difference  in  the  thickness  of  the  wall  above  the  ceiling  level, 
as  shown  by  a  narrow  ledge  which  is  about  2  inches  wide  and  extends  the 
whole  width  of  the  wall. 

The  northwest  corner  of  the  upper  part  has  fallen,  but  enough  re- 
mains to  show  that  there  has  been  a  corner  doorway.  This  wall  abuts  on 
the  north  and  south  walls  and  is  the  last  wall  of  this  series  that  runs  at 
right  angles  to  the  others. 

There  were  three  floor  levels  in  this  room,  the  first  is  a  little  below 
the  sill  of  the  doorway  in  the  north  wall,  the  second  about  3  inches 
below  this,  and  the  third  9  inches  below  the  second.  All  of  these  floors 
had  hard  sand  surfaces  and  the  spaces  between  them  were  filled  with 
clean  yellow  sand. 

One  foot,  eleven  inches  from  the  joint  of  the  southeast  and  south 
walls  and  1  foot  from  the  southeast  wall,  was  a  stone  step  which  was 
evidently  placed  in  position  after  the  second  floor  was  made,  as  there 
is  no  break  in  the  lower  floor.  This,  with  the  wall  pocket,  which  was 
probably  used  as  a  step,  was  used  to  reach  the  doorway  above  the  stone 
in  the  southeast  wall. 

The  thickness  of  the  various  walls  is  as  follows:  north,  2  feet; 
south,  2  feet;  northeast,  1  foot  8  inches;  southeast,  1  foot  7  inches; 
west,  1  foot  8  inches. 

In  the  northwest  corner  there  was  a  layer  of  drift  sand  about  4 
inches  thick  against  the  wall,  upon  this  rested  eleven  pitchers  th 
came  from  the  northwest  corner  of  the  room.  (Fig.  131.)  As  this  sand 
was  stratified,  it  must  have  run  in  after  this  room  had  passed  into  disuse. 
Then  the  pitchers  must  have  been  placed  upon  this  sand  and  more  must 
have  washed  in,  for  the  pitchers  were  partly  buried  and  stratified  sand 
was  found  in  them.  Another  evidence  that  they  were  partly  covered 
when  the  roof  fell  is  that  the  part  exposed  shows  the  action  of  fire  and 
smoke,  whereas  the  lower  part  is  unburnt. 

Room  100. 
Room  100  is  situated  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  pueblo  and  is 
one  of  the  new  rooms  of  the  outer  series,  at  least,  the  northern  part  is 
new,  for  the  southern  half  is  very  old.    The  north  wall  forms  part  of  the 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  317 

outer  wall  of  the  pueblo  and  is  built  of  selected  smooth-faced  stones, 
chinked  with  thin  layers  of  sandstone.  The  wall  was  not  only  well 
built  and  solidly  put  together,  but  the  foundation  was  such  that  at  the 
time  of  excavation  it  stood,  almost,  if  not  quite,  as  perfect  as  when  it 
was  built.  The  ceiling  beams  are  11  feet  above  the  floor  level  and  the 
wall  towers  4  feet  above  the  beam  level.  The  wall  has  no  doorways,  the 
only  break  in  its  entire  surface  being  the  six  ceiling  beams,  whose  broken 
ends  extend  beyond  the  face  of  the  wall. 

The  east  wall  of  the  new  part  extends  southward  a  distance  of  8 
feet,  where  it  joins  the  old  wall.  It  is  made  of  the  same  type  of  material 
as  the  north  wall,  and  is  standing  at  its  north  end  to  the  height  of  15 
feet.  There  is  a  rectangular  doorway  in  the  north  end  that  is  1  foot  10 
inches  above  the  floor,  1  foot  9  inches  south  of  the  north  wall,  and  3 
inches  wider  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  top.  The  sill  is  composed  of  flat 
stones;  the  lintel  is  formed  by  seven  poles  that  average  1}A  inches  in 
diameter.  There  is  a  peculiar  place  about  midway  between  the  doorway 
and  the  south  end  of  the  new  wall  and  about  on  the  level  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  doorway.  There  had  been  a  slight  depression  in  this  part  of  the 
wall,  probably  1  foot  square;  this  was  filled  with  plaster  after  the  wall 
was  completed  and  while  the  plaster  was  still  soft,  thin  pieces  of  sand- 
stone had  been  forced  in  so  that  only  the  edges  showed,  which  gave  a 
very  peculiar  surface.  Some  of  the  pieces  were  removed  and  placed 
with  the  material  from  the  room. 

The  old  wall  that  forms  part  of  this  room  extends  southward  a 
distance  of  8  feet,  thereby  making  this  side  of  the  room  17  feet  long. 
The  foundation  stones  of  this  wall  are  over  3  feet  above  the  floor  level 
of  the  new  room.  These  stones  are  large  flat  slabs  of  sandstone  and  rest 
upon  a  stratified  bed  of  yellow  sand.  About  1  foot  above  the  floor  level 
of  the  new  room  there  is  a  stratum  of  charcoal  about  1  inch  thick  which 
extends,  on  about  the  same  plane,  almost  the  entire  length  of  the  ex- 
posed sand.  The  wall  itself  is  of  the  oldest  type  found  in  the  ruin,  it  is 
composed  of  large  flat  uneven  stones,  that  in  many  cases  have  sharp 
edges.  These  were  laid  with  a  thin  layer  of  plaster  between  them  and  the 
space  between  the  ends  filled  with  plaster;  the  whole  face  of  the  wall 
was  then  covered  with  a  layer  of  plaster  and  thin  pieces  of  sandstone. 
This  facing  gave  the  whole  surface  of  the  wall  the  appearance  of  being 
chinked,  as  the  stones  protrude  from  the  plaster  as  though  they  had  been 
forced  in  only  part  of  the  way.  The  facing  has  fallen  on  the  greater 
part  of  the  wall,  but  on  the  lower  part  and  at  the  south  end,  it  is  intact. 
The  wall  stands  to  a  height  of  11  feet  6  inches  above  the  floor  level  of 


318         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History .     [Vol.  XXVII, 

the  new  part,  and  has  a  break  near  the  south  end  that  may  have  been  a 
doorway. 

The  south  wall  is  built  in  the  same  manner  and  has  been  faced  in 
the  same  way  as  the  last  one  described.  The  foundation  stones  are  large 
heavy  pieces  of  sandstone,  and  extend  even  below  the  floor  level  of  the 
new  section. 

There  is  a  bench  1  foot  3  inches  wide  and  3  feet  above  the  floor  level 
on  which  this  wall  rests ;  from  this  bench  to  the  ceiling  beams  the  facing 
has  fallen  save  in  the  east  corner  near  the  beams.  Three  of  the  beams 
from  the  room  south  of  this  one  protrude  from  the  wall,  two  of  them  being 
over  2  feet  long.  About  1  foot  above  these  beams  are  six  openings  where 
the  roof  timbers  of  the  room  had  entered,  these  were  from  3  inches  to  4 
inches  in  diameter,  and  the  wall  all  about  them  was  blackened  from  the 
smoke  made  by  the  burning  beams.  The  wall  above  these  beams  is  the 
same  as  the  lower  part,  but  the  facing  was  of  even  smaller  stones  than 
that  of  the  lower  part,  or  of  the  east  wall.  This  wall  is  standing  to  a 
height  of  about  14  feet.  About  3  feet  above  the  ceiling  level  of  this  room 
the  ends  of  five  sticks  can  be  seen.  These  were  no  doubt  the  ends  of  the 
ceiling  beams  of  the  upper  room  of  Room  104.  The  wall  is  abutted  by 
the  east  and  west  walls  and  extends  westward,  forming  the  south  wall  of 
Room  101. 

The  west  wall  is  solid  and  forms  one  of  the  finest  squares  of  masonry 
to  be  found  in  the  pueblo.  It  is  built  of  selected  faced  stones,  carefully 
chinked.  The  only  break  of  any  consequence  is  near  the  center  and  just 
above  the  ceiling  level;  here  a  few  stones  have  been  displaced,  but  not 
enough  to  mar  the  solid  appearance  of  the  wall. 

The  east  wall  of  the  new  part  rests  upon  a  wall  that  may  have  been 
a  part  of  the  old  building,  it  projects  into  the  room  about  2  feet  near  the 
north  wall,  but  seems  to  have  no  relation  to  the  present  room. 

The  ceiling  of  this  new  room  was  made  with  the  individual  willow 
strips,  such  as  were  used  in  all  the  rooms  of  this  outer  series.  The  ceil- 
ing over  the  old  part  had  been  almost  covered  with  willows,  but  the 
ceiling  above  was  built  of  slabs  to  support  the  adobe. 

The  measurement  of  the  various  walls  gave  a  thickness  for  each  as 
follows:  north,  2  feet  5  inches;  south,  1  foot  1  inch,  and  above  the  upper 
ceiling  beams,  1  foot  3  inches;  east  wall  of  new  part,  1  foot  5  inches; 
east  wall  of  old  part,  1  foot;  west,  1  foot  6  inches. 

This  room  is  just  west  of  and  next  to  the  old  darkroom  and  east  of 
Rooms  93  and  101.  It  is  north  of  Room  104  and  its  north  wall  forms  the 
outer  one  of  the  pueblo. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  319 

Room   101. 

Room  101  is  situated  just  southeast  of  and  adjoining  Room  93. 
It  is  one  of  the  new  series  of  rooms  and  is  bounded  on  the  southeast  by 
Room  107,  on  the  northeast  by  Room  100,  and  on  the  southwest  by  the 
angular  space  between  the  old  and  new  wall,  which  was  not  worked  out. 
The  northeast  wall  is  typical  of  the  new  form  of  masonry,  and  extends 
from  the  southeast  wall  of  this  room  to  the  outer  northwest  wall  of  the 
ruin,  forming  the  northeast  wall  of  Room  93  in  its  course.  It  is  built  of 
the  same  kind  of  faced  stones  and  chinked  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
other  walls  of  the  series.  The  surface  is  devoid  of  plaster,  but  is  solid 
and  perfect  from  the  floor  to  the  top,  which  is  the  same  height  as  in 
Room  9.3. 

The  southwest  wall  is  a  small  division  wall  that  abuts  on  both  the 
old  and  new  wall.  It  is  of  the  new  style  of  masonry  and  its  surface  is  un- 
broken. There  is  a  jog  at  the  level  of  the  ceiling  beams  about  5  inches 
wide  which  lessens  the  width  of  the  upper  wall.  All  the  lower  part  of 
this  wall  is  blackened  but  the  part  above  the  ceiling  beam  level  is  the 
natural  color. 

The  northwest  wall  is  of  the  more  recent  type  and  is  in  good  condi- 
tion save  at  the  upper  central  part  where  the  upper  portion  of  the  door- 
way has  fallen. 

The  doorway  is  of  the  rectangular  type  and  although  the  outlines 
are  discernible,  it  is  in  a  fallen  condition.  The  only  break  in  the  wall, 
barring  the  doorway,  is  an  opening  near  the  northeast  wall,  about  10 
inches  square,  with  a  flat  stone  for  the  top  and  two  of  the  regular  small 
stones  for  the  bottom.  It  extended  into  Room  93  and  was  either  for 
ventilation  or  for  a  communicating  doorway  between  the  rooms,  probably 
both. 

About  1  foot  above  the  passageway  where  a  beam  has  entered  there 
is  an  opening  about  10  inches  in  diameter.  Near  the  southwest  end  of 
this  wall,  which  abuts  on  the  northeast  one,  the  ends  of  about  fifteen 
ceiling  beams  may  be  seen. 

The  southeast  wall  was  the  old  outer  wall  of  the  pueblo.  It  is  made 
of  rough  uneven  stones  and  the  surface  is  composed  of  a  facing  of  thin 
pieces  of  sandstone  with  only  the  edges  showing.  It  is  rounded  to  some 
extent,  while  the  northwest  wall  presents  a  straight  surface.  The  upper 
part  of  this  wall  fell  during  the  progress  of  the  work,  and  therefore  no 
record  of  its  surface  peculiarities  could  be  obtained.  The  lower  part, 
however,  remained  intact  and  rested  upon  a  foundation  of  large  flat 
stones. 


320        Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.      [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  work  in  this  room  was  carried  to  a  depth  of  several  feet  below 
the  floor  level.  The  walls  showed  a  comparatively  uniform  thickness, 
the  measurements  being  as  follows:  northwest,  1  foot  7  inches;  south- 
east, 1  foot  5  inches;  northeast,  1  foot  6  inches;  southwest.  1  foot  6 
inches. 

Room  102. 

Room  102  is  a  large  room  of  the  old  outer  series  in  the  western  part 
of  the  pueblo  and  is  bounded  on  the  northwest  by  Room  94,  on  the  north- 
east by  Room  107,  on  the  southeast  by  Room  108,  and  on  the  southwest 
by  Room  103.  The  south  wall  (southeast)  has  a  rectangular  doorway  in 
the  lower  central  part;  it  is  5  feet  4  inches  above  the  floor.  The  top 
floor  has  fallen,  but  the  sides  are  in  good  condition.  They  are  well  plas- 
tered and  rounded.  This  wall  is  built  of  rough  flat  stones  with  uneven 
edges.  At  one  time,  the  surface  was  evidently  covered  with  a  heavy 
layer  of  plaster  which  covered  all  the  irregularities  caused  by  the  un- 
dressed stones. 

At  the  north  end  the  corner  was  rounded  with  stones.  There  were  no 
other  breaks  in  the  wall;  all  of  the  other  walls  were  plain  and  had  no 
doorways  or  other  openings.  All  the  walls  were  built  of  the  same  flat 
stones  and  presented  quite  a  contrast  when  viewed  in  connection  with  the 
uneven  walls. 

The  northeast  and  southwest  walls  were  quite  thin  and  abutted  on  the 
northwest  and  southeast  walls.  One  of  the  ceiling  beams  is  in  position 
near  the  northeast  wall  and  others  were  found  near  it,  but  were  broken. 
The  walls  showed  a  thickness  as  follows:  northwest,  1  foot  6  inches 
(approximate,  not  dug  out);  southeast,  1  foot  5  inches;  northeast,  1 
foot  2  inches;  southwest,  10  inches.  This  room  was  seemingly  filled 
with  refuse  stones  and  debris  and  in  the  mass  a  number  of  dog  skeletons 
and  part  of  a  beam  were  found. 

Room  103. 

Room  103  is  another  room  of  the  old  outer  series.  It  is  separated 
from  Room  102  by  a  thin  division  wall  and  bounded  on  the  west  by 
Rooms  94-95;  on  the  east,  lies  Room  109;  on  the  south,  it  is  flanked  by 
an  unworked  room. 

The  northern  part  of  this  room  had  been  cleared  to  the  floor  level 
by  other  parties,  so  that  our  work  consisted  in  the  removal  of  enough  of 
the  remaining  debris  to  make  sure  that  there  was  nothing  in  the  room. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  321 

There  was  a  doorway  in  the  south  wall,  but  its  limits  could  not  be  de- 
fined. The  other  walls  had  no  doorways.  They  were  built  of  large  flat 
stones  and  were  even  more  unstable  than  those  in  Room  102.  The 
plaster  had  not  only  washed  from  the  surface,  but  also  from  between  the 
stones,  leaving  practically  a  dry  wall. 

The  room  had  evidently  been  considered  unsafe  and  had  been  filled 
with  adobe  and  stones.  At  all  events,  these  were  the  materials  en- 
countered, and  they  were  packed  in  in  such  a  way  that  there  must  have 
been  a  method  in  the  filling.  The  floor  level  was  over  15  feet  below  the 
surface  and  the  ceiling  was  11  feet  above  the  same  point.  The  thickness 
of  the  various  walls  was  as  follows:  north,  10  inches;  south,  11  inches; 
east,  2  feet. 

Room  104. 

Room  104  is  a  small  room  just  south  of  Room  100,  the  south  wall 
of  Room  100  forming  the  north  wall  of  this  room.  This  wall  is  one  of  the 
old  series  and  is  built  of  large  flat  stones,  as  described  under  Room  100. 
On  this  side,  however,  it  is  covered  with  a  thick  layer  of  plaster  that  is 
rounded  at  the  bottom,  thereby  making  the  floor  cup-shaped  at  this  end. 
This  wall  is  11  inches  thick  from  the  floor  to  a  height  of  3  feet  3  inches 
above  it;  from  this  point  to  the  top  it  averages  1  foot  1  inch  in  thickness, 
but  in  some  places  it  projects  beyond  the  lower  wall  over  6  inches.  The 
plaster  on  the  surface  of  this  wall  is  in  good  condition  save  at  the  upper 
and  lower  part  of  the  west  end. 

The  east  end  abuts  on  the  east  wall,  but  passes  the  west  wall  and 
forms  the  north  wall  of  Room  107.  The  south  wall  is  also  roughly  built 
and  covered  with  plaster  which  conceals  the  sharp  irregular  edges  of  the 
stones.  It  abuts  on  the  east  wall,  but  extends  westward  beyond  the  west 
wall.    It  is  9  inches  thick  and  well  preserved  for  an  old  wall. 

The  east  wall  is  also  of  the  old  series,  built  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  other  two,  and  1  foot  thick.  Its  surface  is  covered  with  plaster, 
most  of  it  in  good  condition.  The  wall  is  standing  only  2  feet  above  the 
floor  and  bulges  near  the  north  wall.  At  the  bottom  the  plaster  is 
rounded  as  at  the  north  side;  the  wall  extends  from  the  south  end  of  the 
new  east  wall  of  Room  100  to  the  south  wall  of  this  room;  here  it  joins 
the  thick  east  wall  of  Room  111. 

The  west  wall  is  a  division  wall  and  is  of  the  new  type  of  masonry; 
it  abuts  on  the  north  and  south  walls  and  is  composed  of  very  large  and 
thick  stones  and  chinked  with  uncommonly  large  pieces  of  sand  stone.  It 
is  2  feet  2  inches  thick  and  has  no  plaster  on  its  surface.  It  is  one  of  the 
thickest  walls  noted  in  the  ruin. 


322         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.      [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  floor  is  heavily  plastered  with  adobe  and  is  rounded  or  cupped, 
on  the  north,  east,  and  south  parts.  There  is  a  large  post  in  the  south- 
east corner,  7}4  inches  thick  and  standing  2  feet  3  inches  above  the  floor. 
It  was  probably  used  as  a  step  in  getting  out  of  the  room,  the  doorway 
probably  being  in  the  ceiling.  The  beams  under  the  overhanging  part  of 
the  north  wall  were  seemingly  placed  there  to  support  the  upper  part  for 
there  are  no  holes  in  the  wall  opposite,  and  everything  points  to  the  fact 
that  this  ceiling  was  much  higher  than  this  level.  These  beams  are  all 
broken,  but  they  probably  extended  no  further  than  the  edge  of  the  over- 
hanging wall.  The  two  beams  in  the  east  end  of  the  wall  have  fallen 
out  but  the  angle  of  the  holes  in  the  wall  suggests  that  the  beams,  had 
they  been  long  ones,  would  have  reached  almost  to  the  floor  on  the  south 
side  of  the  room;  then  too  there  are  some  willows  in  place  over  the  beams 
that  seem  to  indicate  that  the  space  between  the  beams  and  the  wall 
stones  was  filled  with  willows  and  then  plastered.  The  walls  had  fallen 
to  such  an  extent  that  the  ceiling  level  could  not  be  located. 

Room  105. 

Room  105  is  situated  just  west  of  and  adjoins  Room  25.  It  is  well 
built  and  is  part  of  the  new  section  that  extends  along  the  western  part 
of  the  pueblo.  It  had  evidently  passed  into  disuse,  for  it  was  used  as  a 
rubbish  pit. 

The  north  wall,  below  the  ceiling  beams,  is  built  of  the  typical  large 
faced  stones,  but  the  chinking  is  of  much  larger  pieces  of  sandstone  than 
the  new  masonry  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  ruin.  It  abuts  on  the 
east  and  west  walls  and  has  a  very  high  rectangular  doorway  in  the  lower 
central  part.  There  are  no  other  openings  in  the  walls  and  save  for  a 
small  space  about  the  doorway  the  wall  is  in  perfect  condition.  The  door- 
way is  filled  with  sand  and  rubbish  and  the  lintel  is  composed  of  poles. 
This  wall  may  have  been  covered  with  plaster,  but  none  of  it  now  remains. 
Part  of  the  upper  story  wall  is  still  standing  and  in  it  there  is  a  rec- 
tangular doorway,  that  has  eight  poles  for  the  lintel.  The  wall  itself  is 
of  the  same  type  as  the  lower  part,  but  most  of  the  stones  used  for  chink- 
ing have  fallen  out.  This  wall  has  been  exposed  to  the  elements  and 
therefore  presents  a  much  warmer  surface  than  the  walls  of  the  lower 
room. 

The  south  wall  is  really  a  counterpart  of  the  north  wall ;  it  is  built 
in  the  same  manner  and  of  the  same  kind  of  material  and  has  a  high  door- 
way in  the  lower  central  part.  This  doorwaj^  has  a  double  lintel,  a  space 
of  about  4  inches  intervening;   this  space  was  filled  with  mortar.    The 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  323 

lintel  poles  are  much  smaller  tnan  in  the  north  doorway,  being  only  \}/2 
inches  in  diameter.  The  west  edge  of  the  doorway  was  straight  and  well- 
squared,  but  the  opposite  side  was  bulged  near  the  bottom,  thereby 
ruining  whatever  symmetry  it  may  have  had.  The  sides  were  not  plas- 
tered and  the  opening  was  filled  with  stones  and  rubbish.  The  western 
part  near  the  ceiling  level,  was  cracked  and  badly  broken,  and  there 
was  quite  a  space  at  the  beam  level  where  the  stones  had  fallen  out. 
There  was  no  plaster  on  this  wall  and  barring  the  defects  mentioned, 
it  is  in  good  condition. 

The  second  story  wall  is  still  standing  to  a  height  of  about  8  feet 
and,  save  in  a  few  places  where  individual  stones  had  fallen  out,  presents 
an  unbroken  surface.  It  is  built  of  faced  stones  and,  as  in  the  opposite 
wall,  most  of  the  chinking  has  disappeared.  This  wall  (south)  abuts  on 
the  east  and  west  walls,  and  as  a  partition  wall,  is  very  solid. 

The  east  wall  is  very  solid  and  presents  as  fine  a  specimen  of  alter- 
nating layers  as  can  be  found  in  this  part  of  the  ruin.  Layers  of  large 
faced  stones  are  sandwiched  between  broad  layers  of  well-laid  small 
pieces  which  give  a  very  pleasing  effect  and  form  a  good  wall,  the  best 
work  in  the  upper  northern  part.  There  has  evidently  been  a  doorway 
in  the  lower  center  of  this  wall,  but  all  traces  of  it  have  been  destroyed 
by  the  stones  being  either  torn  out  or  having  fallen  from  their  places; 
at  all  events,  at  present  there  is  only  an  opening  about  4  feet  high  by  2 
feet  wide,  that  breaks  the  otherwise  perfect  surface  of  the  wall. 

There  is  a  jog  at  the  north  end  of  this  wall  that  runs  in  a  northwest 
direction  and  cuts  off  a  corner  of  the  room.  This  angular  wall  originally 
formed  the  west  wall  of  Room  25  and  part  of  it  still  projects  into  that 
room.  The  wall  of  Room  105  really  abuts  on  this  wall,  or,  in  other  words, 
marks  the  starting  point  of  the  east  wall  of  Room  105  and  extends  south- 
ward. As  the  walls  are  built  into  each  other  and  the  workmanship  is 
the  same,  there  is  therefore  no  break  where  they  join. 

The  main  wall  is  not  plastered,  but  the  lower  part  of  the  angular 
wall  is  covered  with  quite  a  heavy  layer.  About  5  feet  from  the  floor 
and  10  inches  from  the  jutting  wall,  there  is  an  opening  in  the  angle  wall 
where  a  stone  has  fallen  out.  Through  this  place  a  beam  fully  5  inches  in 
diameter  may  be  seen;  it  is  placed  horizontally  in  the  wall  and  was 
evidently  put  there  to  strengthen  it.  The  whole  east  wall,  including  the 
angle  part,  stands  to  a  height  of  1  foot  above  the  ceiling  beams,  six  of 
which  protude  from  the  wall. 

The  west  wall  is  solidly  built,  but  is  warped  to  such  an  extent  that 
the  surface  presents  a  series  of  waves.    There  are  a  few  stones  that  have 


3  24         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

been  detached  in  various  places  but  otherwise,  the  wall  is  intact.  There 
is  a  rectangular  doorway  in  the  central  part  that  is  filled  with  a  well- 
laid  wall,  its  sides  are  unplastered  and  the  edges  are  well-squared,  but 
the  masonry  is  so  nearly  like  that  of  the  main  wall  that  it  almost  seems 
that  it  was  closed  when  the  wall  was  made,  and  that  the  opening  was 
simply  made  for  some  future  use.  There  are  eight  lintel  poles  in  place 
that  average  3  inches  in  diameter.  The  only  portion  of  this  wall  that  is 
standing  above  the  level  of  the  ceiling  beams  is  at  the  south  end;  here  a 
piece  about  3  feet  wide  reaches  a  height  of  6  feet.  The  surface  of  this 
wall  is  devoid  of  plaster. 

The  floor  of  this  room  was  uneven,  but  was  hard,  as  is  the  case  in 
most  of  the  rooms.  The  walls  were  uniform  in  thickness  and  showed  the 
following  measurements:  north,  2  feet;  south,  1  foot  11  inches;  east  at 
north  end,  4  feet  3  inches;  east  at  end  of  main  wall,  2  feet  4  inches;  east 
at  south  end,  2  feet  7  inches;  west,  2  feet  3^  inches;  center,  2  feet  5 
inches;  angular  wall,  1  foot  7  inches. 

Room  106. 
Room  106  is  situated  just  east  of  Room  25;  its  north  wall  forms  the 
south  wall  of  that  room.    Work  was  commenced  in  the  southeast  part 
and  had  been  carried  to  a  depth  of  but  a  few  feet  when  a  copper  bell  was 
found.    (Fig.  132.) 


Fig.  132.     Two  Copper  Bells  from  Room  106. 

What  had  at  first  appeared  to  be  one  large  room  soon  proved  to  be 
two  rooms,  for  a  division  wall  was  found  as  the  work  progressed.  This 
wall  was  about  4  feet  2  inches  west  of  the  east  wall  and  proved  to  be  only 
4  feet  high,  its  foundation  being  the  debris  with  which  the  room  was  filled. 
It  averaged  1  foot  3  inches  in  thickness  and  was  not  a  well  built  wall. 

When  Room  106b  was  worked,  the  division  wall  had  to  be  removed 
for  safety's  sake.  When  all  the  debris  had  been  removed,  a  very  aesthetic 
room  was  seen,  the  walls  were  so  even  and  well  laid.  The  material  in 
the  room  was  simply  the  waste  from  the  houses,  but  before  the  western 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  325 

part  was  complete,  a  second  copper  bell  was  brought  to  light.    This  was 
found  near  the  floor  level  and  only  a  few  inches  from  the  west  wall. 

The  north  wall  of  this  room  presents  as  perfect  a  surface  as  one  would 
wish  to  see;  it  is  made  of  large  smooth-faced  stones  and  chinked  with 
small  pieces  of  sandstone,  and  although  a  great  portion  of  the  plaster  is 
still  in  place,  the  wall  would  have  been  an  ornament  to  any  room  without 
being  covered.  There  is  not  a  break  in  the  surface :  it  is  one  of  the  most 
even  to  be  found  in  the  pueblo.  This  wall  abuts  on  the  east  wall,  but  its 
western  end  either  passes  the  end  of  the  west  wall,  or  else  that  wall  is 
built  into  it,  a  point  that  can  be  determined  when  the  next  room  is 
worked. 

The  south  wall  is  a  division  wall  and  abuts  on  the  east  and  west  walls ; 
it  is  made  of  large  faced  stones  and  is  chinked  after  the  manner  of  the 
north  wall.  There  is  a  round  piece  of  sandstone  embedded  in  the  lower 
west  central  part  of  the  wall,  more  properly  speaking,  it  is  a  cylindrical 
piece  with  the  faced  end  forming  a  part  of  the  wall.  There  are  a  few 
loose  stones  in  the  central  part,  but  otherwise  the  surface  is  unbroken; 
this  wall  also  retains  some  of  its  plaster. 

The  east  wall  is  built  of  smaller  stones  than  the  north  and  south 
walls,  and  there  is  an  absence  of  the  pronounced  chinking.  There  is  a 
rectangular  doorway  in  the  lower  central  part  that  is  filled  with  well- 
laid  stones.  The  stones  above  the  doorway  have  fallen,  thereby  loosen- 
ing the  wall  above.  This  has  caused  a  collapse  that  has  greatly  damaged 
the  upper  central  part  of  the  wall.  Most  of  the  plaster  is  still  in  place 
and  the  wall  was  a  very  solid  as  well  as  artistic  one. 

The  west  wall  is  similar  to  the  east  wall  in  the  form  of  its  masonry ; 
the  stones  are  slightly  larger,  but  there  is  the  same  absence  of  chinking. 
There  is  a  rectangular  door  in  the  lower  central  part  that  is  filled  with 
rubbish;  the  lower  part  of  the  doorway  has  been  filled  with  stones. 
From  the  extent  of  the  sides  it  seems  that  it  at  one  time  extended  below 
the  floor  level.  A  great  deal  of  the  plaster  is  still  in  place  on  the  lower 
part. 

The  position  of  the  ceiling  beams  could  not  be  ascertained  as  the 
walls  had  fallen  below  the  ceiling  level.  The  floor  was  rather  uneven 
and  there  were  fireplaces  in  the  east-central  and  northeast  part. 

Room  107. 
Room  107  is  just  south  of  Room  104  and  north  of  Room  102;  to  the 
west  lies  Room  101,  and  to  the  east,  Room  108.    Three  walls  of  this 
room  belong  to  the  old  period,  but  the  north  wall  is  new. 


326         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  oj  Natural  History .     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  north  wall  is  built  of  large  pieces  of  sandstone  and  chinked  with 
quite  large  pieces  of  the  same  material.  It  is  a  very  strong  wall,  abutting 
on  the  east  and  west  walls  and  its  surface  is  unbroken.  Its  purpose  was 
evidently  to  brace  the  thin  walls  at  either  side  of  the  room.  It  was 
evidently  built  at  the  same  time  that  the  north  wall  of  Room  101  and 
Room  93  was  constructed.  Its  surface  is  devoid  of  plaster  and,  as  there 
are  smoke  streaks  on  the  stones,  it  probably  was  left  unplastered. 

The  south  wall  was  a  thin  partition  wall  of  the  old  type,  the  rough 
irregular  stones  of  which  it  was  made  being  covered  with  plaster.  There 
was  no  doorway  in  this  wall  and  the  ends  had  been  built  into  the  east 
and  west  walls  to  strengthen  them. 

The  east  wall  was  built  of  various  sized  flat  stones,  in  the  southern 
and  upper  parts  small  stones  predominated,  but  the  northern  part,  both 
above  and  below  this  doorway,  was  made  of  large  slabs.  There  is  a 
rectangular  doorway  in  the  north  central  part  that  has  a  board  for  a 
lintel,  and  the  plaster  at  the  sides  is  rounded. 

About  1  foot  6  inches  above  this  doorway,  the  ends  of  three  ceiling 
beams  protrude  from  the  wall,  which  extends  about  4  feet  above  them. 
At  one  time,  this  wall  had  been  heavily  plastered  but  most  of  that  on 
the  upper  part  has  fallen.  On  the  lower  part  almost  all  of  it  is  in  place. 
The  north  end  of  the  wall  is  lost  behind  the  heavy  abutting  northeast 
wall;  it  formed  the  east  wall  of  Room  104,  where  it  joins  the  south  wall. 
The  plaster  is  rounded. 

The  west  wall  is  composed  of  large  flat  irregular  stones  and  most  of 
the  plaster  has  been  washed  from  between  them.  There  are  no  openings 
in  the  wall  and  it  is  in  poor  condition  for  even  an  old  wall. 

The  floor  was  still  in  place  and  on  it  were  found  a  number  of  in- 
teresting arrow  foreshafts  (Fig.  133),  also  a  stone  knife  with  a  handle 
(Fig.  134).  This  floor  when  torn  up,  showed  first  a  layer  of  adobe,  below 
this  was  a  layer  of  cedarbark,  and  then  another  smoothed  adobe  surface 
into  which  the  cedarbark  had  been  partly  pressed  by  the  upper  adobe 
stratum.  Next  was  another  layer  of  cedarbark,  then  a  layer  of  split 
pine  boards,  or  slabs,  that  rested  upon  the  finest  series  of  poles  noted 
in  the  ruins.  These  poles  ran  north  and  south  and  in  turn  rested  upon  a 
series  of  logs  that  extended  east  and  west  and  almost  filled  the  space,  as 
did  the  poles;  above  them  were  four  new  timbers  which  were,  on  an 
average,  5  inches  in  diameter,  all  but  one  of  which  had  been  broken  by 
the  weight  of  the  debris  that  rested  on  the  floor. 

The  old  series  of  beams,  which  were  blackened  by  smoke  and  soot, 
were  seemingly  cotton  wood  poles  of  various  sizes,  shapes,  and  conditions; 


Fig.  133.     Foreshaft  of  an  Arrow  from  Room  107. 


Fig.  134.     Hafted  Stone  Knife  from  Room  107. 


Fig.  135  (8473).     Decorated  Bone  Scraper  from  Room  108. 


Fig.   136  ab  (10717,  9446).     Knife  Handles  from  Rooms  171  and  110. 


327 


328         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

these  were  decayed  and  the  new  timbers  probably  put  in  when  the  general 
changes  were  in  progress  in  this  part  of  the  pueblo.  All  of  the  ceiling 
poles  were  saved,  also  specimens  of  the  new  and  old  timbers,  and  some  of 
the  split  slabs. 

The  lower  part  of  this  room  was  similar  to  the  upper  part;  the 
north  wall  extended  to  the  floor  level  and  its  surface  was  as  well  made  as 
at  its  upper  part.  There  were  no  breaks  in  its  surface  as  in  the  upper 
part.    Its  surface  was  devoid  of  plaster. 

The  south  wall  had  an  unbroken  surface  and  was  covered  with  a 
thick  layer  of  well-smoothed  plaster;  it  was  so  smooth  that  it  was  partic- 
ularly noticeable. 

The  east  wall  was  built  on  a  foundation  of  large  flat  stones  that 
formed  a  bench  2  feet  6  inches  high  and  1  foot  wide;  the  surface  of  this 
bench  was  made  of  slabs  of  sandstone  standing  on  edge;  and  the  upper 
and  northern  parts  were  plastered.  There  is  a  doorway  just  above  this 
ledge  and  about  2  feet  6  inches  from  the  north  wall.  It  is  of  the  rec- 
tangular type;  a  ring  of  plaster  about  6  inches  wide  extends  around  it 
and  forms  a  rounding  surface  at  the  edges  of  the  doorway.  This  wall 
was  well  plastered  and  in  its  upper  part  there  were  two  pegs.  The  south 
corner  is  rounded  and  the  plaster  is  very  thick  at  this  point.  The  door- 
way has  a  lintel  composed  of  poles. 

The  west  wall  is  made  of  large  flat  pieces  of  sandstone  and  almost 
all  of  the  plaster  has  washed  from  between  them.  There  is  no  opening  in 
its  surface  and  its  condition  is  practically  the  same  as  the  room  above. 

The  floor  was  of  the  usual  adobe  and  there  were  no  fireplaces  in 
evidence. 

The  walls  of  the  upper  and  lower  rooms  were  practically  the  same  in 
width  and  measured  as  follows:  north,  2  feet  2  inches;  south,  1  foot  2 
inches;  east-west,  1  foot  3  inches.  The  north  and  south  walls  were 
straight  but  the  other  two  showed  quite  a  curve. 

Rooms  108  and  109. 
These  rooms  overlie  the  underground  rooms  described  in  connection 
with  Room  3.    Nothing  of  interest  developed  in  their  examination  ex- 
cept a  few  specimens,  one  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  135. 

Room  110. 
Room  110  is  situated  just  north  of  Room  57;  on  its  eastern  side  lie 
Rooms  58  and  63;  on  its  north  is  Room  111,  and  on  the  west,  Room  108. 
This  room  is  one  of  the  highest  perfect  rooms  in  the  pueblo;  it  is  part 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  329 

of  the  old  building  and  below  it  are  two  open  rooms.  These  were 
described  in  1896  in  the  series  of  underground  rooms.  (See  p.  39). 
The  one  directly  beneath  Room  110  is  the  one  through  which  we  gained 
entrance  to  the  series;  this  was  through  a  hole  broken  in  the  wall  and 
not  a  regular  doorway,  the  lower  room  was  reached  through  a  hole  in  the 
northwest  corner. 

Room  100  is  a  bin-like  affair;  the  sameness  of  the  plastered  walls 
was  relieved  by  a  doorway  in  the  east  wall  and  the  end  of  a  large  beam 
in  the  south  wall. 

The  north  wall  presents  a  plain  plastered  surface,  it  abuts  on  the  east 
and  west  walls  and  is  composed  of  various  sizes  of  irregularly  shaped 
laminae  of  sandstone. 

The  south  wall  has  a  well-plastered  surface  and  is  unbroken  save 
at  a  point  1  foot  1%  inches  from  the  floor  and  10  inches  from  the  east 
wall  line,  a  beam  10^2  inches  in  diameter  is  to  be  seen,  its  smooth  end 
flush  with  the  wall  surface.  This  wall  is  built  of  irregularly  shaped 
stones  and  abuts  on  the  west  wall. 

The  east  wall  is  well  plastered  and  has  a  doorway  near  the  central 
part,  it  is  ot  the  rectangular  form  and  has  a  stone  slab  for  the  sill,  only 
part  of  it  remains  as  the  wall  has  fallen,  carrying  part  of  the  top  away. 

Two  feet  ten  inches  from  the  south  wall  and  4  feet  6  inches  from  the 
floor,  there  is  a  beam  rest  in  the  wall.  It  is  about  3  inches  in  diameter 
and  about  the  same  in  depth.  There  is  a  corresponding  place  in  the  west 
wall  that  is  also  built  of  flat  irregular  stones  and  abuts  on  the  south  wall. 

The  west  wall  has,  in  keeping  with  the  others,  a  heavy  layer  of 
plaster  on  its  surface.  This  gave  the  room  a  finished  appearance  and 
besides  hiding  the  rough  stones,  served  to  strengthen  the  wall.  There 
are  no  openings  in  its  surface,  but  8  inches  north  of  the  south  wall  and  4 
feet  6^  inches  from  the  floor,  there  is  a  sort  of  pocket;  it  is  an  irregular 
affair  and  measures  7  inches  in  width  by  5  inches  in  height  and  extends 
into  the  wall  about  6  inches,  the  top  is  arched  and  very  little  care  was 
shown  in  making  it.  The  beam  support  mentioned  as  being  in  this  wall  is 
2  feet  11  inches  from  the  south  wall  and  4  feet  7  inches  from  the  floor. 
The  plaster  has  fallen  from  about  its  edges,  but  its  dimensions  are  about 
the  same  as  the  one  opposite.  The  walls  of  this  room  average  5  feet  6 
inches  in  height,  all  of  them  being  below  the  ceiling  level,  as  no  evidences 
of  that  point  are  to  be  seen.  The  floor  is  well  plastered  and  in  good  condi- 
tion and  the  thickness  of  the  walls  is  as  follows:  north,  1  foot  5  inches; 
south,  1  foot;  east,  1  foot  6  inches;  west,  1  foot  3  inches. 


330         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII , 

There  is  a  wall  that  forms  part  of  the  east  wall  of  Room  97  (92) 
and  runs  parallel  with  the  west  wall  of  Room  110  and  rests  against  it, 
making  a  thickness  of  3  feet. 

Room  111. 

Room  111  lies  just  north  of  Room  110,  south  of  Room  104,  east  of 
Room  108,  and  west  of  Room  63.  The  lower  part  of  this  room  was  broken 
into  through  the  south  wall  in  1896  and  added  another  to  the  list  of 
underground  rooms.  A  part  of  the  upper  room  was  exposed  and  during 
the  winter  of  1897-98  Al.  Wetherill,  Thomasita,  a  Navajo,  and  O.  H. 
Buck,  dug  out  of  the  debris  that  rested  upon  the  floor,  and  then  after  re- 
moving the  floor  beams,  continued  their  work  beneath  the  floor  level  of 
the  lower  room.  It  was  in  this  place  that  the  large  corrugated  olla, 
purchased  from  Mr.  Buck,  was  found.  This  room  is  part  of  the  old  series, 
the  walls  being  composed  of  irregularly  shaped  stones  and  the  surface 
heavily  plastered,  as  in  Room  110.  There  are  no  openings  in  the  upper 
walls,  and  where  they  have  been  exposed  to  the  elements  a  goodly  por- 
tion of  the  edges  of  the  stones  are  showing,  the  plaster  having  washed  out. 
No  ceiling  beams  were  used,  but  the  poles  ran  east  and  west.  In  the 
description  given  in  1896  mention  was  made  of  beams  that  ran  north 
and  south  under  the  ceiling  poles  and  parallel  with  and  near  the  east 
and  west  walls,  these  were  supported  on  posts  and  served  in  lieu  of 
beams,  such  as  are  usually  set  into  the  walls. 

The  lower  room  is  well  plastered  and  there  is  a  doorway  of  the 
rectangular  type  in  the  west  side  but  otherwise  the  walls  present  un- 
broken surfaces. 

The  doorway  in  the  west  wall  is  of  the  rectangular  type  and  has 
poles  for  a  lintel.  About  4  inches  below  the  poles  there  is  a  board  and 
the  space  between  is  filled  with  thin  slabs  and  plaster.  The  sides  have 
been  covered  with  a  heavy  layer  of  plaster  that  was  rounded  at  the  top. 

The  lower  part  of  the  north  wall  slants  northward  fully  8  inches  from 
the  perpendicular,  but  the  top  wall  is  comparatively  straight.  The 
south  wall  abuts  on  the  east  and  west  walls,  the  west  wall  abuts  on  the 
north  as  does  also  the  east.  The  inner  surface  of  the  east  wall,  if  extended, 
would  be  almost  on  a  line  with  the  outer  surface  of  the  east  wall  of  Room 
104,  but  the  east  (Room  111)  wall  is  rounded  where  it  joins  the  north 
wall. 

The  thickness  of  the  walls  is  as  follows:  north,  9  inches  at  top  but 
wider  at  the  lower  part;  south,  1  foot  5  inches;  east,  1  foot  9  inches; 
and  west,  1  foot  6  inches. 


1920. 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


331 


Rooms  112  and  113. 
These  rooms  adjoin  Rooms  103  and  109  and  contain  nothing  of 
special  interest.     However,  attention  may  be  called  to  the  exposed 
ceiling  of  Room  112  (Fig.  137)  showing  a  detail  of  construction. 


Fig.  137.     Detail  of  Ceiling  in  Room  112. 

Room  114. 

Room  114  is  one  of  the  outer  series  of  rooms  of  the  western  part  of 
the  pueblo.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Room  96,  on  the  south  by 
Room  115,  on  the  east  by  an  unworked  room,  and  on  the  west  by  the 
outer  ruin  wall.  It  is  one  of  the  new  series  of  rooms  as  shown  by  the 
faced  stones  and  general  appearance  of  the  masonry. 

The  floor  of  the  room  was  comparatively  level  and  showed  no  evi- 
dences of  fireplaces. 

The  north  wall  was  a  partition  wall  and  abutted  on  the  east  and  west 
walls.  It  is  built  of  large  faced  stones  and  chinked  with  smaller  ones. 
No  plaster  is  in  evidence  on  the  surface.    There  is  a  well-built  doorway 


332         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

in  the  lower  central  part;  it  is  broad  at  the  bottom  but  decreases  in 
width  toward  the  lintel,  which  is  composed  of  poles;  there  are  eight  of 
them  laid  so  that  the  sides  touch.  The  first  one  is  visible  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  opening  and  extends  1}A,  feet  into  the  wall.  Some  of  the 
chinking  has  fallen  on  the  western  side  revealing  a  withe  ^  inch  broad 
that  evidently  held  the  poles  together  while  the  wall  was  being  built. 
The  sides  of  the  doorway  are  well-laid,  but  there  is  no  plaster  on  them. 
There  are  no  other  openings  in  this  wall. 


Fig.  138. 


Fig.  139. 


Fig.  138.     Jet  Ornament  with  Bird  Wing  Design  Carved  on  Surface,  Room  131. 
Fig.  139  (12819).     Wooden  Object  Painted  in  Red,  Yellow,  and  Green,  Room  169. 


The  south  wall  was  practically  a  counterpart  of  the  north,  built  in 
the  same  way,  of  the  same  material,  abutting  on  the  east  and  west  walls 
and  having  the  same  form  of  doorway  in  the  lower  central  part. 

The  doorway  was  the  same  in  form  as  the  other,  but  the  lintel  poles 
were  not  so  well  preserved;  they  were  about  2  inches  in  diameter  and 
there  were  seven  of  them;  the  outer  one  extended  on  the  west  side  of  the 
doorway.  To  the  west  side  of  the  doorway  to  the  west  wall,  on  the 
opposite  side,  it  was  covered  with  the  masonry.  This  wall  was  also 
devoid  of  plaster. 

The  east  wall  presented  one  long  surface  of  beautiful  masonry; 
there  were  no  doorways  nor  openings  of  any  kind  to  break  the  surface 
and  every  stone  was  in  place.  It  was  of  the  new  form  of  masonry  and  in 
a  perfect  state  of  preservation.  It  was  the  sandwich  form  of  wall, 
i.  e.,  large  faced  stones  separated  by  layers  of  thin  pieces  of  sandstone; 
this  interesting  stratum  averaging  about  2  inches  in  thickness.  This 
wall  was  strikingly  convexed,  the  curve  being  more  noticeable  from  the 


1920.] 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


333 


center  to  the  north  wall.  A  perpendicular  section  would  show  a  slight 
bulge,  which,  however,  was  so  general  as  to  cause  no  special  defect. 
The  wall  was  straight  to  a  height  of  about  4  feet  from  the  floor  level, 
the  bulge  commencing  at  that  point.  There  was  no  plaster  on  the  sur- 
face, although  small  pieces,  covering  some  of  the  chinked  parts,  showed 
that  there  might  have  been  a  layer  over  the  entire  surface  at  one  time. 
The  west  wall  was  the  same  as  the  others  from  the  masonry  stand- 
point, but  the  stones  were  larger,  on  the  average,  than  in  the  other 
three. 


Fig.  140.-  Fig.  141. 

Fig.  140  (10350).     Dipper  Handle,  showing  mending,  Room  168. 
Fig.  141  (10354).     Bone  Ornament,  Room  168. 


There  is  a  closed  doorway  in  the  lower  central  part  and,  in  filling 
the  space,  the  same  form  of  stones  was  used  as  in  the  regular  wall,  and 
the  layers  of  large  and  small  pieces  were  faithfully  carried  out.  Some  of 
the  stones  had  fallen  or  been  taken  from  the  top,  which  revealed  a  lintel 
of  poles  about  V/o  inches  in  diameter;  as  nearly  as  could  be  ascertained, 
there  were  nine  of  these  poles  that  formed  the  lintel.  This  doorway  was 
rectangular  in  form  and  the  corners  were  well  pointed. 

Just  above  and  to  the  north  of  this  doorway  there  is  an  opening  in 
the  wall  about  1  foot  in  diameter  where  stones  have  been  removed,  the 
stones  forming  its  edges  are  in  place,  and  firm,  and  even  the  stratum  of 
small  stones  at  the  bottom  is  in  place;  it  is  5  feet  5  inches  above  the 
floor  and  is  filled  with  debris,  but  the  stones  were  evidently  removed 
during  occupancy.  Barring  these  two  openings  the  wall  is  unbroken  and 
the  unplastered  surface  presents  a  good  specimen  of  probably  the 
latest  style  of  architecture  in  the  building.  There  is  a  slight  bulge  in  the 
wall  beginning  at  the  southern  edge  of  the  doorway  and  extending  to  the 
north  wall,  the  area  affected  extending  from  the  floor  to  a  point  4  feet 
above  it.  Where  this  wall  joins  the  north  one  there  is  an  interval  between 
them  that  at  one  place  is  2  inches  wide.  This  begins  at  the  lintel  level  of 
the  doorway  in  the  north  wall  and  extends  to  the  top.    It  shows  that  the 


334       Anthropological  Papers  American  Musevm  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

outer  wall  has  drawn  away  from  the  north  one,  but  were  it  not  for  the 
crack,  it  would  not  be  noticeable. 

The  east,  west,  and  south  walls  of  this  room  are  comparatively  the 
same  in  height,  but  the  north  towers  fully  4  feet  above  them  at  its 
eastern  end.  The  north  wall  is  1  foot  6  inches;  the  east,  1  foot  6  inches; 
and  the  west,  2  feet  5  inches. 

Room  115. 

Room  115  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Room  114,  on  the  south  by 
Room  116,  on  the  west  by  the  outer  wall  of  the  ruin,  and  on  the  east  by 
an  un worked  room  of  the  old  series.  This  room  is  one  of  the  new  series 
that  stretches  along  the  western  part  of  the  ruin.  The  masonry  is  the 
same  as  that  of  Room  114. 

The  north  wall  is  in  perfect  condition  and  presents  the  same  charac- 
teristics as  on  its  north  side,  in  Room  114.  The  doorway  is  larger  at  the 
bottom  than  at  the  top  and  the  first  lintel  pole  almost  reaches  both  the 
east  and  west  wall. 

The  south  wall  is  built  of  the  same  form  of  stones  as  the  north  and 
chinked  in  the  same  way.  The  eastern  part  of  this  wall,  from  the  height 
of  the  lintel  of  a  doorway  in  the  lower  central  part,  about  half  the  upper 
part,  has  been  exposed  for  years  and  almost  all  of  the  plaster  has  been 
washed  from  between  the  large  stones,  thereby  loosening  the  chinking. 
The  doorway  in  the  lower  part  of  the  wall  is  slightly  narrower  at  the 
top  than  at  the  bottom,  and  has  a  lintel  of  poles,  only  two  of  which  were 
visible,  as  the  debris  was  not  cleared  away.  These  poles  were  about  1^2 
inches  in  diameter.  This  wall,  like  the  north  wall,  abutted  on  the  east 
and  west  walls. 

The  east  wall  had  no  doorways  nor  other  openings  in  its  surface. 
The  masonry  was  the  same  as  that  of  the  east  wall  of  Room  114,  of  which 
it  is  a  continuation.  The  northern  and  lower  part  of  the  wall  is  in  good 
condition,  but  the  upper  southern  part  has  been  exposed,  as  was  the 
adjoining  part  of  the  south  wall,  and  the  strata  of  small  stones  had 
fallen  out  in  some  places,  and  in  others  were  loosened  from  the  washing 
out  of  the  plaster.    Otherwise,  the  wall  was  in  good  condition. 

The  west  wall  is  made  of  larger  stones  than  the  others,  but  as  a  rule 
the  chinked  layers  are  composed,  of  smaller  and  thinner  pieces  than  those 
in  the  outer  walls.  There  are  no  doorways  nor  openings  in  the  surface, 
but  there  is  a  closed  doorway  in  the  lower  central  part  of  the  wall.  In 
closing  it  the  different  horizontal  strata  were  carried  out,  and  it  has  the 
appearance  of  having  been  closed  when  the  wall  was  made;  simply  built 


Fig.  142.     Pottery  Vessel. 


Fig.  143  (9780).     Handle  of  Pottery  Incense  Burner  showing  how  Bowl  was  attached,  Room  141. 


335 


13  m$Wf$M*<\< 

}■■■   ■  ■      r   .        -  /    '      !  '       ""    ,        #'/-^X 

\\\  -V, 


Fig.  145.     Interior  of  Kiva  showing  Ventilator,  Room  162. 


337 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  339 

in  to  be  used  later  if  necessary.  The  wall  around  this  doorway  is  weak- 
ened and  some  of  the  stones  have  fallen  out.  This  wall  is  more  broken 
in  the  upper  central  part  than  at  the  ends  where  it  stands  to  the  height  of 
the  north  and  south  walls. 

Rooms  116  to  190. 
Minor  excavations  were  made  in  a  number  of  rooms  ranging  from 
Rooms  116  to  190.    Nothing  of  special  interest  was  developed  in  these 
excavations  aside  from  the  specimens  shown  in  Figs.  138  to  154. 

FIELD  NOTES  FOR  EXCAVATIONS  IN  BURIAL  MOUNDS. 

June  1st.  Commenced  work  on  a  mound  situated  on  the  southern  side  of  Chaco 
Canon  and  southwest  from  Pueblo  Chettro  Kettle. 

The  first  find  was  a  small  pitcher  on  the  north  line  in  Section  1,  4  feet  4  inches 
from  the  eastern  end  of  the  section.  Further  digging  revealed  the  skeleton  of  a  child. 
The  body  was  lying  northwest  by  southeast,  the  head  toward  the  southern  point. 
The  cranium  was  2  inches  below  the  surface  and  from  the  frontal  bone  to  the  eastern 
stakes  was  a  distance  of  3  feet  8}i  inches.  The  distance  from  the  pelvic  bone  to  the 
top  of  the  cranium  was  1  foot  3  inches,  and  from  one  elbow  joint  to  the  other  11}£ 
inches — the  cup  rested  upon  the  left  elbow.  The  leg  bones  could  not  be  found.  From 
the  position  of  the  skeleton,  the  head  being  the  uppermost  part,  the  bones  should 
have  been  in  place,  but  there  is  a  possibility  of  their  having  been  washed  out. 

Skeleton  2  was  discovered  six  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  2.  The  right 
temporal  bone  was  1  foot  6%  inches,  from  the  eastern  part  of  the  section.  The  north- 
ern line  of  operations  crossed  the  skeleton  1  inch  below  the  clavicles  where  they  were 
lying  against  the  vertebrae.  The  skeleton  was  lying  on  its  back  with  the  knees  bent 
upward  and  eastward;  it  was  lying  almost  directly  north  and  south,  the  head  being 
at  the  latter  point.  The  body  measured  3  feet  4  inches  in  length  as  it  lay  in  the  ground. 
The  skeleton  was  in  such  a  condition  that  the  bones  could  not  be  preserved. 

Skeleton  3  was  found  3  inches  beneath  the  surface  in  Section  3.  The  distance 
from  the  occiput  to  the  northern  trench  line  was  11  inches  and  this  point  was  2  feet  2 
inches  west  of  the  eastern  line  post.  The  skeleton  was  lying  northeast  by  southwest, 
the  head  toward  the  northeast.  The  arm  bones  were  lying  close  to  the  sides  of  the 
body,  and  the  legs  had  been  pressed  up  against  the  left  side.  Resting  upon  the  right 
shoulder  and  against  the  upper  jaw,  was  a  bowl  (H-49)  9  inches  in  diameter.  It  had 
been  broken  previous  to  interment  as  holes  had  been  drilled  in  the  several  pieces  in 
order  to  mend  it — faint  decorations  on  the  interior  were  noticed. 

Inside  of  this  bowl  was  found  a  square  piece  of  pottery  (H-50).  Resting  against 
the  left  shoulder  was  a  pitcher  7  inches  high  and  3  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top.  It 
had  a  handle  and  was  complete, — faint  ornamentation  on  the  exterior. 

Skeleton  4  was  found  in  Section  4,  10  inches  below  the  surface.  The  body,  that 
of  an  adult,  was  lying  on  its  back  with  legs  drawn  up  toward  the  chin.  It  was  lying 
east  and  west,  the  head  toward  the  east.  The  distance  from  the  eastern  section  stake 
to  the  left  parietal  bone,  was  3  feet  4  inches,  the  greater  part  of  the  body  was  inside  of  the 
section,  but  the  right  shoulder  and  part  of  the  ribs  were  outside,  the  head  was  crushed 
and  the  whole  skeleton  was  very  brittle.    Resting  against  the  left  temple  was  a  bowl 


340         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

5%  inches  in  diameter,  ornamented  on  the  inside  and  of  the  usual  whiteware  (H-52). 
Almost  touching  the  bowl  was  a  pitcher  (H-53),  5  inches  high  and  2%  inches  in  diam- 
eter at  the  top.  It  has  a  corrugated  handle  and  is  ornamented  on  the  outside.  At 
the  western  part  of  the  skeleton  was  a  large  bowl  (H-54),  part  of  the  pelvis  resting 
upon  the  rim.  To  the  east  of  this  bowl  is  a  large  stone  that  was  probably  placed  in 
position  beside  the  bowl. 

Skeleton  5  was  discovered  1  foot  1  inch  below  the  surface  in  Section  4.  The 
body  was  extended,  lying  northwest  by  southeast.  At  the  head  was  a  large 
bowl  and  in  this,  was  a  smaller  bowl  and  a  pitcher;  at  the  feet  were  large  portions  of 
the  rim  and  sides  of  a  large  corrugated  pot.  The  body  was  in  an  advanced  stage  of 
decay,  in  fact  some  of  the  bones  had  wasted  away.  The  body  measured  5  feet  as  it 
rested  in  the  ground.  The  head  was  4  feet  west  of  the  eastern  section  post  and  5  feet 
south  from  the  northern  line.  The  large  bowl  (H-55)  at  the  head  measured  10% 
inches  and  had  decorations  on  the  interior.  The  smaller  bowl  (H-56),  was  7  inches  in 
diameter,  decorated  inside;  the  pitcher  (H-57)  was  6  inches  high  with  a  3  inch  open- 
ing. The  corrugated  jar  (H-58)  at  the  foot  of  the  skeleton  measured  8%  inches. 
The  skeleton  protruded  1  foot  into  Section  5  and  the  feet  were  3  feet  6  inches  from  the 
northern  line. 

Skeleton  6  was  found  in  Section  1,  4  feet  below  the  surface.  The  body  was  lying 
on  its  back  with  the  head  resting  on  its  left  side,  the  right  arm  was  folded  across  the 
body,  and  the  left  lay  parallel  with  it,  the  femora  were  lying  at  right  angles  to  the 
trunk.  Five  inches  northeast  of  the  upper  jaw  there  stood  a  corrugated  jar  (H-59) 
5%  inches  high  and  3}i  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top.  Southeast  of  this  jar  was  a 
water  bottle  (H-60)  8  inches  high  and  7}i  inches  in  diameter  in  the  middle.  This 
bottle  was  broken,  inside  of  it  was  a  smaller  one  (H-61),  also  broken,  4%  inches  in 
diameter  at  the  middle,  and  4/2  inches  high.  The  body  was  lying  northwest  by  south- 
east, the  head  toward  the  former  point.  It  was  in  the  southern  part  of  the  first  section, 
the  head  was  1  foot  \)i  inches  from  the  southern  section  line,  and  2  feet  6  inches  from 
the  western  line.  The  calcaneum  and  a  few  of  the  other  bones  of  the  right  foot  extend- 
ed into  Section  6.     The  body  measured  3  feet  3  inches  in  situ. 

Skeleton  7  was  found  8  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  6 .  The  body  was  lying 
upon  its  back,  inclined  a  little  on  the  right  side.  The  left  arm  was  folded  across  the 
breast,  and  the  right  was  lying  parallel  with  the  side.  The  legs  had  been  doubled  up 
towards  the  chin  and  when  the  flesh  decayed,  fell  a  little  outside  of  the  body,  i.  e., 
to  the  south  of  it.  The  body  measured  3  feet  in  length  and  was  in  fair  condition  com- 
pared with  some  of  those  near  it.  The  body  extended  outward,  to  the  east  of  the  sec- 
tion, the  part  inside,  the  head,  being  6  inches  in  length.  From  the  northern  section 
parts  to  the  left  temporal  bone  was  2  feet  5  inches.  The  body  was  lying  almost  directly 
east  and  west.  Resting  against  the  left  ribs  and  almost  touching  the  middle  section 
of  the  left  humerus,  was  a  pitcher  6  inches  high  and  5  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top. 
One  peculiarity  about  this  pitcher  (H-62)  is  that  the  lines  forming  the  ornamentation 
of  the  exterior  are  red,  something  never  before  observed  on  the  pottery  from  this 
region.  Resting  against  this  pitcher  and  running  south  10  inches  from  it  was  a 
rounded  portion  of  a  broken  corrugated  jar  (H-63). 

Skeleton  8  was  found  in  Section  1,  4  inches  below  the  surface,  i.e.,  measuring 
from  the  uppermost  portion  of  the  cranium,  as  all  such  measurements  are  made. 
The  body  was  lying  northwest  by  southeast,  the  head  toward  the  latter  point.  The 
skeleton  measured  3  feet  4  inches  in  situ,  the  head  projecting  outside  of  the  eastern 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  341 

section  line  7%  inches.  The  distance  from  the  southern  section  part  on  the  eastern 
side  to  the  left  temporal  bone,  was  2  feet  7  inches.  The  femora  had  projected  above 
the  surface  and  were  broken  off  about  the  middle.  The  body  was  greatly  decayed, 
the  face  being  entirely  gone,  and  nothing  was  found  with  it. 

Skeleton  9  was  found  in  Section  6,  3  inches  below  the  surface.  The  body  was 
lying  upon  its  back  with  the  legs  drawn  up  across  the  trunk,  it  measured  2  feet  10 
inches  in  situ  and  was  lying  north  and  south,  the  head  being  toward  the  south.  The 
head  was  1  foot  west  of  the  eastern  section  line  and  2  feet  7  inches  from  the  northern 
line.  Near  the  head  of  the  northeastern  side  was  a  portion  of  a  jar  (H-64),  the  only 
pottery  found  with  the  body.    Resting  near  the  left  femur  was  a  bone  awl  (H-65). 

Skeleton  10  was  found  outside  and  to  the  east  of  Section  6,  and  3  feet  below 
the  surface.  From  the  eastern  section  line  of  Skeleton  6  to  the  lower  jaw  was  3  feet 
1  inch,  and  from  the  northern  section  line,  carried  out,  1  foot.  The  body  was  lying 
north  and  south  and  was  decayed  to  such  an  extent  that  I  had  trouble  in  getting  even 
its  outlines  for  a  photograph.  It  was  the  body  of  a  child  and  resting  against  its  frontal 
bone,  was  a  pitcher  (H-66)  4  inches  high  and  2  inches  in  diameter.  At  the  opening, 
and  just  to  the  north  of  this  was  a  fragment  of  a  vessel  showing  part  of  the  rim  (H-67) . 

Skeleton  11  was  found  in  Section  11  with  the  head  1  foot  2  inches  below  the  sur- 
face. The  body  measured  5  feet  9  inches  as  it  lay  in  the  ground.  It  was  lying  on  its 
back  with  the  legs  bent  upward  and  the  soil  was  so  hard  that  the  bones  had  preserved 
their  upright  position  where  the  flesh  had  decayed.  The  arms  were  stretched  at  the 
sides  and  the  body  was  lying  about  east  and  west,  the  head  toward  the  latter  point. 
The  knees  were  1  foot  below  the  surface.  The  left  temporal  bone  was  5  feet  4  inches 
from  the  northern  section  line  and  2  feet  8  inches  from  the  western  section  line  was  the 
occiput. 

A  body  was  found  in  a  narrow  strip  between  two  holes  that  had  been  dug  by  the 
Wetherill  party  during  the  winter  of  1895-96.  All  that  was  found  of  the  body  was  the 
upper  portion  of  the  cranium  which  was  mashed  almost  flat.  Near  the  fragments  of 
the  skull  were  found  a  broken  jar  of  corrugated  ware  (H-72)  and  a  fragment  of  another 
vessel  (H-73).  These  were  preserved,  but  no  measurements  were  taken  defining  the 
position  of  the  remains,  as  it  was  that  part  of  the  mound  that  had  been  dug  out  by 
other  parties.  About  3  feet  away  from  the  corrugated  jar  in  the  side  of  one  of  the 
holes,  where  a  skeleton  had  been  unearthed,  was  found  a  small  bone  celt  (H-75) 
ornamented  with  lines  running  around  the  implement.  Nothing  else  could  be  found 
in  the  vicinity.  During  the  general  digging  a  shell  ornament  (H-74)  was  found  in  the 
surface  soil. 

Our  next  place  of  operation  was  a  burial  mound  near  the  mouth  of  the  canon 
that  runs  south  from  Chaco.  It  was  on  the  right  hand  side  facing  south  and  is  in 
reality  in  the  Chaco  limits.  Richard  Wetherill  had  done  some  excavating  here.  One 
of  the  peculiar  things  found  during  his  digging  was  a  stone  grave,  one  stone  of  which 
was  still  in  place.  It  was  about  1  foot  below  the  surface  and  consisted  of  two  large 
flat  stones  placed  on  edge  about  2  feet  apart.  Between  these  the  body  had  been 
placed  and  the  sod  filled  in  upon  it,  then  on  the  sand  were  placed  a  number  of  flat 
stones,  but  these  were  some  inches  above  the  upper  edge  of  the  grave  stones.  I 
mapped  out  a  line  40  feet  long  and  running  about  east  and  west.  This  was  on  the 
southern  side  of  the  mound.  I  divided  this  line  into  five  parts  and  then  squared  each 
part,  thereby  giving  me  five  sections,  each  8  feet  square.  These  sections  were 
numbered,  commencing  from  the  eastern  end. 


342         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

Skeleton  12  was  found  in  Section  4  and  was  3  feet  3  inches  below  the  surface. 
The  skeleton  was  lying  west-northwest  and  east-southeast  and  measured  3  feet  3 
inches  in  situ.  From  the  southern  section  line  to  the  top  of  the  skull  was  4  feet  4  inches 
and  from  the  lower  jaw  to  the  eastern  section  line  was  5  inches.  The  body  was  lying 
upon  its  back  with  the  head  facing  east.  The  body  was  lying  with  its  head  toward  the 
northwest  point  of  the  above  position.  The  bones  were  the  softest  we  had  encoun- 
tered and  it  was  therefore  hard  to  get  them  uncovered  for  photographing.  About  1  foot 
6  inches  above  the  body  a  mass  of  stones  was  found,  some  of  them  being  3  feet  long 
by  2  feet  wide.  They  were  quite  thin  but  had  not  been  dressed  in  any  way.  There 
were  seven  or  eight,  which  made  quite  a  layer  over  the  body.  About  half  the  body 
extended  into  Section  3. 

Skeleton  13  was  found  in  Section  7,  about  9  inches  below  the  surface.  The  bones 
lay  about  and  were  greatly  disconnected.  The  head  was  2  inches  north  of  the  south- 
ern section  line  and  5  inches  east  from  the  western  section  line.  The  body  was  lying 
northwest  by  southeast,  the  head  toward  the  northwest.  The  head,  indicated  by  a 
single  piece,  was  just  northwest  of  the  large  bowl  (H-77),  and  probably  the  bowl 
rested  against  it.  Three  feet  from  the  large  bowl  was  a  smaller  one  (H-78)  broken, 
and  about  6  inches  south  of  this  was  a  sandstone  gourd  (H-79),  broken  in  half,  that 
may  have  been  used.  About  8  inches  of  the  skeleton,  the  femora,  etc.,  projected 
south  into  Section  2.    The  body  was  3  feet  10  inches  long  as  it  lay  in  the  grave. 

Skeleton  14  was  found  in  Section  6  with  the  head  2  feet  below  the  surface.  It 
was  enclosed  in  a  stone  grave.  The  head  was  lying  under  a  large  flat  stone  and  had 
been  flattened  by  it.  From  the  southern  section  line  to  the  skull  was  8  inches  and 
10  inches  east  from  the  western  section  line.  The  large  flat  slab  was  facing  due  north- 
east and  was  standing  on  end  inclined  toward  the  north.  It  was  1  foot  8  inches  long 
and  the  same  in  width.  It  had  no  doubt  originally  rested  in  a  horizontal  position,  but 
had  settled  to  its  present  position,  either  through  the  natural  settling  of  the  sand  or 
from  being  undermined  by  rats.  The  stones  as  they  lay  formed  a  pyramidal  space, 
the  base  being  toward  the  north.  The  side  along  the  large  slab  measured  1  foot  10 
inches,  the  opposite  side,  which  was  formed  by  a  stone  that  had  been  used  to  grind 
axes,  measured  1  foot  9  inches  and  the  base  was  1  foot  3  inches  long.  The  place  worn 
in  the  stone  where  axes  had  been  ground  was  9  inches  long,  4  inches  wide,  and  about 
1%  inches  deep  in  the  center.  The  grave  was  photographed,  before  the  stones  were 
removed,  and  a  photograph  was  also  taken  showing  the  head  as  it  rested  under  the 
large  slab. 

In  Section  5  a  rubbing  stone  (H-80)  was  found.  It  was  3  feet  below  the  surface, 
4  feet  north  of  the  southern  section  line,  and  6  inches  west  of  the  eastern  line. 

A  bowl  (H-81)  was  found  in  the  northern  part  of  section  4;  it  was  1  foot  below 
the  surface,  2  feet  4  inches  west  of  the  eastern  line,  and  7  inches  south  of  the  northern 
section  lines.  It  was  broken  into  small  pieces,  probably  from  the  weight  of  the  earth. 

A  pendant  made  from  a  piece  of  red  pottery  (H-83),  possibly  a  handle,  that  has  a 
hole  drilled  through  the  narrow  end,  was  found  6  inches  below  the  surface  in  the  center 
of  Section  8. 

A  shell  ornament  (H-84)  was  found  near  a  piece  of  a  child's  skull,  2  feet  below  the 
surface  in  Section  7.  It  was  1  foot  south  of  the  northern  section  line  and  5  feet  west 
of  the  eastern  section  line;  no  other  bones  were  found  near  it. 

Skeleton  15  was  that  of  a  small  child,  measuring  1  foot  10  inches  as  it  lay  in  the 
grave.    It  was  found  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Section  6  and  projected  into  Section 


Fig.  148.     Pictograph  on  Rock  in  Chaco  Canon. 


Fig.  149.    Outer  North  Wall  of  Bonito,  looking  northwest  from  Within,  showing  Junction 
of  Old  and  New  Walls. 


344 


Fig.  150.     A  Closed  Doorway. 


Fig.  151.     A  Corner  Doorway. 


345 


Fig.  152.     A  Partly  Closed  Doorway. 


Fig.  153.     An  Open  Doorway. 


346 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  347 

7.  It  was  1  foot  7  inches  below  the  surface  and  was  in  the  gravel  bottom,  whereas  all 
the  other  skeletons  were  in  the  sub-soil.  The  body  was  lying  northwest  by  southeast, 
the  head  toward  the  former  point.  The  body  was  lying  upon  its  back  with  the  arms 
at  the  side;  the  legs  were  at  right  angles  to  the  trunk,  the  right  femur  being  across  the 
pelvis. 

Skeleton  16  was  found  1  foot  below  the  surface  in  Section  9.  In  a  caving  of  the 
bank  the  face  was  brought  to  view  and  when  the  earth  fell  it  carried  with  it  the  greater 
part  of  two  pieces  of  pottery  that  had  been  buried  with  the  skeleton.  One  piece  of  the 
large  bowl  (H-85)  was  left  in  the  bank,  and  the  balance  with  the  corrugated  jar  (H-86), 
was  among  the  clods  of  earth  below  it.  The  head  was  uncovered  enough  to  show  its 
position,  and  the  bank,  pottery  and  all,  was  left  just  as  it  was  when  the  bank  fell. 
The  head  was  1  foot  10  inches  from  the  northern  line  of  Section  9  and  3  feet  7  inches 
from  the  western  line  of  the  same  section.  The  pottery  had  rested  against  the  lower 
jaw,  as  the  piece  in  the  bank  shows.  The  fragments  of  a  red  bowl  (H-91)  were  found 
under  the  corrugated  jar  mentioned  above. 

Skeleton  17  was  found  in  a  fragmentary  condition  just  east  of  Skeleton  15.  It 
was  in  Section  6  and  was  lying  8  inches  below  the  surface.  The  bones  looked  as  though 
they  had  been  thrown  into  the  hole  and  no  definite  direction  could  be  ascertained 
from  the  few  bones  that  remained. 

Skeleton  18  was  found  1  foot  6  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  12.  Only  a  few 
teeth  and  portions  of  the  ribs  were  found  in  position.  In  the  surrounding  soil,  in  rat 
holes,  were  found  fragments  of  vertebrae  and  other  bones.  The  body  was  probably 
lying  northwest  by  southeast,  the  head  toward  the  former  position,  for  at  that  point 
some  teeth  and  fragments  of  the  skull  were  found.  Seven  inches  south  of  the  teeth 
was  a  corrugated  jar  (H-88)  6  inches  deep  and  4%  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top.  One 
foot  one  inch  east  of  this  jar  was  a  bowl  4%  inches  deep  and  8  inches  in  diameter, 
ornamented  on  the  interior  with  a  design  composed  of  broad  lines  (H-89) . 

The  bone  awl  (H-90)  was  found  3  feet  deep  in  Section  9;  it  was  3  feet  south  of 
the  north  section  and  1  foot  east  from  the  western  section  line. 

A  portion  of  a  red  bowl  (H-91)  found  under  the  corrugated  jar  (H-86)  when  the 
pottery  was  removed  from  the  place  where  it  fell  is  mentioned  under  the  description 
of  Skeleton  16. 

In  Section  11  there  were  some  pieces  of  bone  and  there  had  probably  been  a 
skeleton  there,  but  as  there  were  no  vessels  nor  any  implements  near  the  place,  we 
could  not  be  certain  that  it  had  been  an  entire  body. 

Skeletons  13,  14,  15  were  unproductive  and  as  there  was  no  evidence  of  other 
remains,  which  we  ascertained  by  sounding  in  various  places,  I  concluded  to  stop 
operations  in  this  part  of  the  mound,  so  mapped  out  another  section  having  a  front- 
ing of  40  feet  facing  the  west.  It  was  on  the  same  side  of  the  hill  but  further  to  the 
north. 

The  new  trench  line  was  mapped  out  so  that  it  ran  directly  north  and  south.  We 
commenced  at  the  foot  of  the  hill,  which  was  toward  the  east,  and  worked  in  a  westerly 
direction. 

The  first  skeleton,  19,  was  found  1  foot  below  the  surface  in  Section  1,  this  being 
the  one  at  the  southern  end  of  the  trench. 

The  body  was  that  of  an  adult,  probably  a  male,  and  was  lying  on  its  back;  the 
right  hand  was  lying  across  the  abdomen  and  the  left  arm  was  stretched  along  the 
side  of  the  body.     The  femora  were  standing  in  a  perpendicular  position  and  no 


348         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History .     [Vol.  XXVII, 

tibiae  or  fibulae  could  be  found,  and  only  fragments  of  the  foot  bones.  The  left  side 
of  the  superior  maxillary  was  missing  and  was  possibly  carried  away  by  rats.  The 
bones  of  the  body  were  better  preserved  than  any  we  had  found  before,  but  the 
cranium  was  in  a  very  bad  condition.  The  body  was  lying  north  and  south,  the  head 
being  toward  the  south.  From  the  northern  line  of  Section  1,  to  the  pelvic  bone  was  8 
inches,  and  from  the  western  stake  line  to  the  same  point  was  2  feet  5  inches.  The 
body  measured  2  feet  10  inches  in  situ. 


Fig.  154.     Burial  in  Mound  No.  2,  Skeleton  20. 


Skeleton  20  was  found  1  foot  6  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  4.  The  head 
was  2  feet  south  from  the  north  line  of  the  section,  and  2  feet  5  inches  east  of  the 
western  line.  The  body  was  that  of  a  young  person,  the  skull  was  lying  on  its  face 
and  was  in  a  very  poor  condition.  Resting  a  little  above  and  a  little  to  the  north  of 
the  skull  was  a  bowl  (H-92)  6  inches  in  diameter.  It  was  ornamented  on  the  interior 
and  had  a  handle  on  either  side.  Just  below  this  bowl  was  a  pitcher  (H-93)  4%  inches 
high  and  2  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top.  Just  I  elow  the  large  bowl  was  a  frag- 
mentary bowl  (H-94)  which  had  a  peculiar  interior  ornamentation.  About  on  a  level 
with  the  skull,  and  a  little  to  the  east  of  it,  was  a  grooved  stone  (H-95);  it  had  three 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  349 

grooves  on  the  angular  ridge,  and  in  the  east  would  be  termed  a  net-sinker.  About  }{ 
foot  above  the  head  of  the  skeleton  was  a  fragment  of  a  bowl  (H-96)  but  only  a  portion 
of  the  rim  could  be  made  out.  The  direction  of  the  skeleton  could  not  be  ascertained 
as  rats  had  scattered  the  bones  in  all  directions. 

Skeleton  21  was  found  in  Section  6.  The  head  was  1  foot  8  inches  below 
the  surface,  7  inches  south  of  the  northern  section  line  and  3  feet  4  inches 
west  from  the  eastern  line.  The  body  measured  4  feet  2  inches  in  situ  and  projected 
about  10  inches  into  Section  1.  The  body  was  lying  east  and  west,  the  head  being 
toward  the  latter  point.  About  3%  inches  north  of  the  head  was  a  portion  of  a  red 
bowl  (H-97)  9%  inches  in  diameter  and  4%  inches  deep.  It  was  ornamented  on  the 
interior.  Inside  of  this  redware  bowl  was  a  fragment  of  a  white  bowl  (H-98)  and 
under  this  was  the  bowl  of  a  ladle  (H-99),  having  a  heavy  pattern  on  the  interior. 
Lying  between  the  femora  was  a  portion  of  a  corrugated  jar  (H-100),  and  just  east  of 
the  body  and  a  few  inches  below  it  was  another  fragment  of  the  same  jar  (H-101), 
its  uppermost  part  almost  touching  the  tibia.    The  body  was  in  a  very  poor  condition. 

Skeleton  22  was  found  1  foot  below  the  surface  in  Section  7  and  only  a  few  bones 
were  intact  to  show  that  there  had  been  a  body  there.  It  was  lying  with  the  head  pos- 
sibly toward  the  west,  as  a  bowl  was  at  that  point;  it  was  1  foot  2  inches  west  of  the 
eastern  line  of  Section  7  and  2  feet  4  inches  south  of  the  northern  line.  About  4  feet 
west  of  the  nearest  bone  was  a  white  bowl  (H-102)  10%  inches  in  diameter,  orna- 
mented on  the  interior.  The  few  bones  that  remained  were  not  in  good  condition  nor 
were  they  in  their  proper  relation  to  each  other  to  give  a  clew  as  to  the  direction  or 
position  of  the  body. 

Skeleton  23  was  found  10  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  8.  Skeleton  98 
was  that  of  a  child  and  the  bones  were  in  a  very  poor  condition.  The  skull  was  1 
foot  3  inches  west  of  the  eastern  section  line  and  2  feet  5  inches  north  of  the  southern 
line.  The  body  was  lying  east  and  west,  the  head  toward  the  latter  point.  Leaning 
against  the  cranium  and  to  the  south  of  it  was  a  fragment  of  a  large  bowl  (H-103), 
and  inside  of  this  was  a  bowl-shaped  jar  (H-104),  with  an  opening  about  1  inch  in 
diameter,  and  a  perforated  handle  on  either  side.  The  body  measured  1  foot  5  inches 
as  it  lay  in  the  grave. 

Skeleton  24  was  found  10  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  8,  the  head  being 
on  the  same  level  as  that  of  Skeleton  23  and  only  Q}i  inches  to  the  northeast  of  it. 
The  body  was  lying  on  its  back,  inclined  a  trifle  to  the  right  side,  the  legs  had  been 
drawn  up,  as  is  usual  in  most  of  the  burials.  It  was  lying  northwest  by  southeast,  the 
head  toward  the  latter  point.  The  head  was  8  inches  west  of  the  eastern  section 
line,  and  3  feet  6  inches  south  from  the  northern  line.  It  measured  3  feet  4 
inches  in  situ.  Lying  to  the  northwest  of  the  cranium  and  4  inches  from  it,  was  a 
portion  of  a  bowl  (H-105),  that  was  part  of  the  bottom  of  a  larger  one.  Inside  of  it 
was  a  corrugated  jar  5%  inches  high  and  %  inch  in  diameter  at  the  top  (H-106); 
between  the  bowl  and  its  cranium  was  a  bone  awl  (H-107).  The  cranium  was  broken 
into  bits  and  the  whole  skeleton  was  greatly  decayed. 

Skeleton  25  was  found  10  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  9.  It  was  that  of  a 
young  person;  the  bones  were  badly  decayed  and  had  been  scattered  about  by  rats. 
The  body  was  lying  north  and  south,  the  head  being  toward  the  latter  point.  The  body 
measured  1  foot  9  inches  as  it  lay  in  the  grave.  From  the  eastern  section  line  to  the 
head  was  3  feet  2  inches  and  1  foot  3  inches  from  the  northern  section  line  to  the  same 
point.  About  4  inches  south  of  the  head  and  2%  inches  below  it  was  a  red  bowl 
(H-108),  measuring  i%  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top. 


350         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  bone  awl  (H-109)  was  found  1  foot  below  the  surface  in  the  central  part  of 
Section  10,  and  almost  against  the  eastern  section  line. 

Skeleton  26  was  found  in  the  middle  of  Section  7,  all  that  could  be  found  in  a 
sufficient  state  of  preservation  to  allow  of  being  uncovered  was  the  upper  jaw.  This 
piece  was  lying  1  foot  6  inches  below  the  surface;  it  was  3  feet  north  from  the  southern 
section  line,  and  3  feet  4  inches  from  the  eastern  line.  A  fragment  of  a  bowl  (H-110) 
was  lying  just  below  it,  about  2  inches,  and  a  little  to  the  eastward  of  it,  a  large  frag- 
ment of  a  white  bowl  (H-lll),  was  lying  6  inches  west  of  the  jaw,  and  just  below  this 
piece  on  the  southern  side,  and  with  the  edge  lying  under  the  whiteware  bowl  men- 
tioned above,  was  a  very  peculiar  bowl  (H-112);  it  was  4%  inches  in  diameter  and 
2%  inches  deep.  It  was  heavily  ornamented  on  the  interior  and  about  %  inch  below 
the  rim  were  four  perforated  handles,  placed  at  equal  distances  from  each  other. 
Three  inches  south  of  this  bowl  was  a  ball-shaped  corrugated  jar  (H-113).  It  was 
2%  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top  and  3  inches  deep.  Two  inches  further  south,  was  a 
large  fragment  of  a  corrugated  jar  (H-114).  Four  inches  west  of  this  corrugated  jar 
was  a  fragment  of  a  red  bowl  (H-115).  The  body  had  completely  wasted  away  so 
that  the  position  in  the  grave  could  not  be  ascertained. 

Skeleton  27  was  found  in  Section  8,  it  was  1  foot  3  inches  below  the  surface. 
The  body  was  greatly  decomposed,  only  a  portion  of  the  head,  the  occiput,  remaining. 
The  legs  were  drawn  up  and  the  vertebrae  were  so  soft  they  crumbled  when  even  a 
brush  was  applied.  The  body  was  lying  north  and  south,  the  head  being  toward  the 
latter  point,  and  measured  3  feet  5  inches  in  situ.  From  the  eastern  section  line  to  the 
head  was  3  feet,  and  from  the  head  to  the  south  section  line  was  2  feet  10  inches. 
Five  inches  northwest  from  the  head  was  a  fragment  of  a  bowl  (H-116)  and  2  inches 
north  of  this  was  a  water  jar  6  inches  high  and  1%  inches  in  diameter  at  the  mouth. 
There  was  a  corrugated  handle  on  either  side  (H-117). 

Skeleton  28  was  found  10  inches  below  the  surface  in  Section  10.  All  that  could 
be  measured  for  photographing  were  the  legs  and  front  of  the  pelvis,  the  other  bones 
had  entirely  wasted  away.  The  leg  bones  were  in  a  very  poor  condition,  their  surfaces 
being  greatly  weathered.  From  the  southern  section  line  was  5  inches  and  from  the 
western  line,  2  feet  7  inches,  from  the  point  of  the  bended  knees  to  the  end  of  the  pelvic 
bone,  2  feet  5}i  inches.  The  skeleton  probably  lay  north  and  south,  the  head  being 
toward  the  south  and  no  doubt  extended  some  distance  into  Section  9,  but  no  bones 
were  found  in  this  section.  The  bones  were  very  large,  the  perfect  femur  was  1  foot 
6)2  inches  long  and  the  outer  tibia  was  1  foot  2%  inches.  No  vessels  were  found  with 
the  body. 

Skeleton  29  was  found  1  foot  1  inch  below  the  surface  in  Section  10,  the  head 
being  11  inches  north  of  the  leg  bones  of  Skeleton  28.  The  body  was  lying  northeast 
by  southwest,  the  head  being  toward  the  latter  point.  The  body  was  probably  that 
of  a  woman,  and  lay  on  its  back,  the  head  being  some  inches  higher  than  the  rest  of  the 
body.  The  skull  was  crushed  and  the  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  were  missing  from  age. 
Only  five  teeth  remained  in  the  inferior  maxillary.  The  body  measured  2  feet  8  inches 
in  situ.  The  legs  were  drawn  up  across  the  body  and  some  of  the  vertebrae  and  ribs 
were  missing,  probably  the  result  of  a  rats'  burrow.  The  head  was  3  feet  north  from 
the  south  line  and  3  feet  10  inches  from  the  west  line.  A  little  to  the  west  and  slightly 
above  the  head  was  a  fragment  of  a  pitcher  (H-118). 

Skeleton  30  was  found  7  inches  below  the  surface,  all  that  was  found  of  the  skele- 
ton was  the  occiput  and  two  femurs,  which  were  crossed.    The  head  was  9  inches 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  351 

east  of  the  western  line  of  Section  10,  and  2  feet  10  inches  north  of  the  southern  sec- 
tion line.  The  bones  were  2  feet  northwest  of  the  head,  and  from  the  northern  line 
to  the  point  where  the  bones  cross  was  2  feet  11  inches.  The  femora  were  crossed  on 
the  section  line,  half  of  them  thereby  lying  in  Section  15.  Resting  against  the  cranium 
was  a  pitcher  (H-119),  it  was  6  inches  high  and  3  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top.  Rest- 
ing against  the  pitcher  on  the  northwestern  side  was  a  bowl  5  inches  high  and  4  inches 
in  diameter  at  the  opening,  and  heavily  ornamented  on  the  exterior. 


352  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


TABULATED  DATA. 

A  general  discussion  of  Bonito  culture  will  be  published  later.  In  the  meantime 
we  present  a  table  showing  the  dimensions  of  the  rooms  excavated  and  the  approxi- 
mate distribution  of  artifacts.  These  will  not  only  give  an  idea  of  the  relative  number 
of  finds  for  each  type  of  artifact  but  show  their  distribution  in  the  ruin.  The 
numerals  under  the  various  headings  in  the  tables  indicate  the  number  of  such  artifacts 
rec  ognized  by  the  excavator,  but  in  some  cases  the  number  of  fragments  and  other 
insignificant  forms  was  so  large  that  no  exact  count  was  made.  These  are  designated 
by  an  x.  The  dimensions  of  rooms  are  from  inside  measurements. The  tables  were  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  B.  T.  B.  Hyde. — Editor. 


1920. 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


353 


Table  1. 
Dimensions  of  Rooms. 


a 

o 
o 

+3 

M 

'S3 

Jli 

u 

o 

O 
02 

CO 

cS 

CO 

3   ^ 

O    C 

-8  .2 
S  Q 

o 

+3 

CO 

e3 

CD 

,4 
-*^  . — > 

ol 

-i     faC 

8  .2 
*  Q 

(h 

O 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft,  In. 

Ft,  In. 

1 

6 

11     5 

11     5 

5     1 

5     9 

2 

6     3 

10     3% 

10     3% 

5     % 

5     4% 

3 

4 

6     7 

11     5 

10  11 

5     5 

5     4 

5 

8     2 

10     9 

10     7 

8     3 

8     2 

6 

7 

14  11 

12     7 

5     6 

3     4 

8 

7 

7 

6     8 

7 

9 

13     7 

14     8 

8 

7 

10 

7 

13     2 

12     6 

7     3 

8     4 

11 

13     5 

15     8 

7     9 

6     8 

12 

14 

12     6 

12     4 

9 

8     2 

13 

8     6 

8     4 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

5     7 

6     2 

2     6 

4     4 

7     2 

19 

20 

12 

12     6 

12     3 

10 

10    7 

21 

10     2 

10 

10 

11 

22 

10 

10 

10 

10 

23 

24 

16 

10     6 

12 

14     6 

12     2 

See  Room  73 

25 

9 

8     1 

16  10 

18  10 

18     5 

21 

26 

27 

28 

14 

25     7 

25 

7  10 

7     8 

28a 

8    6 

13 

13 

7  10 

8     2 

14  10 

15  10 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

6 

6     3 

5  10 

6  10 

34 

6 

6  10 

6     8 

11   10 

11     8 

35 

6    2 

12 

11  11 

12     3 

12     5 

354         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Table  1  {continued). 
Dimensions  of  Rooms. 


a 

o 
o 

Height 

J3 
-^> 

J. 

O 

3 
O 

CO 
03 

CO 
03 

f     Northeast-Southwest 
p1             (Diagonal) 

CO 

03 

CD 

-ti  bC 

S  -2 
*  Q 
+= 

Si 

o 
Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

35a 

5 

6  6 

6 

10  2 

10  6 

36 

7 

11  9 

12  10 

12  4 

12  1 

17  2 

17  3 

37 

6  6 

10  7 

11  3 

11  11 

12  2 

15  5 

16  2 

38 

6 

32  2 

27  8 

10  2 

13  9 

33  4 

30  5 

39 

21  1 

20  3 

9  8% 

8  3 

22  10 

21  10 

39a 

5  9 

7  8 

7  6 

8  10 

8  5 

12 

11 

39b 

6 

7  4 

7  6 

8  7 

8  10 

11  7 

11  3 

40 

6 

22  6 

22  6 

11 

11 

11 

22  6 

22  6 

11 

11 

41 

5  9 

7  9 

7  11 

13  6 

11  4 

42 

14 

9  5 

9  10 

14  5 

16  10 

43 

5 

5  8 

6  4 

7  1 

8  3 

8  3 

44 

13  10 

14 

5  1 

5  2 

14  8 

14  6 

45 

19 

17  8 

7  5 

6  10 

19  7 

19  2 

46 

6  2 

5  6 

5 

7  2 

7  2 

9  5 

9  3 

47 

i 

6 

6 

10  9 

11  1 

12 

48 

12 

13  5 

11 

7  11 

6  10 

15  7 

15  7 

Lower  Room 

48 

5 

8  6 

8  2 

7  5 

7  3 

11  2 

11  7 

Upper  Room 

49 

6 

9 

9 

1  10 

2 

50 

7 

4  3 

4  8 

7  9 

7  8 

8  10 

8  11 

51 

11  6 

10  9 

9  2 

8  4 

14  10 

13  9 

51a 

5  7 

7  9 

6 

8  2 

8  2 

10  7 

10  8 

52 

9  3 

9  6 

5  11 

6  4 

10  3 

12  4 

53 

11  6 

10  5 

14  2 

13  5 

17  10 

17  5 

54 

24  7 

25  3 

10 

8  5 

27 

26  2 

55 

6  5 

7  2 

6  4 

8 

7  3 

10  10 

10 

56 

5  8 

6  7 

5  3 

16  3 

13  10 

17  4 

16  10 

57 

7  10 

7  8 

6  10 

7 

7 

10 

10  6 

58 

6 

6 

5  7 

0  2 

8  11 

8  3 

59 

10  10 

6  6 

Kiva 

60 

15  5 

6  5 

13  5 

10 

60a 

7 

5  3 

6 

61 

6  3 

11  1 

9  4 

11  6 

10  4 

15  6 

14  4 

62 

8 

19  11 

20  9 

7  5 

10 

22  2 

22  9 

• 

63 

7  7 

6  2 

5  9 

16  1 

16  1 

17  1 

17  1 

64 

Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


355 


Table  1  {Continued) . 
Dimensions  of  Rooms. 


s 

o 
o 

43 

.bfi 

W 

„d 

O 

-a 
o 

GO 

4J 

OS 

03 

Ft.  In. 

CO 

3  03 

O  fl 

OQ  O 

',  b£ 

«  .3 
%  Q 

43  --' 

o 

CO 

03 
CD 

43 

+3  . — - 
Si 

a?  o 
-i  be 

5  -3 

6  Q 

43  ^ 

+3 

Si 

o 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

65 

11  7 

12  7 

10  3 

11  9 

15  4 

14  6 

66 

11  1 

9  9 

9  4 

9  9 

14  2 

13  11 

67 

Kiva 

68 

14 

13  8 

14  2 

11  10 

18  6 

18  6 

68a 

69 

18 

18  7 

10  6. 

9  10 

20 

20  6 

70 

5 

6  1 

11  10 

6  10 

8  5 

12  8 

71 

18  8 

15  11 

8  4 

10  2 

19  3 

19  7 

72 

5  3 

2  8 

10  3 

20  7 

73 

15  11 

18 

13  6 

9  3 

20  10 

21  2 

73ne 

8  9 

5  7 

6  2 

10  3 

10  6 

73se 

7  6 

5  9 

9  3 

10  6 

11  0i 

12  1% 

9  4% 

9  3 

11 

9  5 

13 

14  6 

74 

75 

Kiva 

76 

9 

16  1 

16  1 

7  5 

7  5 

77 

5  8 

6  7 

10  3 

10  3 

12  2 

11  9 

78 

21 

18  9 

8  2 

8  11 

21  7 

22  8 

79 

80 

18  5 

18  5 

9  11 

10  2 

21  9 

20 

81 

82 

11  9 

10  9 

10 

10 

15  2 

15 

83 

6 

20  8 

18 

10  7 

11  9 

21  8 

84 

10  3 

9  7 

9  7 

9  2 

13  9 

13  9 

85 

86 

15 

14  6 

8  8 

9  2 

18  10 

18  7 

87 

10 

17  2 

17 

8  4 

8  10 

19  8 

18  3 

88 

9  2 

16  10 

17  2 

8 

8  2 

19  6 

17  11 

89 

16  9 

16  9 

7  11 

7  11 

19  2 

17  9 

90 

18  5 

18  6 

10  1 

10  3 

21  8 

20  8 

91 

13 

12 

14  11 

14  10 

19  7 

19  5 

92 

14  6 

13  7 

5  6 

9  9 

14  10% 

16  9 

93 

7  8 

19  4 

15  8 

7  2 

5  11 

20  2 

20 

94 

21  5 

20  9 

5  11 

4  8 

21  11 

21  10 

95 

17  4 

16  11 

6  7 

6  8 

17  9 

18  6 

96 

6  3 

6  2 

19  7 

20  2 

20  6 

21 

356         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History ■.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Table  1  (continued). 
Dimensions  of  Rooms. 


a 

o 
o 

43 
Sh 

o 

43 

O 
GO 

+3 

on 
H 

West 

Northeast-Southwest 
(Diagonal) 

Northwest-Southeast 
(Diagonal) 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

97 

14  6 

13  3 

6  5 

10  2 

15 

17 

98 

17  1 

16  11 

8  8 

8  3 

19  3 

18  8 

99 

14  11 

17  2 

8  9/2 

17  7 

19  4 

100 

4  2 

4  6 

17 

16 

17  10 

16 

101 

14  18 

12  4 

5  10 

2  9 

14  11 

13 

102 

18  6 

16  5 

8  2 

9  6 

19  2 

18  9 

103 

11 

16  10 

16  5 

8  5 

8  4 

17  9 

19 

104 

4  2 

3  2 

5  8 

6  9 

7  4 

7  2 

105 

10 

12  2 

12  5 

16  8 

21  2}i 

17  10# 

106 

13  7 

12  7 

16  10 

16  9 

23  , 

19  1 

106b 

107 

10  9 

9  2 

7  7 

6  9 

12  3 

11  11 

108 

109 

110 

5  10 

5  7 

10 

11  4 

12  2 

11  11 

111 

6 

5  10 

13  6 

11  10 

14  6 

13  3 

112 

113 

114 

115 

116 

5  6 

5  9 

17  3 

18  6 

18  11 

19 

117 

9 

9 

18 

19 

118 

9 

9 

18 

19 

119 

9 

9 

19 

19 

120 

10 

10  4 

16  7 

15  4 

18  9 

19 

121 

9 

8 

16 

17 

122 

8 

8 

17 

16 

123 

7 

7 

16 

16 

124 

8 

8 

9 

9 

125 

9 

9 

10 

10 

126 

12 

12 

10 

10 

127 

13 

13 

10 

10 

128 

15  6 

15  6 

10 

10 

129 

16 

16 

10 

10 

130 

Kiva 

131 

13 

13 

9 

9 

1920.1 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


357 


Table  1  {continued). 
Dimensions  of  Rooms. 


"3 

W 

+B 

o 
Ft.  In. 

3 
O 

m 

co 
03 
W 

CO 
CD 

Ft.  In. 
9 

+3 

CO 
CD 

+= 

'     °   Q 

^  I 

<D      & 

t  B 

o 

CO 

o3 
CD 

A 

+3  < — ~ 

°1 

v?  5 

S  -S 
S  Q 

+3 

(4 
O 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 
9 

Ft.  In. 

10 

10 

11 

11 

9 

9 

11 

11 

9 

9 

10 

10 

9 

9 

10 

10 

9 

9 

15 

15 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

6 

6 

11     6 

11  6 

9 

9 

13    6 

13  6 

9 

9 

19 

19 

9 

9 

6 

7 

16 

17 

6 

6 

16 

16 

7 

Kiva 
11 

11 

20 
10 

24 

Kiva 

18 

13 

10     6 

K4 

22 

17 

K 

9 

24 

15 

9     6 

10 

6 

6 

10 

12 

14 

13 

7     6 

8 

7     6 

7     6 

8     6 

8  6 

7    6 

7     6 

11 

11 

7    6 

7     6 

9 

9 

7    6 

8     6 

10 

10 

8 

10 

18     6 

18  6 

8 

8     6 

10 

5 

13 

11     6 

7 

15 

11     6 

13 

10 

11 

9 

9 

9     6 

10 

6     6 

6     6 

8     9 

9 

13 

13 

1 

Passageways 


358         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Table  1  (continued). 
Dimensions  of  Rooms. 


168 
169 
170 
171 
172 
173 
174 
175 
176 
177 
178 
179 
180 
181 
182 
183 
184 
185 
186 
187 


W 


Ft.  In. 


Ft.  In. 


18  6 

18 

17 

11  6 

15 

21 

16  6 

12 

10 

10 

9 

9  6 

9  6 
10 
10 
10 

9  6 


+3 

en 

05 

c3 

£ 

05 

-S  -^ 

+3 ~ 

3     oS 

n   "^ 

O     C 

C3 

m  o 

co  g 

i     be 

-ti     bXj 

to    * 

03      Si 

3  5 

03    .  -. 

pC 

A  ■— 

-C   --' 

+3 

+3 

CO 

+3 

+3 

O 

03 

05 

Ft.  In. 

o 

o 
5? 

Ft.  In. 
18     6 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

12 

12 

18 

12 

12 

16 

19 

18 

13 

12 

11     6 

16 

12 

12 

21     6 

13 

13 

15 

12     6 

12     6 

12 

13 

13 

10 

13 

13 

10 

20 

18 

9 

1     8 

17 

9     6 

17    6 

18 

9     6 

16    6 

16 

10     4 

16    7 

15     4 

18     9 

19 

10 

19 

19 

10 

15 

15 

9     6 

13     6 

12     6 

8 

17     6 

17     6 

8 

19 

19 

8    6 

11 

11 

1920.1 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


359 


Table  2. 
Distribution  of  Pottery. 


03 


2 
3 

4 
6 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

19 

20 

22 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

28a 

29 

31 

32 

33 

36 

38 

39 

39b 

40 

42 

44 

45 

48 

51 

51a 

52 

53 


O 


O 


Oh 


111 

3 

2 

19 


39 


15 

1 
1 


24 

10 
1 

1 


2    1 


^ 


>!0 


W 


0u 


w 


Oh 


PQ 


Ph  « 


Oh 


Oh 


U 


oq 


O 


05 


02 


U 


o 


2 

77 
1 


66 


360         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII , 


Table  2  (continued). 
Distribution  of  Pottery. 


o 

o 

pj 

54 
56 

58 
59 
60 
62 
62 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
82 
83 
84 
86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
92 
93 
96 


O 


U 


i- 


> 


W! 

— 

Ph 

o 

O) 

U 

j3 

BJ 

T 

3J 

PEJ 

d 

[3 

0) 

a 

s 

-z 
d 

W 

01 

S 
d 
C 

44 

CJ 

71 

pq 

-n 

d 

Ol 

44 

ed 

IS 

03 

3 

T3 

o 

— 
o 
pg 

3 

S3 

rn 

m 

tn 

T 

r. 

-TT 

T3 

—, 

—. 

TJ 

•— 

%- 

[h 

s- 

O 

OJ 

0) 

tu 

o 

^ 

-C 

— 

,4 

-a 

t/J 

OJ 

X 

7. 

t/J 

d    d 

d 

d 

d 

cj     oj     d 

rt     c3 

Ph 

HH 

Ph 

Ph 

43  >JS  43  43  -5  i  O 


PhIO 


M 


pq 


O 


ps 


o 


PC 


Ph 


Q 


O 


22 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


361 


Table  2  {continued). 
Distribution  of  Pottery. 


M 

o 

m 

03 

o 

3 

•3 

C2 

s 

1 

■3 
03 
+= 

GO 
U 

in 

o 

PQ 

£ 
o 

HH 

£ 

s 
< 

03 

[h 

03 

"3 
h. 
Oj 

-C 

0) 
+5 

go 

03 

s 

03 

"3 

X 

03 

G 
e3 
i 

-3 

« 

to 

P3 

03 

■h- 

-G 

M 
o 
e3 

PC 

-3 
03 

X 

-3 
G 
s3 
i 

■3 
03 
PS 

£ 
03 
G 

Hi 

o 

-3 

J* 

H. 

o 

a 
u 

■3 

c3 

o 

T3 
o3 

~3 

X 

+3 

G 

o 

■3 

!-. 

03 

hG 

-3 

HI 

03 

-G 

-9 

-G 

-3 

S-. 

hG 

-3 

u 

03 

-G 

-3 

■P 

03 

"3 
0j 

-P 
o3 

-3 
03 

+3 
o3 

■3 
■(3 
03 

-3 
03 

■P 
o3 

-3 

-H- 

e3 

a 

o 
o 

-3 

a 

bO 

3 

S-. 
h. 

o 

Ph 

'3 

3 
G 
O 

-a 
o 
-Hi 

'3d 

"3 

to 

X 

05 

_c3 

3 

Oh 

03 

.2" 

u 

"3 
G 
88 

s 

a 
c 

X 

G 

'3 

X 

G 

'3 

X 

G 

'3 

X 

G 

'3 

X 

G 

'3 

b£ 

3 
- 
— 

C 

b£ 

3 
i- 

o 

M 

3 

!h 
HI 

O 

bC 
3 
t. 

HI 
O 

3 
H 

H. 

O 

3 

H. 
H. 

o 

<A 

O 

U 

Ph 

U 

ffi 

W 

> 

O 

X    Ph 

s 

HI 

O 

Oh 

Ph 

Ph 

s 

pC 

U 

U 

O 

O 

U 

U 

97 

4 

1 

98 

1 

1 

99 

12 

1 

2 

2 

3 

1 

101 

1 

1 

102 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

103 

1 

1 

1 

105 

1 

2 

4 

5 

2 

1 

4 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

106 

2 

1 

6 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

8 

1 

1 

1 

1 

107 

3 

1 

2 

1 

2 

108 

5 

2 

4 

17 

109 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

4 

2 

3 

8 

3 

1 

1 

5 

1 

2 

28 

109 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

3 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

110 

1 

1 

111 

1 

122 

1 

1 

1 

125 

1 

17 

1 

127 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

129 

1 

• 

1 

1 

130 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

131 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

132 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

134 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

136 

1 

1 

1 

5 

1 

3 

137 

1 

1 

1 

140 

1 

1 

1 

1 

141 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

142 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

143 

1 

1 

1 

1 

144 

1 

1 

1 

1 

146 

2 

1 

1 

1 

,149 

1 

1 

1 

!150 

1 

1 

1 

153 

1 

1 

1 

154 

1 

1 

1 

il58 

1 

1 

1 

362         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Table  2  (continued). 
Distribution  of  Pottery. 


M 

u 
oa 

^ 

o 

CC 

ci 

T3 

i 

3 

03 

•r. 

S 
o 

CO 

03 

+3 

'-2 

of 

-a 

M 
03 

T) 

d 

03 
I 

sc 

03 

+3 

M 

d 

03 

d 

c 

2 

03 

d 

O 
-r 

03 

+3 

oa 

T3 

03 

03 

■— 
03 

1-5 
U 
— 

oa 

oa 

►"5 

T3 
03 
-p 

7i 

DO 

0 

o 
~z 

03 

■+3 

03 

"2 
2 
'2 

03 

oa 

03 

03 
,d 
X 

03 

d 

03 

oo" 

03 

A 

03 

af 

- 

03 

A 

03 

Pi 

of 

— 

03 

A 

d 
pq 

of 

~z 

■— 
03 
,4 

03 
+= 
08 

03 

c 

+s 

oa 

03 

a 
+= 

93 
03 

+5 

o3 

Si 

o 

Ti 

C3 
+^ 
o3 

bO 

— 

bO 

03 

oa 

- 

[3 

;-< 

03 

d 

X 

X 

X 

so 

X 

M 

b£ 

fcJD 

b£ 

M 

i£ 

a 

o 
o 

0 

d 

C 

"cs 

3 
- 

0 

3 

X 

09 
c3 

03 

ft 

03 
ft 
ft 

d 

03 

2 

a 

- 

'3 

d 

'2 

d 
'2 

d 

'2 

d 

'2 

3 
■— 
- 
C 

d 
- 

c 

c 
5 

S-c 

0 

d 
•- 
i-i 

c 

rt 

o 

O 

PM 

O 

PM 

S 

> 

Q 

X 

ffi 

s 

H 

C 

5 

s 

£ 

~ 

PH 

O 

O 

o 

U 

U 

O 

159 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

160 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

161 

c 

1 

1 

3 

7 

2 

2 

2 

162 

1 

163 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

7 

164 

1 

1 

165 

1 

1 

1 

168 

3 

1 

1 

1 

6 

1 

3 

3 

1 

169 

1 

3 

6 

5 

3 

2 

2 

11 

170 

1 

1 

2 

6 

6 

1 

1 

3 

1 

171 

1 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

2 

172 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

173 

3 

9 

2 

8 

1 

5 

1 

1 

4 

174 

1 

1 

1 

175 

1 

1 

1 

1 

177 

1 

181 

1 

1 

1 

188 

* 

1 

1 

189 

1 

1920.1 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


363 


Table  3. 
Distribution  of  Most  Important  Stone  Objects. 


Pg 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 
12 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
28a 
29 
32 
33 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
39b 
40 
41 
42 
44 
45 
48 
51 
52 
53 


a 


o 


X 


22 


3 
3 

15 
1 


1 

54 

1 


O 


18 


75 
3 
1 
8 
2 

2 
9 
2 
1 

28 


3 
15 


4 

2 

30 

15 

1 

9 
142 

12 

7 


1 
14 

1 
2 
6 
1 

33 
4 


Ph 


a 


w 

0) 

G 

P 

Oj 

bfi 

d 

i- 

,r1 

-^ 

ft 

rfl 

o 

od 

O 

0 

o 

rt 

s 

/. 

W 

7^ 

27 


19 
1 


1 

4 

10 
4 
1 
1 


364         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Table  3  {continued). 
Distribution  of  Most  Important  Stone  Objects. 


54 
55 

56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
70 
71 
72 
73 
75 
76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
89 
90 
92 
96 
97 
98 
99 
100 


~ 

0) 

-c 

02 

-2 

CO 

fl 

X 

eu 

o 

>-, 

< 

jaq 

u 

U 

o 


o 


57 


38 

20 

32 

1 

6 

2 
10 

2 
33 

6 

5 
5 
1 
2 
1 
1 


11 


Ph 


&H 


s 

8  3 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


365 


Table  3  {continued). 
Distribution  of  Most  Important  Stone  Objects. 


o 
Pg 

102 

103 

105 

106 

107 

108 

109 

110 

121 

122 

127 

129 

130 

131 

132 

134 

136 

137 

141 

142 

144 

151 

153 

154 

156 

159 

160 

161 

165 

168 

169 

170 

171 

172 

173 

174 

175 

180 


pq 


U 


>.  ■ 

o 


o 


o 


12 
1 

2 

24 

2 


5 

1 

8 

16 

13 
3 

1 

10 
4 


2 
1 

15 
1 

4 
18 

16 
14 

7 

13 


eS 

J 

2  1 


Cu 


p. 


l 

22 


3 
19 


3 

10 
2 

3 
1 

4 
3 

2 

9 


12 
2 

50 


40 
17 
11 

7 
10 

3 

3 

1 

2 
2 
1 
1 
3 

3 

6 


366 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Table  4. 
Distribution  of  Worked  Bone. 


73 

el 

as 
a; 

s 

o 

o 

03 
< 

GO 

a 
M 

•V 

o 
pq 

oo 
u 

CO 

ft 

03 
M 

s 

OS 

■ft 

a 

02 

PQ 

*s 

T3 

V 

O 

GO 

O 
H 

2 

1 

i 

2 

3 

i 

1 

8 

l 

1 

9 

i 

1 

10 

1 

1 

11 

2 

i 

3 

12 

3 

3 

19 

2 

2 

20 

5 

i 

l 

11 

18 

24 

12 

1 

i 

4 

1 

19 

25 

14 

2 

4 

9 

2 

2 

33 

26 

15 

1 

16 

28 

2 

1 

3 

29 

3 

3 

30 

1 

1 

31 

1 

1 

32 

1 

1 

33 

1 

1 

35 

3 

3 

36 

3 

3 

37 

3 

3 

38 

3 

3 

39 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

9 

39b 

1 

1 

41 

2 

2 

42 

8 

1 

1 

10 

45 

3 

1 

1 

5 

51a 

2 

2 

51 

1 

1 

52 

1 

1 

54 

5 

1 

6 

55 

1 

1 

58 

1 

1 

59 

1 

1 

60 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

61 

1 

1 

2 

62 

3 

1 

1 

5 

64 

7 

1 

1 

2 

11 

65 

9 

1 

1 

11 

66 

6 

6 

12 

Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


367 


Table  4  {continued). 
Distribution  of  Worked  Bone. 


CO 

c 

CO 
CD 
U 
CD 

S 

s 

o 

o 

co 

< 

co 

a 

o 

co 
<h 
CD 
Oh 
53 

u 

O 

CD 

s 

CD 

"ft 

a 

co 

CS 
CD 

PQ 

u 

s 

CD 

«4-H 

'3 
M 

T3 
CD 

o 

co 

o 
H 

67 

31 

6 

7 

1 

1 

46 

69 

7  . 

7 

70 

1 

1 

71 

1 

1 

72 

7 

1 

8 

73 

2 

1 

3 

74 

3 

3 

75 

10 

1 

1 

12 

76 

12 

1 

~ 

15 

77 

2 

2 

78 

13 

2 

12 

27 

80 

7 

1 

3 

11 

82 

6 

2 

8 

83 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

84 

1 

1 

85 

5 

1 

6 

86 

3 

3 

87 

1 

1 

89 

3 

2 

1 

6 

90 

6 

1 

7 

92 

2 

2 

96 

3 

1 

4 

97 

4 

1 

1 

6 

99 

4 

2 

1 

7 

102 

1 

1 

103 

1 

1 

105 

24 

1 

2 

1 

6 

34 

106 

13 

3 

1 

2 

19 

107 

3 

1 

1 

1 

6 

108 

2 

2 

1 

5 

109 

9 

13 

3 

2 

3 

1 

7 

38 

110 

3 

5 

1 

9 

122 

1 

1 

127 

1 

2 

3 

130 

1 

1 

2 

131 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

9 

132 

2 

1 

2 

5 

134 

1 

1 

136 

1 

1 

1 

3 

140 

2 

1 

3 

368         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.      [Vol.  XXVII, 


Table  4  (continued). 
Distribution  of  Worked  Bone. 


s 

o 
o 

CO 
< 

'J2 

O 

pq 

03 
H 
CD 

02 

fl 

CD 

s 

S 

CO 

CD 

oq 

CD 

s 

a) 

'3 

CO 

CD 
U 
CD 

X! 
CD 

o 

co 
O 

H 

142 

3 

5 

8 

144 

1 

1 

2 

151 

2 

2 

153 

2 

2 

156 

1 

1 

160 

6 

5 

2 

1 

14 

161 

26 

22 

2 

1 

51 

162 

2 

2 

163 

6 

5 

1 

4 

1 

17 

165 

1 

1 

168 

3 

1 

1 

5 

169 

7 

2 

2 

1 

12 

170 

1 

1 

3 

4 

9 

171 

6 

7 

1 

1 

6 

1 

22 

173 

3 

9 

2 

2 

3 

1 

20 

Total      708 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


369 


Table  5. 
Wooden  Objects. 


a 

o 
o 

co 

o 

H 

CO 

o 

«** 

o 

co 

H 

03 
Pi 

GO 

CD 

a 

w 

o 
o 
Eh 

co 

e3 
o 
PQ 

co 
02 

co 

ID 
O 

a> 

s 

CD 
J* 
ft 

o 

Special  Objects 

1 

3 

4 

2 

10 

194 

1  walnut.  3  reeds,  2  arrow  points,  game  sticks 

4 

3 

5 

5  pointed  sticks 

6 

7 

2 

10  torches 

6a 

17 

1  wooden  dish,  1  fire  stick 

8 

2 

10 

7 

1  ball,  2  painted  sticks,  1  wound  stick 

11 

3 

3  drilled  sticks 

12 

2 

14 

1 

1  ceremonial  stick 

18 

3 

2  ceremonial  sticks,  1  implement 

24 

1 

1 

3 

1  knife,  1  fire  stick,  painted  game  stick 

25 

11 

2 

11 

3 

2  walnut  drilled,  1  reed  drilled,  3  arrow  points 
1  reed  bead,  1  cylinder 

28 

1 

1 

32 

37 

5 

2 

403 

1  painted  slab,  1  flute,  2  slabs,  ceremonial 
sticks,  prayer  sticks 

33 

2 

2 

51 

8  flutes,  43  ceremonial  sticks 

35 

2 

ceremonial  sticks 

36 

1 

pointed  stick 

38 

4 

44 

1 

nut  inlaid 

52 

1 

53 

3 

2  cradle  boards 

54 

2 

55 

2 

2  ceremonial  sticks 

60 

X 

61 

2 

1 

62 

1 

X 

5 

2  broken  knives,  1  cylinder 

64 

1 

66 

1 

67 

1 

70 

7 

game,  ceremonial,  and  kicking  sticks 

83 

2 

implements 

85 

1 

1 

13 

1  knife,  3  slabs,  1  ceremonial  stick,  2  flutes, 
implements 

92 

1 

4 

ceremonial  stick 

95 

1 

1 

97 

1 

12 

8  sticks,  1  slab 

370  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Table  5  (continued). 
Wooden  Objects. 


a 

o 
o 

oo 

o 
H 
< 

co 
& 

o 

O 
oo 

Ph 

CO 

a 

w 

'o 

O 

H 

CO 
Si 

c3 

O 

CO 

"•+3 

CO 

CO 

03 

u 
o 

Special  Objects 

99 

4 

1  painted  slab,  painted  sticks 

100 

3 

105 

1 

17 

11 

willows. — drilled  walnut,  fire  sticks 

106 

1 

2 

walnut,  game  stick 

107 

2 

9 

2 

10 

4 

108 

7 

109 

9 

walnut,  slabs,  sticks 

110 

1 

7 

112 

1 

carved  bird 

159 

5 

160 

8 

161 

2 

164 

1 

168 

3 

170 

1 

3 

14 

torch,  disk 

171 

2 

1 

7 

walnut 

172 

2 

fire  sticks 

173 

5 

board,  ornament 

176 

1 

carved  animal 

Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


371 


Table  6. 
Distribution  of  Shell. 


o 
_& 

4 

6 

6a 

10 

12 

13 

14 

16 

17 

25 

28 

33 

35 

40 

67 

72 

74 

85 

86 

105 

107 

131 

161 

163 

164 

169 

N.  of  63 


P. 

a 

CO 

-P 

03 

"3 
"3 

a 

CD 

o 

CO 

03 

© 

m 

s 

o3 

03 

a 

H 

o 

S-l 

!h 

CD 

u 

Ph 

H 

M 

m 

rt 

W 

Ph 

10 
2 
1 


13 
x 


137 

1 

60 

555 


1 

164 

2 

5 

831 


64 


2 
98 


104 


372         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Table  7. 
Distribution  of  Textiles  and  Feather-Work. 


CO 

0> 

03 

M 

T3 

C3 

a 

§ 

03 
CZ2 

1 

2 

25 

32 

35 

62 

85 

86 

92 

97 

98 

99 

110 

168 

170 

171 

173 


O 


2 

2 

6 

3 

1 

2 

1 

4 

2 

5 

1 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 
1 

o 


2 
4 
8 
13 
2 
1 


23 


1920.1 


Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito. 


373 


Table  8. 

Distribution  of  Copper  Objects. 

The  copper  objects  found  were  as  follows:  Room  83,  bell;  Room  28,  a  fragment; 
Room  89,  a  fragment;  Room  106,  bell;  Rooms  127  and  150,  2  fragments;  Room  168, 
bell;  and  Room  179,  fragment. 


Materials 
Azurite 
Calcite 
Chalk 
Coal 
Copper 
Crystal 
Ferris  Oxide 
Galena 
Garnets 
Gypsum 

Hematite 

fron  concretion 

Jet 

Kaolno 

Lignite 

Limonite 

Malachite 

Mica 

Obsidian 


Ocher 

Ore 

Paint  (blue) 

Petrified  wood 

Pink  stone 

Pumice 

Pyrites 

Stag  black 

Turquoise 


Table  9. 
Distribution  of  Artifact  Materials. 
Rooms 
12,  65,  68,  73,  85, 108,  109,  110,  163,  164,  170,  175 
110 

76,  83,  105,  106,  161, 
54 
68 

6a,  12,  28 
67 

6a,  29,  32,  37,  45,  85,  107,  159 
10 

10,  12,  24,  38,  78,  83,  90,  106,  107,  109,  110,  130,  131,  132,  136, 
140,  144,  159,  160,  161,  165,  168,  170,  172,  173 

12,  25,  64,  67,  85,  106,  107,  109,  127,  131,  171 
107 

13,  33,  38,  78,  85,  105,  106,  110 
67 

67,  86,  90,  92 

109,  130,  131,  134,  142,  159 

24,  76,  83,  85,  106,  108,  109,  122,  131,  164,  168,  170 

28,  68,  90 

9,  10,  20,  24,  29,  67,  76,  83,  89,  90,  92,  98,  99,  105,  106,  109,  110, 

129,  131,  132,  134,  136,  140,  142,  144,  146,  160,  163,  165 

168,  169,  170,  171,  173 
83,  85,  86,  88,  97 
28,  106 
38 

10, 12,  61,  105, 106, 129, 131, 134, 140, 141, 142, 144, 160, 168, 170 
13,  20,  161,  173 
37,  170 
12,  65 
108 
6a,  10,  12,  13,  26,  28,  35,  37,  39b,  40,  42,  51,  53,  57,  68,  72,  78, 

85,  86,  99,  102,  109,  110,  127,  142,  164,  170,  173 


CONCLUSION. 

Architecturally,  the  large  prehistoric  dwellings  of  our  great  South- 
west present  a  fascinating  study.  From  evidence  at  hand  it  would  seem 
that  the  selection  of  material  for  house  construction  was  governed  al- 
most entirely  by  geological  environment.  In  the  Chaco  Canon  the 
cretaceous  sandstones  presented  an  admirable  building  material,  readily 
acquired  and  easily  worked.  To  this  fact  may  be  attributed  the  high 
degree  of  cultural  development  so  strongly  emphasized  in  the  walls  of 
the  more  recent  parts  of  Pueblo  Bonito. 

The  older  walls  are  of  undressed  stones  and  are  purely  utilitarian. 
The  later  ones,  especially  those  in  the  northern  part  of  the  pueblo,  are  of 
carefully  shaped  blocks  with  faced  surfaces  and  laid  in  varying  combina- 
tions, some  with  alternating  layers  of  thinner  pieces,  the  evident  intent 
being  aesthetic. 

The  various  types  of  doorways,  many  of  which  were  changed  from 
time  to  time,  either  from  choice  or  necessity,  present  a  rich  field  of  re- 
search for  future  investigators. 

The  ceilings  of  the  rooms  show  as  marked  an  evolution  as  do  the 
walls:  those  of  the  earlier  type  are  of  undressed  branches  and  twigs, 
placed  in  sufficient  numbers  to  form  a  firm  foundation  for  the  adobe 
floors,  whereas  the  later  ones  demonstrate  the  efforts  of  the  architects 
to  construct  a  ceiling  in  keeping  with  the  more  ornate  walls. 

The  investigations  in  this  prehistoric  pueblo  show  conclusively  that 
it  was  occupied  for  many  years — perhaps  centuries.  The  interlacing  of 
walls  under  the  rooms  of  the  first  story  and  the  superimposing  of  estufas 
over  the  walls  of  others  that  had  served  their  purpose  and  passed  into 
disuse,  are  stepping-stones  that  may  lead  to  a  solution  of  the  history  of 
this  old  walled-in  town.  A  methodical  survey  of  this  ruin,  an  exhaustive 
study  of  the  architectural  refinements,  and  a  general  study  of  the  under- 
lying strata  were  planned  as  a  part  of  the  extension  of  the  work,  but, 
owing  to  circumstances  beyond  the  control  of  those  in  charge,  this  most 
desirable  phase  of  the  investigations  was  impossible. 

As  in  most  pueblos  of  this  type  the  majority  of  the  rooms  were 
angular.  Ceremonial  rooms,  in  the  form  of  circular  estufas,  were  repre- 
sented by  many  examples  and  some  of  the  smaller  of  these  showed  un- 
usual outlines.  Judging  by  the  ceremonial  paraphernalia  found  in  the 
angular  living  rooms,  many  of  these  were  employed  for  ceremonial  clan 
rooms  or  for  clan  ceremonies.  The  most  striking  example  of  this  kind 
was  Room  38,  where  were  found  the  remains  of  macaws  and  a  platform 

375 


376       Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  XXVII, 

on  which  rested  encrusted  objects  and  other  ceremonial  pieces  that  had 
no  doubt  been  used  by  members  of  a  macaw  clan,  a  clan  now  represented 
among  the  Zufii  and  known  as  the  Mulakwe.  The  great  number  of 
skeletons  of  the  macaw  that  were  found  in  the  eastern  end  of  the  room  and 
the  finding  of  the  remains  of  macaws  beneath  the  floor  are  mute  evidences 
of  the  reverence  in  which  these  birds  were  held.  When  we  consider  the 
distance  that  separated  these  birds  from  their  natural  habitat,  in  con- 
nection with  the  fact  that  very  few  bones  of  this  bird  were  found  in  the 
other  rooms  of  the  pueblo,  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  the  macaw  clan  must 
have  been  in  existence  at  this  early  period  in  the  history  of  the  South- 
western pueblos. 

The  use  of  certain  rooms  for  burial  purposes  seems  to  have  been 
secondary,  although  intramural  burial  was  not  confined  to  this  particular 
group  as  other  bodies  were  found  beneath  the  floors  of  some  of  the  angular 
rooms  at  the  sides  of  estufas.  The  inconsequential  number  of  bodies 
found  in  Pueblo  Bonito  naturally  prompts  the  question  as  to  the  general 
cemetery  wherein  were  buried  the  hundreds  who  must  have  died  there. 
From  the  character  of  the  deposits  in  the  series  of  burial  rooms,  of  which 
Rooms  32  and  33  were  a  part,  and  from  the  accompaniments  with  the 
bodies,  it  is  evident  that  these  were  members  of  the  priesthood  or,  at 
least,  people  of  great  importance  in  the  life  of  the  pueblo.  Buried  with 
such  great  stores  of  treasure,  it  is  but  natural  to  suppose  that  they  were 
placed  in  a  position  secure  from  the  possibility  of  defilement  or  of  theft. 

When  the  first  general  survey  of  the  pueblo  and  the  adjacent  land 
was  made,  the  writer  was  impressed  with  the  possibility  of  finding  the 
cemeteries  in  the  mounds  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  canon,  but  later 
investigations  showed  that  these  small  places  of  interment  were  those 
belonging  to  the  house  groups  that  were  found  near  them.  Owing  to 
the  fact  that  the  major  part  of  the  investigations  was  confined  to  the 
pueblo  itself,  no  adequate  tests  were  made  in  the  area  to  the  east  and 
west  of  the  building.  As  the  present  surface  is  covered  with  a  deposit  of 
silt  and  sand  and,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  refuse  heaps  south  of  the 
ruin  were  not  used  for  burial  purposes,  it  is  possible  that  the  quest  for 
the  great  cemetery  may  end  at  the  places  mentioned.  An  extensive 
cemetery  has  been  found  west  of  and  near  Pueblo  Pintado,  the  eastern- 
most pueblo  of  this  group.  Similar  conditions  should  obtain  in  the  case 
of  Bonito  and  the  other  large  pueblos  of  the  Chaco  Canon. 

The  artifacts  from  this  pueblo  cover  the  greater  part  of  the  activities 
that  one  would  expect  to  find  among  a  sedentary  people  who  had  reached 
the  high  plane  of  development  that  is  shown  by  the  architecture.    The 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  377 

preservation  of  perishable  objects  is  remarkable,  especially  when  com- 
pared with  the  results  of  investigations  of  canon  or  mesa  ruins  that  are 
known  to  be  of  a  later  period.  Many  of  the  ceremonial  sticks  were  as 
firm  as  when  they  were  deposited  in  the  rooms  and  the  preservation  of  a 
large  bundle  of  arrows  with  reed  shafts,  wooden  foreshafts,  the  sinew 
wrapping  that  binds  the  stone  point  to  the  foreshaft,  in  place,  and  even 
vestiges  of  the  feathering,  shows  that  in  many  of  the  sand-filled  rooms 
the  elements  had  but  little  effect  in  the  way  of  decay  and  disintegration. 
These,  with  sandals,  both  woven  and  plaited,  fragments  of  cloth,  marked 
pieces  of  buckskin,  fiber  cords,  and  many  other  semi-perishable  objects 
present  for  the  student  much  tangible  data  that  are  lacking  in  most 
pueblos  of  this  period. 

The  aesthetic  attainment  of  the  old  Bonito  people  is  shown  most 
forcibly  by  the  designs  in  color  on  the  wooden  tablets  and  especially  in  the 
elaborately  decorated  stone  mortar.  Their  mosaic  and  encrusted  cere- 
monial pieces,  as  shown  by  the  mosaic  basket,  the  inlaid  scrapers,  the 
hematite  bird,  the  lignite  frog,  and  by  mam'-  other  objects,  is  indicative 
of  the  skill  of  their  artisans  and  the  advance  of  the  arts  as  applied  to 
objects  of  a  ceremonial  nature.  Nowhere  in  the  Southwest  have  there 
been  found  such  masses  of  turquoise  beads,  pendants,  and  inlays  as  were 
uncovered  in  Room  33.  Living  but  a  short  distance  from  Los  Cerillos, 
where  most  of  the  turquoise  was  no  doubt  obtained,  the  supply  was  un- 
limited and  love  of  this  particular  stone  prompted  the  dwellers  at  Bonito 
to  carry  on  extensive  quarry  work  in  this  particular  formation. 

The  pottery  of  the  pueblo  shows  a  wide  range  of  forms,  but  relatively 
few  types  that  were  of  a  definite  ceremonial  form.  The  majority  of  the 
vessels  found  in  the  rooms  were  of  the  usual  corrugated  type  of  cooking 
jars  and  the  gray  ware  with  geometric  designs  in  black  such  as  are  found 
throughout  the  Chaco  region  and  in  many  parts  of  New  Mexico  and  Ari- 
zona. Fragments  of  vessels  of  human  form  show  that  this  rather  ad- 
vanced form  of  the  potters'  art  was  in  evidence  in  the  pueblo,  but  the 
motive  was  no  doubt  received  from  the  south  and  had  not  been  developed 
to  any  great  extent.  The  finding  of  cylindrical  jars  in  Room  28  added  a 
new  type  to  the  ceramics  of  the  Southwest.  Deposited  in  one  of  the 
group  of  ceremonial  rooms  and  next  to  the  one  containing  the  ceremonial 
sticks,  these  jars  were  undoubtedly  used  in  certain  ceremonial  observe 
ances  and  may  have  been  made  for  the  express  purpose  of  holding  the 
ceremonial  sticks  as  part  of  altar  paraphernalia. 

The  stone  and  bone  implements,  although  representing  a  wide  range 
of  form  and  uses,  present  no  series  worthy  of  special  note  other  than  the 


378        Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  XXVII. 

descriptions  as  given  in  the  notes  relating  to  the  rooms  in  which  they 
were  found.  Objects  of  a  ceremonial  nature,  fashioned  from  both  of 
these  materials,  were  found,  including  the  decorated  stone  mortar,  a 
large  metate  with  a  scroll  design  pecked  about  the  surface  surrounding 
the  grinding  trough,  and  with  the  trough  itself  covered  with  red  paint, 
and  other  smaller  metates  that,  judging  from  their  form,  must  have  been 
used  for  the  grinding  of  pigments  for  ceremonial  purposes.  The  cere- 
monial use  of  pulverized  white  sandstone  had  reached  such  proportions 
that  a  special  room  for  the  preparation  of  such  material  became  a  neces- 
sity and  this  room  presented  one  of  the  few  large  stone  mortars  and  the 
only  one  that  was  found  in  place.  Belonging  to  the  same  series  of  rooms 
was  the  one  containing  the  compound  metates  in  situ  in  which,  no  doubt, 
meal  for  ceremonies  was  ground.  ■  Opposed  to  this  was  the  long  row  of 
mealing  bins  in  one  of  the  northern  rooms.  In  the  arrangement  of  the 
bins  and  the  slope  of  the  supports  for  the  individual  metates  this  utili- 
tarian type  practically  duplicates  similar  milling  places  in  some  of  our 
modern  pueblos.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  these  bins  were  found  in  one  of 
the  later  portions  of  the  pueblo  and  in  view  of  the  lack  of  such  rows  of 
bins  in  the  older  rooms,  it  is  possible  that  this  type  of  multiple  mealing 
places  was  a  development  of  the  last  few  years  of  occupancy. 

Of  the  bone  objects,  the  most  elaborate  were  the  inlaid  scrapers 
found  in  Room  38.  Many  other  scrapers  of  similar  form,  but  with  no 
attempt  at  decoration  save  an  occasional  figure  scratched  near  the  handle 
end,  were  found  in  varying  parts  of  the  pueblo.  There  was  no  evidence 
of  human  bones  having  been  employed  in  the  preparation  of  ornaments 
or  implements.  The  finding  of  cracked  and  calcined  human  bones  in 
some  of  the  rooms  brings  up  the  question  of  the  eating  of  human  flesh 
by  the  people  of  this  pueblo.  There  was  no  evidence  of  human  bodies 
having  been  buried  in  rooms  above  the  first  floor  and  only  portions  of 
skeletons  were  in  evidence  in  Rooms  61  and  80  which  contained  broken 
and  charred  bones.  During  the  period  of  our  work  in  Pueblo  Bonito 
some  of  our  Navajo  workmen  cleaned  out  a  number  of  rooms  in  Penasco 
Blanco  and  in  one  of  these  a  great  many  human  bones  were  found. 
Some  of  these,  including  portions  of  the  skull,  were  charred,  and  the 
majority  of  the  long  bones  had  been  cracked  open  and  presented  the 
same  appearance  as  do  the  animal  bones  that  have  been  treated  in  a 
similar  way  for  the  extraction  of  the  marrow.  It  would  therefore  seem 
that  these  Pueblo  Indians,  either  through  stress  of  hunger  or  tor  religious 
reasons,  had  occasionally  resorted  to  the  eating  of  human  flesh. 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  379 

The  utilization  of  shell  for  ornaments  and  for  other  purposes  is  shown 
by  the  fragments  of  shell  mosaics,  entire  abalone  shells  used  as  receptacles 
for  turquoise  and  shell  ornaments,  shell  bracelets,  pendants,  and  beads 
and  shell  trumpets  made  of  the  entire  shell  of  a  univalve. 

Their  basketry  was  represented  by  many  examples,  but  this 
particular  group  suffered  more  through  decay  than  any  of  the  other 
groups  mentioned.  Various  sizes  of  the  bowl  type  were  found  and  a 
general  deposit  of  large  and  small  baskets  accompanied  the  pottery 
vessels  in  the  bins  that  were  found  under  the  floors  in  Room  62.  These 
bins,  with  stone  sides  and  bottoms,  filled  with  pottery  and  baskets,  and 
partly  covered  with  large  tray-shaped  baskets,  remind  one  of  similar 
deposits  found  in  the  Basket  Maker  region  of  southern  Utah  and  north- 
ern Arizona.  As  the  southern  range  of  this  seemingly  restricted  people  is 
not  known,  it  is  impossible  to  state  how  near  to  the  Chaco  their  southern- 
most boundaries  extended,  but  it  is  possible  that  groups  or  individuals 
of  this  interesting  tribe  may  have  joined  the  people  who  occupied  Pueblo 
Bonito  and  that  their  former  practices  are  reflected  in  this  series  of 
deposits. 

An  exhaustive  comparative  study  of  the  artifacts  from  this  ruin  must 
be  left  for  the  future  student  but  it  is  the  hope  of  the  writer  that  the 
recording  of  these  unembellished  field  notes  may  be  of  some  assistance  to 
others  who  may  elect  to  carry  on  investigations  in  the  Chaco  Canon  and 
especially  in  Pueblo  Bonito. 


NOTES  ON  PUEBLO  BONITO. 

By  N.  C.  Nelson. 


381 


NOTES  ON  PUEBLO  BONITO. 

At  the  suggestion  of  the  Editor,  I  have  attempted  below  to  summar- 
ize the  results  of  some  preliminary  observations  made  under  the  auspices 
of  the  American  Museum  in  July,  1916,  when  I  spent  two  weeks  at 
Pueblo  Bonito.  During  the  preceding  fall  I  accidentally  traversed  the 
Chaco  Canon,  and  naturally  look  rough  notes,  plots,  and  photographs 
covering  the  principal  ruins.  My  interest  was  immediately  excited  by 
the  refuse  heaps  at  Penasco  Blanco,  Bonito,  Chettro  Kettle,  and  Alto, 
with  the  result  that  permission  was  sought  to  test  them  out.  This 
permit  was  granted  but  was  later  restricted  to  Pueblo  Bonito,  to  which 
I  accordingly  limited  my  attention.  The  actual  work  done  may  be  dealt 
with  under  four  separate  heads:  the  test  sections  of  the  refuse  heaps, 
pottery  samples  from  the  Chaco  ruins,  observations  on  the  architectural 
development  of  Pueblo  Bonito,  and,  finally,  some  notes  on  the  rather 
remarkable  piece  of  engineering  work  connected  with  the  detached 
eliff  block  back  of  the  ruin. 

The  Refuse  Sections. 
In  spite  of  the  comparatively  uniform  character  of  the  broken  pot- 
tery scattered  about  all  but  one  of  the  ruins  of  the  Chaco  region,  it 
seemed  a,  priori  impossible  that  stylistic  changes  should  not  have  taken 
place  during  the  long  interval  of  occupation  suggested  by  the  size  of 
the  refuse  heaps.  It  was  with  some  confidence,  therefore,  that  small 
trial  sections  were  made  of  each  of  the  two  somewhat  distinct  heaps  lying 
in  front  of  Pueblo  Bonito.  These  sections  measured  2  by  4  feet  on  the 
horizontal  and  reached  a  depth  of  11  feet  6  inches  in  the  eastern  heap 
and  slightly  over  16  feet  in  the  western.  The  broken  sherds  found  were 
segregated  for  each  6-inch  level  and  totaled  1040  and  1083  for  the 
respective  sections.  Mr.  Earl  H.  Morris  assisted  with  the  work,  which 
occupied  about  five  days.  The  results  were  thoroughly  disappointing 
— so  disappointing  that  I  have  not  hitherto  considered  it  worth  while  to 
publish  the  data  until  I  could  section  the  mounds  on  a  larger  scale.  The 
fact  seems  to  be  that,  as  was  also  discovered  long  ago  by  Mr.  Pepper,  the 
mounds  are  not  made  up  exclusively  of  household  refuse,  but  include  a 
good  deal  of  broken  rock  as  well  as  adobe  mortar.  In  other  words,  the 
mounds  have  accumulated  at  a  more  rapid  rate  than  has  ordinarily  been 
the  case.  In  my  sections  this  rock  and  adobe  material  was  especially 
excessive  in  the  middle  third  and  probably  has  intimate  connection  with 
changes  or  restorations  that  took  place  in  the  great  communal  house. 

383 


384     Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

At  the  present  time,  when  it  seems  likely  that  investigation  of  the 
Chaco  ruins  is  to  be  carried  forward  by  other  institutions,  and  when  con- 
sequently my  chances  of  following  up  the  subject  any  further  come  to  an 
end,  it  seems  proper  that  I  should  submit  such  results  as  I  have.  Per- 
haps they  may  encourage  others  to  carry  the  study  to  completion.  The 
pottery  fragments  have  accordingly  been  tabulated  and  the  results,  while 
unsatisfactory,  are  not  so  absolutely  useless  as  at  first  appeared.  In 
effecting  the  tabulations  the  sherds  were  segregated  into  major  groups, 
as  follows:  corrugated,  black-on- white,  red,  and  shiny  black  wa,res. 
Each  group  was  further  subdivided  according  to  the  type  of  decorative 
element  or  combination  of  elements  exhibited.  This  subdivision,  in  the 
case  of  the  black-on-white  ware  alone,  yielded  more  than  twenty  varia- 
tions. No  account  has  been  taken  of  the  nature  of  the  vessels  repre- 
sented, only  of  the  general  type  of  the  ware  and  its  particular  style  of 
decoration. 

By  comparing  the  two  tables  consistent  agreement  is  found  on  the 
following  points: — 

1.  Corrugated  ware  is  present  from  top  to  bottom,  constituting  in 
one  section  a  fourth  and  in  the  other  section  something  less  than  a  third 
of  the  whole. 

2.  Red  ware  occurs  very  sparingly  and,  what  is  more  to  the  point, 
is  either  exceedingly  scarce  or  altogether  absent  in  the  lower  half  and 
grows  numerically  stronger  toward  the  top. 

3.  Shiny  black  ware,  of  the  type  at  home  in  the  Tularosa  Valley 
region,  is  somewhat  more  plentiful,  but  this  also  is  either  very  scarce  or 
totally  absent  at  the  bottom,  though  well  represented  in  the  upper  levels. 

4.  The  most  typical  varieties  of  the  black-on-white  ware,  such  as 
those  with  hachured  ornamentation,  combined  solid  and  hachured,  plain 
solid  pattern,  solid  figures  (or  lines)  edged  with  dots,  widely  spaced 
parallel  thin  lines,  checker  patterns,  and  interlocking  curvilineal  ele- 
ments, occur  either  steadily  or  sporadically  from  top  to  bottom.  The 
first-mentioned,  i.  e.,  the  hachured  variety,  is  throughout  the  sections 
numerically  about  as  strong  as  all  the  other  varieties  combined.  This  is 
one  of  the  surprises,  for  I  had  expected  that  type  of  decoration  to  have 
been  most  popular  in  late  times  and  the  ware  having  the  solid  figures 
(or  lines)  with  dotted  or  escalloped  margins  to  have  been  comparatively 
common  in  early  times. 

5.  The  fine,  smooth-surfaced  variety  of  black-on-white  ware  that 
is  most  easily  recognized  as  typical  Mesa  Verde  appears  first  toward  the 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  385 

middle  of  the  sections  and  shows  distinct  signs  of  weakening  again  toward 
the  top. 

6.  All  groups  and  varieties  of  wares  tend  to  be  numerically  strong 
in  the  upper  third,  weak  in  the  middle  third,  strong  again  at  the  top  of 
the  lower  third,  and,  finally,  weak  again  near  the  bottom  of  both  sec- 
tions. The  explanation  of  this  lies  no  doubt  largely  in  the  presence  or 
absence  of  the  rock-and-adobe  debris  before  mentioned. 

7.  Judged  by  the  relative  positions  in  the  two  sections  at  which  cor- 
responding changes  in  the  ceramics  and  the  rock-and-adobe  features 
take  place,  it  would  seem  probable  that  the  eastern  mound  was  started 
at  a  somewhat  later  date  than  the  western. 

It  is  not  my  purpose  to  discuss  further  the  significance  of  the  preced- 
ing inductions,  tempting  though  it  is  in  connection  with  points  2,  3, 
and  5.  The  sporadic  gaps  in  the  tables  for  several  varieties  of  decoration 
that  actually  range  from  top  to  bottom  of  the  refuse  clearly  show  that 
my  sections  were  too  small  and  that  therefore  any  conclusions  based  on 
the  available  results  would  have  to  be  regarded  as  purely  tentative.  The 
undertaking  was  designedly  preliminary  and  as  such,  I  should  say,  is 
sufficiently  promising  to  warrant  investigation  on  a  larger  scale. 

Pottery  of  the  Chaco  Region. 

Having  thus  failed  to  obtain  decisive  results  about  the  time  distri- 
bution of  the  different  pottery  styles  represented  in  the  Bonito  refuse 
sections,  there  still  remains  the  possibility  of  gaining  some  light  on  the 
subject  from  the  broken  sherds  gathered  on  the  surface  about  the  various 
ruins  of  the  locality. 

The  data  available  for  such  study  consist  of  sherds  collected  by  my- 
self in  1915,  together  with  some  additions  obtained  by  Dr.  Brdlicka 
and  by  the  Hyde  Expedition  in  former  years.  The  sites  represented  by 
these  collections  include  all  the  larger  and  many  of  the  smaller  ruins 
ranging  from  Pueblo  Pintado  on  the  east  to  Penasco  Blanco  and  Kin- 
benaiola  on  the  west  and  thence  south  as  far  as  Crown  Point.  Other 
ruins  characterized  by  the  Chaco  types  of  pottery  exist  in  distant  parts, 
east,  south,  and  west — not  to  mention  intermixture  on  the  north — but 
of  these  more  at  some  future  time. 

The  data  unfortunately  are  not  of  a  character  to  yield  reliable  quan- 
titative results,  such  as  could  be  reduced  to  a  percentage  basis  after  the 
manner  employed  by  Professor  Kroeber  and  Dr.  Spier.  My  own  material 
was  gathered  with  no  statistical  objects  in  view.  At  the  time,  the  aim 
was  simply  to  obtain  as  full  a  record  as  possible  of  the  presence  or 


386     Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

absence  of  the  various  styles  of  decoration.  In  consequence  of  this, 
duplicates  of  any  given  style  were  not  picked  up  in  unlimited  numbers; 
and,  besides,  in  the  preliminaiy  grouping  of  the  sherds — done  on  the 
spot — the  more  imperfect  examples  were  left  behind.  Nevertheless, 
the  amounts  gathered  vary  directly  with  the  richness  of  the  sites  and 
the  samples  thus  procured  range  from  25  pieces  at  Pueblo  del  Arroyo  to 
191  at  Pueblo  Pintado.  In  the  case  of  the  small-house  ruins,  the  samples 
taken  were  proportionately  smaller,  and  wherever  these  small  ruins 
occurred  in  groups  the  pottery  samples  taken  were  lumped  together.  I 
take  pains  to  state  all  these  conditions  so  that  the  future  student  who 
attempts  to  apply  statistical  methods  may  profit  by  the  neglects  and 
errors  here  noted.  But  while  the  resulting  analysis  of  the  material  at 
hand  will  thus  have  doubtful  quantitative  value,  the  qualitative  char- 
acter remains  unimpaired — in  fact  is  heightened — and  should  serve  as  an 
ultimate  check  on  the  findings  in  the  refuse  sections. 

The  table  devised  covers  nineteen  lots  of  sherds,  tabulating  some 
1250  pieces.  The  same  method  of  classification  was  followed  as  in  the 
case  of  the  section  material  dealt  with  above.  The  results,  it  may  be 
stated  at  once,  are  in  all  their  broader  aspects  remarkably  like  those 
observed  in  the  refuse  heaps  and  would  therefore  seem  to  confirm  the 
essential  validity  of  those  findings.  That  is  to  say,  while  there  is  much 
irregularity  in  the  occurrence  of  many  of  the  less  conspicuous  types  of 
ware,  those  wares  most  typical  of  the  Chaco  are  present  almost  every- 
where.   The  few  points  perhaps  worthy  of  note  are  the  following: — 

1.  Corrugated  wares  with  decorative  designs,  punched  or  incised, 
appear  to  be  absent  in  the  small-house  ruins. 

2.  A  certain  style  of  black-on-white  ware,  the  decoration  on  which 
consists  of  straight  lines  each  crossed  by  a  zigzagging  line,  resulting 
in  two  opposed  series  of  small  alternating  triangles,  is  confined  almost 
entirely  to  the  small-house  ruins. 

3.  True  Mesa  Verde  ware  occurs  at  only  seven  sites,  and  ware 
resembling  that  of  the  Mesa  Verde  is  found  at  five  additional  places. 
The  absences  are  noticeably  confined  to  the  small-house  sites  and  to  the 
distant  ruins  at  Crown  Point. 

4.  Pueblo  Wejegi  alone  yielded  no  straight-line  hachured  decora- 
tion, while,  on  the  other  hand,  decorative  elements  with  dotted  margins 
are  well  represented.  This  condition  is  so  singular  and  unexpected  that 
for  the  present  I  hesitate  to  accept  it  as  anything  but  an  accident. 
Wejegi,  because  of  its  comparatively  excellent  state  of  preservation,  I 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  387 

have  been  inclined  to  regard  as  of  late  date.  Moreover,  I  have  thought 
it  a  pueblo  which  was  never  brought  to  completion.  At  any  rate,  it 
certainly  was  not  inhabited  for  any  length  of  time  because,  for  one  thing, 
pottery  fragments  are  scarce  in  its  vicinity,  only  thirty-six  pieces  being 
picked  up. 

5.  The  shiny  black  ware  of  Tularosa  origin  is  completely  absent  ex- 
cept for  a  single  piece,  found  at  Pueblo  Pintado.  This  remarkable  con- 
sistency shows  with  what  caution  statistical  results  based  upon  limited 
data  must  be  regarded;  for  while  this  Tularosa  ware  is  doubtless  scarce 
in  the  Chaco  region,  and  while  not  a  single  fragment  was  found  among  the 
242  picked  up  on  the  surface  about  Pueblo  Bonito,  yet  in  the  Bonito 
refuse  this  ware  ranged  as  high  as  eighteen  percent  in  the  upper  levels  of 
the  sections. 

There  are  other  points  of  more  or  less  significance,  but  as  it  is  ob- 
vious that  our  data,  if  not  exactly  inadequate,  at  least  require  extended 
treatment,  we  may  as  well  stop  at  once.  Summing  up,  as  far  as  we  have 
gone,  therefore,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  Chaco  ceramics  underwent  no 
such  complete  revolutionary  changes  as  have  taken  place  in  the  Rio 
Grande  region  and  elsewhere.  At  the  same  time  it  is  safe  to  affirm  that 
several  minor  changes — the  disappearance  of  certain  design  elements 
and  the  appearance  of  others — did  take  place  during  the  long  course  of 
occupation.  There  remains  but  to  add  that  these  minor  changes  dealt 
with  on  a  strictly  quantitative  basis  would  undoubtedly  yield  chrono- 
logical results  such  as  should  enable  us  to  arrange  the  Chaco  ruins  in  their 
approximate  relative  order  of  antiquity.  This  work  could  probably  best 
be  done  on  the  ground  and  in  view  of  the  facts  presented  by  point  5 
would  have  to  be  tolerably  exhaustive. 

Architectural  Features  of  the  Bonito  Ruin. 
Never  having  seen  a  satisfactory  plot  or  groundplan  of  Bonito,  I 
took  occasion  for  my  own  satisfaction  to  make  one,  devoting  some  three 
days  to  the  task.  My  only  means  were  a  table,  a  compass,  a  steel  tape, 
and  some  stakes;  but  I  venture  to  hope  that  the  general  outline  of  the 
ruin  as  a  whole,  and  also  the  really  visible  details  of  it  along  the  southern 
and  eastern  sides,  may  be  found  to  be  tolerably  correct.  For  although 
not  made  with  this  publication  in  mind,  the  plot  has  served,  at  least  in 
part,  as  the  basis  for  the  appended  groundplan,  Mr.  B.  T.  B.  Hyde 
having,  I  believe,  made  some  slight  modifications  as  well  as  some  addi- 
tions based  upon  Mr.  Pepper's  photographs,  in  that  way  making  the 
groundplan  exhibit  features  that  are  not  now  exposed  to  view.    However. 


388     Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

as  the  appended  groundplan  differs  in  several  minor  particulars  from 
mine,  e.g.,  in  the  vicinity  of  Room  76,  I  do  not  wish  to  be  held  entirely 
responsible  for  notable  errors  that  may  be  discovered. 

In  connection  with  this  plotting,  the  various  types  of  masonry,  as 
well  as  the  independent  systems  of  walls  to  be  seen  in  different  parts  of 
the  ruin,  forced  themselves  upon  my  attention.  Doubtless  the  author  of 
the  paper  has  already  treated  the  subject  at  length,  he  having  had 
opportunity  to  see  much  more  of  the  evidence  during  the  process  of  ex- 
cavation than  is  now  visible,  and  1  need  not  trespass  on  his  territory 
beyond  merely  indicating  the  general  nature  of  my  observations  and  the 
conclusions  drawn  from  them. 

Briefly  stated,  then,  and  in  words  written  on  the  spot,  one  cannot 
view  the  remains  of  Pueblo  Bonito  for  long  without  becoming  aware  that 
the  place  has  had  an  exceptionally  long  and  interesting  history.  Noth- 
ing short  of  the  complete  clearance  of  the  ruin  will  enable  us  to  tell  the 
details  of  that  history,  but  some  of  the  facts  are  obvious  at  the  present 
moment.  Bonito  was  not  originally  conceived  as  a  complete  unit  struc- 
ture, as  was  the  case  probably  with  some  of  the  other  ruins  in  the  Chaco, 
its  present  size  and  shape  having  been  the  result  rather  of  many  altera- 
tions and  additions.  The  evidence  for  this  is  twofold.  First,  the  excava- 
tions have  revealed  in  several  places  ancient  substructures  that  form  no 
part  of  the  later  pueblo.  The  deeply  buried  walls  are  not  sufficiently 
massive  and  besides  do  not  conform  to  the  final  groundplan.  Second,  the 
superstructure  itself,  or  the  finally  completed  Pueblo  Bonito  as  we  see 
it  above  the  ground  level,  is  made  up  of  two,  perhaps  four  or  five,  dis- 
tinctly different  types  of  masonry,  presumably  not  all  of  the  same  date. 

The  most  ornate,  if  not  the  most  substantial  of  the  masonry,  viz., 
that  made  of  surfaced  blocks  laid  in  fairly  regular  horizontal  courses  and 
spaced  both  horizontally  and  sometimes  vertically  by  two  or  more  courses 
of  fine  chinking,  would  seem  to  be  of  comparatively  ancient  date.  Of 
later  date,  undoubtedly,  is  the  unchinked  masonry,  laid  up  with  little 
or  no  mortar  and  for  the  most  part  composed  of  small  and  thin  rough- 
surfaced  slabs,  but  also  often  interspersed  with  more  or  less  regular 
courses  of  fair-sized  blocks.  Finally,  there  is  a  degenerated  form  of  the 
last-mentioned  type  of  masonry,  the  courses  of  which  are  laid  rather 
irregularly,  often  of  sharp-edged  slabs,  spaced  with  a  good  deal  of  mortar. 
This  masonry,  which  I  venture  to  guess  to  be  the  latest  of  all,  is  especially 
noticeable  in  the  northwest  portion  of  the  ruin,  though  it  is  not  at  all 
abundant.  My  reason  for  believing  the  chinked  masonry  to  be  the  oldest 
is  that  it  is  characteristic  of  the  central  portion  of  the  ruin,  in  particular 


1920.]  Pepper,  Pueblo  Bonito.  389 

of  the  back  wall,  beginning  off  Room  15  and  running  southwest  beyond 
Room  116,  where  it  swings  into  the  interior  of  the  structure  and  is  lost 
track  of  finally  in  the  vicinity  of  Rooms  23  and  25.  In  the  opposite 
direction  another  trace  of  this  masonry  appears  in  the  interior,  as,  for 
example,  in  Room  60.  What  the  groundplan  of  the  Bonito  just  preceding 
the  present  one  was  like  is  uncertain,  perhaps  will  always  remain  so; 
but  I  should  not  be  surprised  to  learn  that  it  had  been  oval,  or  essentially 
of  the  same  nature  as  that  of  Penasco  Blanco.  In  any  case,  it  is  hardly 
to  be  disputed  that  the  southwest  corner,  and  also  nearly  the  whole 
eastern  wing,  were  comparatively  late  additions. 

The  manner  of  joining  the  chinked  and  unchinked  masonry  in  the 
rear  wall  off  Room  15  forms  an  interesting  study,  particularly  with 
respect  to  the  slant  of  the  joint  and  the  introduction  of  nearly  regularly 
spaced  binding  timbers.  From  the  slant  of  the  joint  I  was  at  first  dis- 
posed to  conclude  that  the  unchinked  masonry  must  be  of  late  date,  and 
was  greatly  puzzled  until  Mrs.  Nelson  called  my  attention  to  the  un- 
chinked masonry  forming  the  top  story  a  little  to  the  west,  above  the 
Wetherill  cabin.  One  point  especially  worthy  of  notice  is  that  the  old 
outer  wall  of  chinked  masonry  contains  several  doorways,  a  fact  not 
generally  observed  in  the  other  types  of  masonry.  But  here  again  1 
am  simply  stating  my  impressions  for  what  they  may  be  worth,  hoping 
that  some  one  else  may  find  them  useful  as  a  starting  point  for  exhaustive 
study.  It  would  not  seem  too  much  to  expect  that  further  investigation 
of  the  masonry  in  all  the  Chaco  ruins  might  lead  to  valuable  conclusions 
in  regard  to  their  relative  dates  of  occupation. 

Other  points  of  interest  suitable  for  consideration  are  the  apparent 
eastward  extension  of  the  front  wall,  the  many  evidences  that  Bonito 
was  in  part  destroyed  by  fire,  and  so  on;  but  these  matters  may  better 
be  left  for  the  future  excavator. 

The  Shored-Up  Cliff  Block. 
The  vertical  canon  wall  directly  behind  Pueblo  Bonito  has  suffered 
a  number  of  fractures,  with  the  result  that  several  great  blocks  have 
been  detached  from  the  main  cliff.  These  blocks  still  stand  erect,  but 
have  settled  more  or  less  into  the  alluvium  of  the  canon  floor.  One  of 
them  has  been  considerably  broken  up,  the  fallen  sharp-edged  bowlders 
having  rolled  away  from  the  cliff  base  almost  across  the  ninety-foot 
interval  to  the  wall  of  the  pueblo.  Whether  this  collapse  happened 
during  the  occupation  of  the  village  is  an  interesting  problem;  but  at 
any  rate  it  is  certain  that  the  inhabitants  were  fully  aware  of  the  damag- 
ing possibilities  of  these  blocks  and  took  precautions  accordingly. 


390     Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 

The  easternmost,  and  probably  also  the  largest  of  these  detached 
blocks,  has  a  visible  height  of  about  100  feet,  is  150  feet  long,  and  aver- 
ages perhaps  20  feet  in  thickness  ( I  have  lost  some  of  my  measurements) . 
In  other  words,  the  block  is  an  immense  thing,  weighing  not  less  than 
twenty  thousand  tons.  As  a  result  of  erosion  and  the  falling  away  of  the 
lower  front  portion,  up  to  a  particular  cleavage  plane  some  26  feet  above 
the  canon  floor,  this  block  has  assumed  a  wedge-like  shape,  and  unsup- 
ported would  be  in  imminent  danger  of  toppling  over.  If  this  had  hap- 
pened, it  would  have  meant  certain  destruction  to  the  adjacent  portion 
of  the  pueblo  and  doubtless  considerable  loss  of  life.  It  is  most  interest- 
ing, therefore,  to  see  how  the  "ancient  engineers"  met  this  emergency. 

What  they  did  was  to  support  the  block  with  a  series  of  heavy  timber 
props,  which  they  further  reinforced  by  an  extensive  terraced  masonry 
pier.  Precisely  how  much  labor  was  expended  on  the  undertaking  is 
uncertain,  because  only  excavation  can  reveal  how  much  of  a  cavity  was 
eroded  in  the  front  base  of  the  block  and  likewise  how  deep  the  supporting 
masonry  may  extend  into  the  alluvium  of  the  canon  floor.  Superficial 
indications  are  that  they  built  a  foundation  pier  of  solid  masonry  more 
than  12  feet  high  and  from  18  to  26  feet  or  more  broad,  along  the  whole 
extent  of  the  150-foot  block.  At  this  12- foot  level  they  left  a  terrace,  or, 
in  other  words,  drew  in  the  width  of  the  pier  to  a  line  lying  just  outside 
the  plane  of  the  upper  front  face  of  the  cliff  block.  The  face  of  this  sec- 
ondary pier  slopes  gently  toward  the  block,  and  at  a  height  of  14  feet 
doubtless  met  the  front  and  top  of  the  overhang,  i.e.,  the  cleavage  plane 
before  mentioned,  which  marks  the  upper  limit  of  erosion  in  the  block. 
Embodied  in  this  upper  masonry  pier  are  the  nearly  upright  timber 
supports  above  referred  to.  The  half  dozen  props  still  visible  are  placed 
from  6  to  15  feet  apart  and  are  logs  of  spruce  or  pine  10  to  12  inches  in 
diameter.  Neither  the  masonry  nor  the  props  reaches  the  shoulder  of 
the  cliff  block  at  present,  and  there  is  even  some  doubt  that  the  upper 
part  of  the  masonry  in  question  ever  was  a  solid  mass,  filling  out  the 
cavities  in  the  cliff  block;  possibly  it  was  a  wall  with  a  number  of  rooms 
behind  it. 

Whatever  the  case,  there  is  no  evidence  that  the  great  cliff  block 
has  settled  subsequent  to  the  construction  of  the  pier,  for  had  it  so  much 
as  begun  to  lean  on  the  wooden  props  the  weight  would  undoubtedly 
have  split  them.  Nevertheless,  though  the  threatening  danger  may  not 
really  have  been  imminent  during  the  lifetime  of  Pueblo  Bonito,  it  seems 
probable  that  the  sensible  procedure  of  the  great  builders  of  the  Chaco 
will  save  the  cliff  block  indefinitely,  simply  by  preventing  further  ero- 
sion-at  its  base. 


I 


.  y,  Univ.  or 

r 

North  Carolina 


INDEX 


Adobe,  floors  of,  31,  70-71,  178,  216,  217, 

298,  322,  326,  328.    See  also,  Floors. 
Altar,  in  kiva,  82;  painting,  68-C9;  sand, 

112;    slab,  design  board  possibly  an, 

159. 
Animal,  bones,  possible  use  of,  37,  43,  47, 

55-56,  67;    claws,  ends  of  ceremonial 

sticks,   142-146;    figures,    modeled  in 

pottery,   100-101;    form,  stone,   174; 

form,  stone  pipe  in,  192;  head,  quart- 

zite  pebble  resembling,  140. 
Antler,  bodkins  of,  103;   implements  of, 

103;     object   of,    56;     prong   of,    66; 

remains  of  implements  of,  126;   work 

in,  93. 
Architecture,  description  of,  31-32,  71; 

north  central  part  of  pueblo,  29,  387; 

prehistoric    Southwestern     dwellings, 

375.      See  also,    Doorways,     Ceilings, 

Floors,  Walls. 
Arrow  points,  chalcedony  and  cbsidian, 

207;     notched,     196-197;     sacrificial 

breaking  of,  56;  stone,  37;  types  of,  68. 
Arrows,  compound  reed,  159-161;    reed, 

ends    of,    31;    reed,     feathering    and 

painting,  36-37;    reed,  fragments    of, 

97;  sections  of  reed,  109. 
Arrow-smo ether,  92. 
Art,  advanced  stage  of,  377. 
Artifacts,  range  of,  376. 
Awls,  bone,  55,  65,  92,   103,    111,   126; 

bone,  in  burial  mound,  347,  350. 

Balls,  sandstone,  138. 

Bandelier,  A.  F.,  cited,  14,  26. 

Basket,  inlaid  with  turquoise,  164,  169, 
173;  mosaic  of  shell  and  turquoise  on, 
174-175;  of  yucca  leaves,  96. 

Basket  Maker  People,  379. 

Basketry,  coiled  and  twilled,  107;  ex- 
amples of,  36,  69,  379. 

Baskets,  found  in  pockets,  234,  235; 
fragments  of,  162. 

Beads,  bird  bone,  103;  forms  of,  in  kiva, 
84;  shell,  53,  69,  70,  83,  125,  210,  213; 
stone,  69;  turquoise,  53,  83,  125,  210, 
213. 


Beams,  description  of  ceiling,  129,  199, 
204,  215,  218,  222,  232,  284,  285,  290, 
293,  298,  300,  304,  317,  318,  319,  320, 
325,  326,  330;  floor,  description  of, 
31-32,  70,  107,  223,  297,  298,  326,  328; 
protruding  from  walls,  224,  229,  232; 
supports  of,  210,  215,  218,  219,  231- 
232,  239,  298,  299,  306,  322,  323,  329. 

Bell,  copper,  83,  2c9,  324-325. 

Bench,  construction  of,  328;  description 
of,  207-208,  263,  292,  307,  314,  318; 
in  kiva,  81,  82,  251,  269;  sandstone, 
199. 

Bin,  description  of,  308;  U-shaped,  256. 

Bins,  angular,  254-255;  construction  of, 
200,295-297;  double  tier,  281;  indica- 
tion of  use  of,  280;  multiple  mealing, 
378;  storing  grain,  85,  270,  273,  279- 
283;  under  floors,  379. 

Bird,  figure,  in  pottery,  100,  101;  form, 
of  hematite,  134-135;  skeletons  of, 
195. 

Blackware,  bowls,  38;  shiny,  proportion 
in  Bonito  refuse  heap,  384. 

Black-on-white  ware,  386;  varieties  of, 
384,  385. 

Bodkins,  of  antler,  103;  bone,  92,  98. 

Bone,  celt  in  burial  mound,  341;  imple- 
ments made  of,  92,  98,  105,  237,  377- 
378;  objects  of,  37;  ornament  of,  333; 
worked,  distribution  of,  366-368. 

Bones,  animal,  37,  43;  animal,  use  of,  55- 
56;  animal  and  bird,  47,  67,  91,  298; 
human,  possible  use  of,  378. 

Bowls,  blackware,  38;  broken,  138; 
grayware,  139-140,  190;  pottery,  118, 
119;  redware,  221. 

Brush  covering,  for  ceiling  poles,  217. 

Buckskin,  attached  to  ceremonial  sticks, 
146;  marked  with  red  paint,  96;  pieces 
of,  31 ;  sticks  probably  used  in  cutting, 
35,  48, 108;  worked  pieces  of,  103,  105. 

Building  materials,  influenced  by  geo- 
logical environment,  375.  « 

Burden  band,  cotton,  108. 

Burial  customs,  264,  267;  mounds,  exca- 
vation of,   26-27,   339-342,   347-350; 


391 


392      Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vcl.  XXVII, 


rooms,  138,  163,  376,  378. 
Burials,  of  macaws,  194-195. 

Cages,  for  macaws,  194. 

Cannibalism,  possible  evidence  of,  378. 

Carved  animal  claws,  on  ceremonial 
sticks,  145-146. 

Cedarbark,  tied  with  yucca  cord,   297. 

Ceiling,  beams,  129,  199,  204,  215,  218, 
222,  232,  284,  285,  290,  293,  298,  300, 
304,  317,  318,  319,  320,  325,  326,  330; 
construction,  15,  44,  45,  79-80,  164, 
217,  318,  331;    supports,  40,  200,  206. 

Ceilings,  evolution  of  construction,  375. 

Celt,  bone,  341. 

Cemeteries,  376. 

Ceremonial,  deposit  in  kiva,  83-84, 
251-253;  metate,  59;  mortar,  58; 
object,  problematic,  108-109;  objects, 
59,  61,  378;  rooms,  84,  195,  251-253, 
375;  stick,  36,  66,  69-70,  108,  147; 
stick,  antler  and  cottonwood,  157; 
stick,  fragment  of,  162;  sticks,  31, 
48-49;  sticks,  carved  ends,  143-145; 
sticks,  decoration  of,  55;  sticks, 
description  of,  61,  86,  129,  188;  sticks, 
fine  state  of  preservation,  377;  sticks, 
probable  use  of,  145,  146,  157;  sticks, 
type  1,  143-145;  sticks,  type  2,  145- 
146;  sticks,  type  3,  146-147;  sticks, 
type  4,  148,  157-158;  sticks,  types  of, 
140-158;  stone,  58. 

Ceremonies,  feathers  used  in,  30; 
materials  probably  used  in,  62;  room 
for,  112,  129;  room  for  grinding 
materials  used  in,  84-86;  specimens 
possibly  used  in,  47-48,  53. 

Ceremony,  indications  of  house-building, 
253;  pipe  probably  used  in,  65;  pot- 
tery object  possibly  used  in,  80,  267, 
268. 

Chaco  Canon,  geographical  position  of, 
13. 

Chalcedony,  beak-like  object  of,  190-191 

Circular  stone,  description  of,  187. 

Clan,  ceremonies,  angular  room  for,  375. 

Cliff,  block,  shored-up,  description,  389- 
390;  profile,  25. 


Cloisonne  work,  on  sandstone,  51-52,  53. 

Closet,  description  of,  239,  268. 

Closet-like  opening,  207. 

Cloth,  136;  cotton,  107-108;  object 
covered  with,  161;   yucca  cord,  138. 

Club,  elk  antler,  161. 

Concretion,  limonite,  used  as  pestle,  125. 

Concretions,  chalcedony,  47,  48,  63; 
of  various  stones,  66. 

Construction,  of  houses,  materials  for, 
375;  of  rooms,  212,  213,  215,  262. 
See  also,  Walls. 

Copper,  bell  of,  106,  269,  324-325;  ham- 
mered, 117,  122;  native,  37. 

Cord,  attached  to  feather  sticks,  146; 
cotton,  96,  148,  157;  knotted,  for 
feathering  of  ceremonial  sticks,  188; 
methods  of  attaching  to  feathers,  29- 
30;  yucca  fiber,  31,  43,  144,  146,  148; 
yucca  and  human  hair,  49;  yucca,  two- 
strand,  96. 

Corn,  remains  of,  298;  silk,  probable  use 
of,  37. 

Corrugated,  grayware,  183, 190;  jar,  221; 
olla,  112;  redware,  133;  ware,  cooking 
jars,  377;  ware,  proportion  of,  in  refuse 
heap,  384;  wares,  with  decorative 
designs,  386. 

Cupboards,  256.  . 

Curved  sticks,  157-158;  ceremonial,  108. 

Cylindrical  jars,  117,  198-199,  210; 
extremes  of  size  of,  121;  grayware, 
133,  134;  pottery,  Cakchiquel  com- 
pared with  that  of  Bonito,  121;  pot- 
tery, 119,  120-122;  probably  for 
ceremonial  use,  377. 

Deadfall  trap,  108. 

Debris,  character  of,  32,  35;  depth  of, 
112,  117. 

Decoration,  angular  type  ceremonial 
stick,  158;  Cakchiquel  cylindrical 
pottery,  122;  cylindrical  jars,  121; 
grayware  bowls,  190;  grayware  jar, 
139;  grayware  pitcher,  139;  gray- 
ware pottery,  93;  on  metate,  90; 
on  pipes,  50;  of  pottery,  38-39,  66,  70, 
100,  119,  384;     on  pottery  fragments, 


1920. 


Index. 


393 


67-68;  on  pottery  pipe,  54,  65; 
pottery  in  shape  of  frog,  91;  on  shell, 
69;  on  squash  form  vessel,  122. 

Design,  on  basket,  107;  board,  158-159; 
on  cloisonne  object,  52,  53;  cylindrical 
grayware  jar,  133,  134;  geometrical, 
on  wooden  slab,  159;  on  grayware 
bowl,  131,  132,  136;  on  grayware 
dipper,  95;  on  grayware  mugs,  129- 
130,  136;  on  grayware  pitchers,  133, 
136,  140;  grayware  pottery,  377; 
grayware  water  jar,  132;  interlocking, 
on  grayware  bowls,  139-140;  on 
pitcher,  133;  on  pottery  bowl,  95; 
stamped,  yucca  cord  cloth,  138;  on 
whiteware  jar,  130;  wooden  tablets 
and  stone  mortar,  377;  woven  sandal, 
95. 

Dice,  wooden,  108. 

Dimensions,  of  Pueblo  Bonito,  16;  of 
rooms,  32,  43,  44,  45,  46-47,  49,  50,  61, 
62,  67,  81,  86,  89,  92,  93,  95,  98,  112, 
127-128,  162,  163,  178,  180,  183,  184, 
195,  197,  198,  199,  200,  204-205,  206, 
207,  208,  209,  210,  213,  215,  216,  217, 
218,  219,  220,  221,  222-223,  229-230, 
233,  234,  235-236,  243,  248,  255,  256, 
257,  258,  262,  263,  267,  268,  317,  353- 
358;  sections  in  refuse  heap,  383. 

Dipper,  fragments  of,  99;  grayware,  136; 
with  mended  handle,  101;  pottery, 
38. 

Distribution,  by  rooms,  pottery  types, 
359-362;  stone  objects,  363-365; 
worked  bone,  366-368. 

Dodge,  Richard  E.,  survey  of  ruin  by, 
23-25. 

Dog,  remains  of  found,  184,  197. 

Door,  opening,  300-301. 

Doorstep,  of  flat  stones,  222. 

Doorway,  broad  type,  295,  299;  circular, 
183;  closed,  61,  65,  129,  195,  218,  222, 
231,  241,  282,  284,  297,  303,  334,  339; 
closed,  rectangular,  33,  207,  255,  308, 
311,  314,  316;  closed,  T-shaped,  292; 
construction  of,  242,  279-280,  281; 
corner,  316;  description  of,  43,  44, 
45,  47,  89-90,  129,  163,  203,  206,  207, 


217,  224,  286,  290,  321,  334;  form  of, 
162-163,  178;  narrow,  302-303,  304; 
old,  315;  rectangular,  183,  198,  205, 
206,  215,  220,  221,  256,  284-285,  291, 
293,  294,  295,  299,  300,  301,  309,  314, 
315,  324, 327,  328;  rounded,  rectangu- 
lar, 309;  sealed,  127,  205;  square, 
231,  233,  284,  298,  297,  301;  T-shaped, 
127,  179,  309;  wide-topped  type,  293- 
294. 

Doorways,  construction  of,  127,  238- 
239,  263,  270,331-332;  description  of, 
71,  79,  98,  180,  184,  186,  196,  203,  209, 
210,  236,  254,  256,  257,  258,  264,  283, 
314-315, 322-323;  rectangular,  208-209, 
221,  284,  290,  305,  317,  319,  325,  329, 
330;  T-shaped,  199;  types  of,  375. 

Drainage,  at  Bonito,  25. 

Drill,  chalcedony,  66. 

Dry  paintings,  sandstone  possibly  used 
for,  112. 

Dumb-bell  form  ceremonial  stick,  158. 

Dump,  study  of  sections  in,  24. 

Effigy,    jars,     100-101;     pottery,     192; 

pottery,  distribution  of,  194. 
Estufas,  see  Kiva. 
Excavations,  details  of,  29-351;    depth 

of,  69,  90,  320;  in  refuse  heap,  383. 

Feather,  bands,  fragments  of,  30-31. 

Feathers,  on  arrows,  36-37;  methods  of 
attaching  to  arrows,  109,  111,  160; 
evidence  of  attachment  to  ceremonial 
sticks,  144-145,  146. 

Feather-work,    description     of,     29-30, 

Fetich,  quartzite  pebble  as,  140;  sand- 
stone, 105. 

Fewkes,  J.  W.,  cited,  253. 

Finger  marks,  on  plastered  wall,  304. 

Fire,  destruction  of  rooms  by,  92,  127, 
128;  effects  of,  on  specimens,  127; 
evidences  of,  69,  208,  209,  221,  229, 
238,  269,  270,  281,  283,  284,  295,  316. 

Firedrill,  48,  108. 

Fireplace,  below  buried  floor,  243,  244; 
below  floor,  243;  central  in  kivas,  84; 
circular,  194;  construction  of,  221,  257, 


394       Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


263,  270,  299;  description  of,  40,  178, 
254,  256,  269,  286,  289,  308,  325; 
irregular,  197,  244-245;  pan-shaped, 
198;  a  possible,  203;  shallow  rect- 
angular, 248. 

Fire  stick,  180.    , 

Flageolets,  description  of,  164. 

Flattened  end  ceremonial  sticks,  146, 148. 

Floors,  adobe,  29,  31,  70-71,  178,  217, 
298,  322,  328;  adobe  and  cedarbark, 
216,  326;  beams,  297,  298;  buried 
233-234,  243;  construction,  178- 
179,  297,  331;  depressions  and  pits  in, 
203;  description  of,  126,  224,  236,  263, 
283,  290,  301,  311,  316,  324;  of  kiva, 
251,  269;  levels,  316;  method  of 
strengthening,  163-164;  plastered,  302, 
320;  resting  on  cross  beams,  223. 

Flutes,  wooden,  109. 

Foreshafts,  of  arrows,  37,  160,  326,  327. 

Form  of  rooms,  32,  45,  49,  50,  86,  89, 
92,  93,  178,  180,  184,  195,  200,  204, 
205,  206,  207,  209,  210,  221,  236,  237, 
256,  257,  258,  262,  264,  268,  375. 

Foundations  for  walls,  216,  219,  317,  318, 
328. 

Frog,  jet,  with  turquoise  inlay,  186; 
pottery  vessel  in  shape  of,  91. 

Gambling  stick,  53. 
Game,  stick,  103,  157,  184;  Zufii,  147. 
Gamirg  sticks,  35,  36,  48,  108,  147. 
Geographical  conditions,  changes  in  at 

Bonito,  23-24. 
Geological  survey,  Chaco  Can  on,  1,  23- 

24,  25. 
Graves,   description  of,   217;    stone,  in 

burial  mound,  341,  342. 
Gray  ware,  bowls,  38,  66,  131,  136;  with 

designs  in  black,  377;   mugs,  129-130; 

pitcher,   136;      pottery,   53,  95,    101, 

136,  139,  183,   190;    pottery  showing 

modeling,  100. 
Gregg,  Josiah,  description  of  Bonito  by, 

13,  14. 
Grinding,  room,  84-86;  slabs,  sandstone, 

105,  137;  stones,  58,  112. 
Grooved  stone,  in  burial  mound,  348- 

349. 


Groundplan,  of  Bonito,  construction  of, 

23,  387-388. 
Gypsum,  used  on  walls,  93. 

Hachured  designs,  black-on-white  ware, 

384. 
Hammer,  double-pointed,  60. 
Hammers,  grooved,  187. 
Hammerstones,  38,  53;   grooved,  60-61. 
Hammond,  J.  H.,  description  of  room 

by,  15-16. 
Handle,  dipper,  mended,  333;  of  pitcher, 

133. 
Handles,  cylindrical  grayware  jar,  133- 

134;   pottery  vessels,  development  of, 

120-121;    pottery   vessels,    types   of, 

139,  140. 
Hand  stones,  in  grinding  of  sandstone, 

187. 
Height,  of  Pueblo  Bonito,  14;   height  of 

walls,  see  Walls. 
Hematite,  ornament  of,  134-135. 
Hoe,  sandstone,  188;  stone,  67. 
House-building  ceremony,  Hopi,  253. 
Human,  form,  pottery  in,  377;  remains, 

evidences  of,  24. 
Hyde,  B.  Talbot  B.,  cited,  1,  23. 
Hyde,  Frederick  E.,  Jr.,  cited,  1. 

Implements,  of  bone,  92,  98,  103,  237, 

377-378;  sandstone,  problematic,  183- 

184;  sandstone,  for  wood  working,  86; 

stone,  66,  105,  206,  211,  213,  267. 
Impressions,  hand  on  walls,  304. 
Incense  burner,  pottery  vessel  suggesting, 

208,  209. 
Inlays,  jet,   125;    jet  and  turquoise,  69; 

for  making  mosaics,  66;  pebble  drilled 

for,  46. 
Irrigation,    in    Chaco    Canon,    Navajo 

tradition  of,  26. 

Jackson,  William  H.,  cited,  13,  16-18. 

Jar,  covers,  sandstone,  38,  122,  125,  128, 
134,  137,  139,  140,  183,  188;  cover, 
stone,  118,  120;  cylindrical  grayware, 
140;  grayware,  101,  139;  rests,  yucca 
leaf,  96;  rests,  107. 

Jars,  120. 


1920. 


Index. 


395 


Jet,  frog,  with  turquoise  inlay,  186;  in- 
lays, 69,  125;  ornament  of,  137,  332; 
tablet  of,  186. 

Kicking,  game,  36;  stick,  97,  108,  162. 
Kilt,  woven  cotton,  107. 
Kinbenaiola,  385. 
Kiva,  buried,  111;  descriptions  of,  15, 18, 

221,  251-254,  264,  269,  375;   detailed 

description  of  excavation  of,   81-84; 

posts,  offerings  in,  1 ;  typical,  262. 
Knife,     chalcedony,     37;      chalcedony, 

sacrificial    breaking    of,     56;     stone, 

hafted,  326. 
Knives,  wooden,  97. 
Knots,  kinds  used  in  feather-work,  144. 

Ladder,  portion  of,  198. 

Lapstone,  58,  86;  black  slate,  187;  sand- 
stone, 53,  91-92. 

Lintels,  description  of,  33,  79,  90,  183, 
205,  218,  221,  222,  233,  258,  291,  293, 
295,  299-300,  303,  305,  309,  313-314, 
315,  322,  323,  324,  328,  332,  334. 

Logs,  protruding,  315;  source  of,  used  in 
building  Bonito,  Navajo  tradition,  26. 

Loop,  of  wood,  222. 

Macaw,  remains  in  ceremonial  room, 
375-376;  skeletons,  194-195. 

Manos,  descriptions  of,  43,  53,  61,  85,  91, 
187. 

Masonry,  descriptions  and  types  of,  17- 
18,  29,  32,  47,  50,  54,  71,  89,  98,  99, 
112,  183,  196,  199,  200,  203,  205,  206, 
209,  210,  215,  216,  218-219,  220,  222, 
224,  229,  232,  236,  238,  241,  242,  254, 
255,  256,  257,  258,  262-263,  264,  268- 
269,  270,  289,  290,  291,  293-294,  297- 
298,  299,  300-301,  302-304,  305,  308- 
309,311,  313-316,  317,  318,  319,  321, 
322,  323,  324,  325,  326,  328,  329,  330, 
331-333,  334,  339,  388,  389. 

Matting,  over  roof  of  kiva,  252;  im- 
print on  adobe,  107;  mesh,  94;  reed, 
36,  223;  rush,  93. 

Mauls,  stone,  187. 

Metate,  broken,  90;    ceremonial,  58-59, 


378;  descriptions  of,  84-86,  257,  258, 
295;  sandstone,  132,  137. 
Miscellaneous  specimens,  found  in  vari- 
ous rooms,  31,  38,  45-46,  47,  48,  50, 
56,  58,  61,  63,  65-67,  68,  81,  89,  91, 
96-97,  111,  122,  125-126,  128,  135- 
138,  161-163,  179,  180,  184,  188,  196- 

197,  203,  204,  205,  206,  207,  208,  209, 
210,  213,  216,  218,  219-220,  221,  223, 
237,  247-248,  253-254,  256,  257,  258, 
262,  263,  264,  267,  289;  state  of 
preservation  of,  377. 

Moccasin-shaped  stone,  66-67. 

Modeling,  fragments  of  pottery  showing, 
100. 

Mortar,  ceremonial,  58;  fragments  of, 
105;  painted  stone,  264,  265,  266-267; 
stone,  112. 

Mosaic  basket,  377. 

Mosaics,  inlays  for  making,  66;  turquoise 
on  basket,  164. 

Mounds,  burials  found  in,  376;  composi- 
tion of,  383;  excavation  of,  26-27; 
probable  time  relations  of,  385. 

Mugs,  grayware,  129-130,  135-136,  183. 

Nelson,  N.  C,  survey  of  Bonito  by,  23; 

notes  on  Pueblo  Bonito  by,  381-390. 
Niches,  in  walls,  descriptions  of,  40,  82. 

Occupation  of  Bonito,  evidences  of  length 
of,  23,  270;  probable  length  of,  375. 

Offerings,  in  kiva  posts,  1;  in  logs  sup- 
porting ceiling,  84,  252-253. 

Ollas,  descriptions  of,  95,  263. 

Ornament,  of  bone,  333. 

Paint,  bowls,  pottery,  66;    kinds  of,  37, 

135. 
Painting,  of  arrows,  160;  of  arrowshafts, 

37;  of  ceremonial  sticks,  148. 
Partition  walls,   description,   179,    197- 

198,  208,  235,  238,  269,  324,  325,  326, 
331. 

Passageways,  descriptions  of,  40,  44,  45, 

89,  209,  243,  245,  257,  319. 
Pebble,  drilled  for  inlays,  46;    natural, 

use  of,  62;  with  sides  worn  flat,  31. 


396      Anthropological  Papers  American  Mvseum  of  Natural  History.     [Vcl.  XXVII, 


Peg,  of  deer  antler,  315. 

Penasco  Blanco,  385. 

Pendant,  pottery,  46,  342;   shell,  83. 

Perforations,  drilled  in  ends  of  ceremonial 
sticks,  143-144. 

Pestle,  cylindrical  painted  stone,  237. 

Pigments,  59. 

Pinon  gum,  37. 

Pipe,  clay,  51,  111,  191;  cylindrical,  191- 
192;  grayware,  183;  pottery,  54-55, 
63,  65;  steatite,  50-51;   stone,  51,  63. 

Pipes,  sacrificial  breaking  of,  54. 

Pipestem,  clay,  180;  steatite,  183. 

Pitchers,  263-264,  316;  found  in  burial 
mound,  339,  340;  grayware,  i  30,  133, 
136,  138-139,  140;    pottery,  117,  118. 

Pit,  made  of  metates,  203. 

Pits,  in  floor,  203. 

Plaster,  of  sand  and  adobe,  32. 

Plastering,  of  walls,  40,  45,  81,  85,  89, 
185,  186,  205,  207,  218-219,  220,  221, 
222,  224,  229,  231,  232,  236,238,239, 
241,  262,  268,  270,  280,  285,  293,  294, 
295,  297,  299,  300,  304,  305,  306,  313, 
314,  317,  320,  321,  323,  325,  326,  329, 
330,  332,  333. 

Platform,  clay,  45;  description  of,  186, 
215. 

Pocket,  basket  covered,  234-235;  in 
buried  floor,  243-244;  circular,  243; 
construction  of,  231,  241,  242,  268; 
oval,  244,  264;  in  walls,  98,  178,  179, 
180,  195-196,  224,  229-230,  232,  234, 
236,  241,  245,  246-247,  248,  254, 
257,  294-295,  315,  316,  329; 

Posts,  as  platform  supports,  215;  sup- 
ports for,  308;  in  wall,  220,  285-286; 
for  wall  supports,  198. 

Pottery,  arm  or  leg  of,  53;  broken,  234; 
cache,  117-120;  corrugated,  91;  dec- 
orated, in  burial  mound,  339;  de- 
scription of,  in  burial  mound,  340, 
341,  342,  347,  348,  349,  350,  351; 
distribution  in  ruin  by  rooms,  359-362; 
examples  of,  38-39,  43,  129-134,  237, 
267,  335;  foot,  49;  forms,  119;  frag- 
ments of,  67-68,  91,  95,  190;  grayware, 
53,  66,  91,  92-93,  95,  99;  paint  bowls, 


66;  pipes,  54-55,  63,  65;  in  pockets, 
235;  range  of  form  of,  377;  square, 
in  burial  mound,  339;  stylistic  changes 
in,  383;  types  of,  164;  white-ware, 
70,  340. 

Pot-holes,  covered  with  baskets,  234, 
235;  description  of,  245;  under  floor, 
236. 

Potsherds,  of  the  Chaco  region,  385; 
proportions  in  sections  of  refuse  heap, 
385;  red  and  grayware,  190;  in  refuse 
heap,  384. 

Prayer  sticks,  ceremonial  sticks  similar 
to,  145. 

Preservation,  state  of,  objects  in  ruin,  29. 

Problematic  objects,  59. 

Publications,  on  Pueblo  Bonito,  2. 

Pueblo  Alto,  26. 

Pueblo  Pintado,  385. 

Pueblo  Wejegi,  386. 

Pumpkins,  remains  of,  97. 

Putnam,  Prof.  F.  W.,  cited,  1. 

Quartz,  crystals,  63. 
Quills,  description  of,  29-30. 
Quiver,  of  arrows,  160. 

Races,  objects  carried  during,  184. 

Rasp,  sandstone,  86. 

Rasping  stones,  38. 

Rasps,  for  wood  working,  187. 

Rattles,  103. 

Rattlesnake,  rattle  carved  on  ceremonial 
stick,  147. 

Rawhide,  pieces  of,  31. 

Re-building  walls,  evidences  of,  217,  219, 
237,  256. 

Reconstructed  part  of  Bonito,  264. 

Rectangular  rooms,  32. 

Redware  pottery,  99,  120,  131,  132,  pro- 
portion of  in  Bonito  refuse  heap,  384. 

Reed,  section  as  drinking  tube,  162. 

Reeds,  for  arrows  and  gaming  sticks, 
109. 

Refuse,  deposit,  93;  heaps,  excavation 
of,  26,  3S3. 

Roof,  of  kiva,  construction  of,  84,  251- 
252. 


1920. 


Index. 


397 


Rooms,  number  excavated,  2;  number  in 

Pueblo  Bonito,  14-15. 
Ruins,  in  Chaco  Cafon,  13. 

Sacrificial,  breaking  of  objects,  54,  56, 
58-59;  offerings,  beam  supports  of 
kiva,  252-253;  pottery,  101,  103. 

Sand,  drifted,  129;  study  of  sections  of, 
24. 

Sandals,  fragmerts  of  carbonized,  93; 
yucca  leaf,  braided,  93-94,  162;  yucca 
leaf,  fragmentary,  36;  yucca  fiber, 
woven,  162. 

Sandstone,  building  material,  375;  cere- 
monial use  of  pulverized,  378 ;  grooved 
for  ceremonial  purposes,  112;  slab, 
for  grinding  paint,  125. 

Scalp  stretchers,  ceremonial  sticks  as,  145, 

Scrapers,  bone,  103,  111;  inlaid,  193. 

Scraping  tool,  bone,  197. 

Sections,  location  by  mapping,  24. 

Seed  offerings,  objects  of  unbaked  clay, 
101,  103. 

Sharpener,  sandstone,  92. 

Shelf,  stone,  200. 

Shells,  beads  and  pendants  of,  173-174; 
ceremonial  objects  of,  61;  fossil,  46, 
47,  53,  61-63;  objects  of,  125;  orna- 
ments of,  379;  ornaments  of,  in  burial 
mound,  341,  342;  worked,  62,  69.  • 

Sill,  of  doorways,  90,  222,  313,  314. 

Simpson,  J.  H.,  description  of  Bonito  by, 
14-15,  25. 

Sinew  bindings,  arrows,  160;  ceremonial 
sticks,  148. 

Skeletal,  remains,  human,  134,  136,  210, 
216,  223,  263,  264,  267,  339;  descrip- 
tion of,  in  burial  mound,  340-342,  347- 
351 ;  position  in  burial,  138. 

Skeleton,  of  dogs,  102;  of  parrots,  257; 
of  rabbit,  39. 

Skin,  work  in,  103,  105. 

Slabs,  sandstone,  128;  wood,  97;  wooden, 
use  of,  162. 

Slag,  glass-like,  191. 

Slip,  white  on  grayware  pottery,  140. 

Small-house  ruins,  pottery  wares  of,  386. 


Snowshoes,  problematical,  96. 
Soil,  fertility  and  cultivation  of,  25. 
Squash,    flower,    symbolism    of    among 

Hopi,  65;  form  vessel,  122;  remains  of, 

97. 
Step,  stone,  316. 
Steps,  in  doorway,  311,  313;  stone,  281, 

285. 
Sticks,  for  cutting  buckskin,  35,  48,  108; 

upright,  embedded  in  kiva  bench,  81. 

See  also,  ceremonial  sticks,  gambling 

sticks,  gaming  sticks,  kicking  sticks. 
Stone,  cache  of,  37;  implements  of,  377- 

378;  objects  of,  59-61;  objects,  distri- 
bution of  most  important,   363-365; 

rubbing,  in  burial  mound,  342;   work 

in,  85,  89,  105. 
Stones,  ceremonial,  58;  fragments  of,  46; 

peculiar  forms  of,  63. 
Stopper,  of  wood,  101. 
Storage,  bins,  85,  270,  273, 279-283;  cage, 

remains    of,    200;     pocket,    195-196; 

rooms,  46,  207. 
Stratification,  layers  of  debris,  137;  sand 

in  room,  316. 
Streams,  mapping  of  surface,  25. 
Strings,  yucca,  pendent  from  ceiling,  80. 
Supports,  for  kiva,  specimens  found  in, 

111. 
Symbolism,  Hopi,  65. 

Textiles,  105,  106-108. 

Torch,  cedar,  147;  cedarbark,  36;  Cot- 
tonwood, 138. 

Trade,  Navajo  and  Bonito  people,  26. 

Tradition,  Navajo,  with  respect  to 
Bonito,  25-26. 

Trumpets,  murex  shell,  190;  shell,  69,  85. 

Turquoise,  37;  deposit  of,  173;  found 
with  pottery,  122;  inlay  in  wood,  155; 
inlays,  69;  jewel  basket,  in  Navajo 
legends,  173;  mosaic  on  basket,  164; 
ornaments  and  pendants  of,  175,  186; 
quarrying  of,  377. 

Two  rod  coil,  tray  basket,  36. 

Underground  rooms,  39-44,  329. 


398      Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  XXVII, 


Vegetable  foods,  remains  of,  37,  46. 
Ventilators,  309,  313. 

Walls,  circular,  224;  composition  of,  29, 
32,  219;  condition  of,  49-50,  69,  128, 
284,  285,  293,  294,  295,  299,  300,  301- 
302;  construction,  17-18,  47,  50,  52, 
62,  71,  79,  98,  99,  118,  126-127,  178, 
179,  180,  183,  185,  186,  198,  199,  200, 
205,  206,  207,  208,  215,  216,  217,  218- 
219,  220-221,  224,  236,  242,  256,  257, 
262-263,  264,  268,  270,  279,  280,  282- 
283,  289,  290-291,  292,  293-294,  295, 
297-298,  299,  300-301,  302,  305-306, 
308-309,  313-316,  316-318,  319,  320, 
321,  322,  323,  324,  325,  326,  328,  329- 
330,  331-333,  334,  339;  description  of, 
40,  43,  44,  70,  203-204;  division,  32; 
height  of,  86,  112,  127,  200,  203,  215, 
216,  220,  229;  height  of  standing,  178, 
199,  203,  205,  210,  219,  220,  222,  231, 
233,  235,  241,  248,  290,  291,  292,  293, 
294,  298,  301,  302,  303,  309,  316,  317- 
318,  321,  323,  324,  329,  334;  kiva,  81- 
82,  270;   old,  248,  291;   old  and  new, 


218,  305-306;  old  and  new  compared, 
375;  outer,  319;  plastered,  162,  163; 
state  of  preservation,  89,  221 ;  systems 
of,  388;  thickness  of,  99,  206,  208,  238, 
263,  284,  289,  291,  292,  294,  297,  300, 
301,  302,  303,  304,  305,  313,  316,  318, 
320,  321,  324,  328,  329-330,  334;  under 
floor  of  room,  257;  wattle  type,  306. 

Walnut,  with  turquoise  inlay,  205. 

Walnuts,  canon,  drilled  for  suspension, 
108;  worked,  97. 

Water-guides,  pebbles  used  as,  Zuni,  62. 

Water  jar,  grayware,  99,  131. 

Weaving,  examples  of,  107-108;  of 
sandals,  94. 

Wetherill,  Richard,  cited,  1. 

Whiteware  pottery,  70,  119,  130. 

Wood,  implements  of,  97;  object  of,  332; 
worked,  35-36;  work  in,  86,  92,  108- 
109. 

Workshop  rooms,  39. 

Yucca,  leaves,  uses  of,  93-94,  96,  162; 
loops,  pendent,  45. 


